UMarten Isilwane esincelisayo esidlayo sokuphakama okulingene esinomzimba omuhle nomsila omkhulu. Abamele umndeni weasel bangabazingeli abahle kakhulu, bathuthukise amakhono emoto yezidladla, kanye namazinyo abukhali nezinzipho ezingadala izilonda ezinesibindi kubantu.
Abantu abadala bahlanganyela ekuzivocavoca umzimba, okubavumela ukuba baphile kuze kube yiminyaka engama-20, futhi amawundlu adlala njalo, ekhipha ukukhala.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Marten
Umbuzo wemvelaphi yama-martens uyinkimbinkimbi futhi uyindida. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kwakudingeka kwenziwe uphenyo lonke lwabaseshi, ukuze kutholakale okwazo zonke izinhlobo ezikhona:
- Sable.
- Ihlathi le-marten.
- Itshe lemarten.
- Ussuri marten (kharza).
- I-Kidus (ingxube ye-sable ne-pine marten).
Lezi zinhlobo zingezohlobo lwe-martens futhi ziyizihlobo eziseduze zohlobo lwe-minks, ama-weasel, amagundane, ama-wolverine, ama-ferrets, ukugqoka, ama-badger, ngisho nama-otter asolwandle nasemifuleni. Lezi zilwane zizijwayeze kahle impilo kuwo wonke amazwekazi lapho abantu behlala ngokukhululeka. Ungahlangana nabo eTaiga, eYurophu, e-Afrika, eNingizimu naseNyakatho Melika, futhi impela yonke indawo.
Baphuma kukhokho ovamile okungenzeka ukuthi waphila iminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-35 edlule. Izinhlobo ezingenhla zingomndeni we-marten futhi zihlobene nomndeni wezinja, ama-raccoon, amabhere namakati. Kunzima ukucabanga, kepha bebefana impela, ngoba bemele iqembu labazingeli.
Okumangalisa ngokwengeziwe ngukhokho ovamile we-miacid, obehlala iplanethi yoMhlaba eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-50 edlule! Kukholakala ukuthi ungukhokho wazo zonke izidalwa ezincelisayo ezincelisayo. Wayemncane, eguquguquka, enomsila omude nobuchopho obukhulu, okukhombisa ubuhlakani obuhle kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi. Ngemuva kweminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-15, abanye abameleli baqala ukuthola izici zemartens, kusukela lapho kwaqala umlando wabo.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani u-marten
IMartens inomzimba omncane, omncane futhi omude ombozwe ngoboya obuntofontofo, obulingana nekati. Zihlukile kuminki nama-ferrets anesifonyo esingunxantathu nezindlebe, anendawo ekhanyayo esifubeni, umphimbo uphuzi noma umhlophe. Umbala osuka kokukhanyayo onsundu ugelezela kokunsundu okumnyama. Uma ebumnyameni ubona isilwane esinamehlo abomvu - ungethuki, ngaphambi kwakho kukhona iphine marten, hhayi umoya omubi.
Sable yisilwane esihle ngokungajwayelekile esivela emndenini wama-marten, onombala onsundu ohluka ngokukhanya uye kobumnyama. Isici esihlukile kwezinye izinhlobo ukuba khona koboya ematheni, ngakho-ke kulula ukukubona ngamathrekhi alo. Indlwana emnyama ihlala ngaseBaikal, eYakutia naseKamchatka. Ikhula ngobude kuze kufike ku-50 cm, futhi inesisindo esifinyelela ku-2 kg.
I-Kidus (kwesinye isikhathi i-Kidas) iyinhlanganisela yesizukulwane sokuqala se-pine marten ne-sable, ezahlangana endaweni eseduze. Kwesinye isikhathi kubukeka njengomama, kwesinye isikhathi kufana nobaba - kuya ngofuzo. Ungumuntu omkhudlwana, onomsila omkhulu kakhulu nebala lomphimbo ophuzi. Uma ebukeka njenge-marten ngokubukeka, khona-ke uphila ngokuvumelana nemikhuba emikhulu.
I-marten yamatshe ngaphandle ayifani ne-marten yasehlathini ngombala wentamo yayo kanye nokuma kwephethini: ihlanganisa futhi ifinyelela imilenze yangaphambili. Yize abanye abameleli bamazwe ase-Asia bengenawo nhlobo. Ijazi lelo libukhali, linemibala ekhanyayo ngokukhanyayo. Impumulo ilula ukwedlula eyezizukulwane. Naphezu kobukhulu bayo obuncane, inesisindo esikhulu: kusuka ku-1 kuya ku-2 kg noHhafu kg.
I-Kharza yazo zonke izihlobo yiyona enkulu futhi ehlotshiswe kakhulu: ingxenye ephezulu yomzimba ingama-57 - 83 cm ubude, ikhanya ngokuphelele ngombala ophuzi. Inhloko nesifonyo kumnyama, umhlathi ongezansi ulula futhi uhlangana nomzimba. Umsila unsundu, ubukhulu bawo busuka kumasentimitha angama-36 kuye kwangama-45. Isisindo sesilwane sifinyelela kuma-6 kilogram.
Uhlala kuphi uMarten?
Isithombe: pine marten
Iphayini marten itholakala eYurophu, enyakatho ye-Asia naseCaucasus. Ensimini ihlala ezihlahleni ezide ze-Urals naseWestern Siberia. Kwesinye isikhathi itholakala emapaki wedolobha laseMoscow: iTsaritsyno neVorobyovy Gory. Kancane kancane, isihlwathi sayikhipha ngokungenamahloni endaweni yoMfula i-Ob, phambilini yatholwa lapho inenani elanele.
USable uhlala endaweni ebanzi: eSiberia, enyakatho-mpumalanga yeChina, Korea, enyakatho yeJapane, eMongolia, futhi ngokwengxenye iMpumalanga Ekude. Ngokungafani ne-pine marten, uncamela ukugijima phansi kunokuba akhuphuke ezihlahleni; uthanda ukuhlala ehlathini elinamahlathi kunamahlathi ahlabayo. Lezi zilwane ezihlala phansi akuvamile ukuthi zishintshe indawo ezithunyelwe kuyo, kuphela ezimweni ezinzima: imililo, ukuntuleka kokudla, noma ukugcwala ngokweqile ngezilwane ezizingelayo.
U-Kidas, njengendlalifa ye-pine marten ne-sable, uhlala ezimpambanweni zalabo bantu abazingelayo. Ngokusho kofakazi bokuzibonela, kuvame ukutholakala emgodini wasePechora River, eTrans-Urals, eCis-Urals nasenyakatho yeUral. Njengendlwana, ikhetha ukuhlala emhlabeni.
I-pine marten, ngokungafani nezihlobo zayo, ithanda isimo sezulu esifudumele futhi ihlala eningizimu. Indawo yokuhlala ihlanganisa cishe yonke i-Eurasia futhi isuka ePyrenees iye emathafeni aseMongolia nasezintabeni zaseHimalaya. Uthanda indawo ye-steppe enezihlahla eziningi. Abanye abantu bazizwa kamnandi endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-4000, ababizwa ngegama labo.
UKharza uthanda isimo sezulu esishisayo futhi uhlala kude ngaseningizimu kune-pine marten. Kuningi impela eNhlonhlweni YaseNdiya, emathafeni naseziqhingini zaseChina. Itholakala eMalaysia, kanye nase-Amur Region, Primorsky naseKhabarovsk Territories. Ezinye izakhamuzi zesifunda sase-Amur kwesinye isikhathi nazo zihlangana ne-kharza, kepha kaningi.
Udlani uMarten?
Isithombe: Animal marten
Ama-marten asehlathini ayizidlakudla. Zizingela, ikakhulukazi ebusuku, ukuthola izingwejeje, izinyoni, ama-voles, izinyoni namaqanda azo. Kwesinye isikhathi kuyadliwa iminenke, amaxoxo, izinambuzane kanye nezidumbu. Emapaki asedolobheni, kuliwa amagundane namanzi. Ekwindla badla izithelo, amantongomane namajikijolo. Babamba izinhlanzi nezinambuzane ezincane. Ngezinye izikhathi ama-hedgehogs ahlaselwa. Ngasekupheleni kwehlobo nasekwindla ulungiselela ukudla ebusika.
Indlwana, njenge-Kidas hybrid yayo, nayo igcina ihlathi likhona. Kepha, ngokungafani ne-pine marten, ikubeka phambili ukuzingela phansi, yingakho ama-chipmunks nama-moles evelele ekudleni. Abesilisa abakhulu bayakwazi ukubulala unogwaja. Phakathi kwezinyoni, ukuzingela kunqoba ondlunkulu, ohlangothini nakuma-grouse ezinkuni - amathuba okusinda lapho ehlangana mancane.
Ukuzingela izingwejeje kuphenduka into evusa amadlingozi yangempela - i-sable ilandela inyamazane yayo ngezihlahla, igxuma ngezikhathi ezithile ukusuka ekuphakameni kwamamitha ayi-7.
Abakwa-Stone martens nabo bangabazingeli abazelwe, abanamehlo amahle kakhulu, abezwayo nephunga. Ngenxa yalokhu, bayakwazi ukuzingela noma yisiphi isilwane esibonakala sidliwa yibo. Bahlukile kubamele bangaphambilini bomndeni weasel ngesibindi nonya: bangena ezinhlangothini zamahobe ezinkukhu zezinkukhu, lapho babhubhisa yonke inyamazane.
UKharza ungumzingeli onamandla kakhulu emndenini. Igijima ngokushesha futhi yeqe ifike kumamitha ama-4. Izingela amagundane, izinyoni, futhi ayizideleli ngisho nezintethe. Kaningi isukela amasable. Amantongomane namajikijolo kudliwa ngamanani amancane ukugcina amazinga anele amavithamini emzimbeni. Sithanda ukuzitika ngezinyamazane ze-musk.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Animal marten
Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, uphayini martens uchitha iningi lempilo yabo ezihlahleni. Bahamba kahle nabo, begxuma ebangeni lamamitha amane. Abesifazane nabesilisa banendawo yabo, engahlangana, lapho izingwejeje noma izinyoni zakha noma zisebenzisa izindawo zokukhosela ezilahliwe. Imfihlo efihliwe yizindlala zangasese isetshenziselwa ukukhomba amazwe abo. Balala emini, bazingela ebusuku.
Isici esiyinhloko sable: ukuzwa okuthuthukisiwe nomuzwa ojulile wephunga. Ukwazi ukuhamba amabanga amade, okukhombisa ukukhuthazela okuhle kakhulu. Ikhadi lokushaya likaSable liyindlela ethokozisayo yokuxhumana. Esikhathini esiningi, bayakhalisa kamnandi, uma udinga ukuxwayisa ngengozi, bayaqhekeka, futhi ngesikhathi semidlalo yokukhwelana bahlangana ngothando.
Indlela yokuphila kaKidas incike kwizakhi zofuzo ezedluliswa ngabazali: i-marten ethophayo noma i-sable, kanye nokuthi bekuyini indima yabo ekukhuliseni. Lesi yisilwane esimangalisa kakhulu, esingajwayelekile futhi esingafundiswanga kahle, lapho singatholakala sisencane nabamele abahlukahlukene bomndeni wama-mustelids: i-sable ne-pine marten.
Ama-marten amatshe azingela ebusuku, kepha emini alala ngezinqwaba zamatshe nasemifantwini yamatshe, hhayi ezihlahleni, njengezasehlathini. Lolu hlobo lusondele kubantu, ngoba izitebele noma izindlwana ezisophahleni zivame ukusetshenziswa njengezindawo zokukhosela futhi zizingela izinkukhu namajuba akhiwe abalimi. Ngaphandle kwenkathi yokukhwelana, bahola impilo yabantu abanesizungu, bengafuni ukuphambana nohlobo lwabo.
UKharza uhlukaniswa iqiniso lokuthi uzingela iphakethe futhi uyisilwane esithanda umphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, unamandla kakhulu futhi uyakwazi ukubhekana namazinyane esilwane esikhulu, isibonelo, inyamazane noma ingulube yasendle. Ngesikhathi sokufuna isisulu, usika ngendlela efanele, ewela izingqinamba zeqhwa emagatsheni. Aiweli ngaphansi kweqhwa, ngoba inezidladla ezibanzi.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Marten
I-Rut in pine martens iqala kusukela ngasekupheleni kukaJuni kuya ekuqaleni kuka-Agasti. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha cishe izinyanga eziyi-9, futhi amawundlu azalwa entwasahlobo kusuka kubantu abathathu kuya kwabahlanu. Ekuqaleni, insikazi ihlala isemgodini nezingane, ngemuva kwenyanga nengxenye iqala ukondla ngenyama, lapho kuqhuma amazinyo obisi, ngemuva kwenyanga begibela izihlahla.
Ngama-sables, inkathi yokukhwelana iyafana, kepha imvamisa kuzalwa izingane ezingama-2-3. Abesilisa banesibopho esikhulu emndenini futhi abashiyi abesifazane ngemuva kokuzalwa kwenzalo, bavikela indawo futhi bathole ukudla. Ama-sables amancane adla ubisi izinyanga ezingafika kwezimbili, futhi ngemuva kweminyaka emibili nawo uqobo anemindeni.
Ama-Kidase ngokwakha imindeni abukeka encishwa. Kwenzeka ukuthi ngenxa ye-hybridization, abesilisa balahlekelwa amandla abo okuzala. Emhlambini, njenge-harz, nazo aziduki, ngakho-ke ngokunengqondo zibizwa ngokuthi yi-loners.
Ama-marten amatshe afana kakhulu esakhiweni senhlalo nama-marten asehlathini. Ngendlela efanayo, ubudlelwano phakathi kwabesifazane nabesilisa buyakhiwa, amaphasi wokukhulelwa akhuliswa. Endle, ngokwesilinganiso, baphila iminyaka emi-3, abanenhlanhla enkulu noma abaphumelele - kufika ku-10 ekuthunjweni, bahlala kaningi kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-18.
UKharza, yize benza imisebenzi eminingi, usheshe ahlukane ngemuva kokukhwelana. Inzalo ihlala nonina kuze kuvele okulandelayo, ngemuva kwalokho bayamshiya. Kepha imvamisa abafowethu nodadewethu banamathela ndawonye, okubasiza ukuba baphile esimweni esinzima. Lapho abantu bezimela ngokwengeziwe, bayahlukana.
Izitha zemvelo zemarten
Isithombe: Jumping marten
Akunandaba ukuthi ama-pine martens angamaqhawe asemhlabeni wonke, endle kunesilwane esidla isilwane ngasinye. Izitha eziyingozi yizinkozi nezinkozi zegolide - awukwazi ukuzibalekela endaweni yazo yemvelo, okungukuthi, ezihlahleni. Ebusuku, ngenkathi izingela, kunengozi enkulu yokuba yisisulu sesikhova. Futhi phansi, izimpungushe, izimpisi nama-lynx zilindile. AmaMartens avame ukuhlaselwa hhayi ngenxa yokudla, kepha ngokususa umuntu ancintisana naye.
Udleke lungabanjwa ibhere, impisi nempungushe. Kepha abavamile ukuphumelela. Ingozi yangempela ivela kummeleli we-weasel - i-harza. Futhi, uma kungenzeka, ukhozi noma ukhozi olunomsila omhlophe lungahlasela. Abancintisana ngama-ermines, i-wood grouse, i-hazel grouse, i-black grouse, i-partridge nezinye izinyoni ezidla amajikijolo adlayo.
Ama-marten amatshe awanazo izitha eziyingozi ikakhulukazi. Kwesinye isikhathi izimpisi, izimpungushe, izingwe noma izimpisi ziyazizingela, kepha ukujaha isilwane esinamandla nesisheshayo kuyinkinga impela. Izinkinga eziningi zingavela ngezinyoni: izinkozi zegolide, izinkozi, oklebe kanye nezikhova eziningi zezinkozi.
I-Kharza ingumshini wokubulala wangempela, okwazi ukumelana nezidlakela lapho amanye ama-mustelids angathanda ukubalekela kuwo. Futhi labo abakwaziyo ngempela ukuyibamba abayenzi ngenxa yephunga elithile lenyama, okuyinto enengekayo impela. Kodwa amabhere namabhele anezibele ezimhlophe kwesinye isikhathi abulala lezi zilwane.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Marten eqhweni
Ezikhathini zasendulo, isikhumba se-marten sasithandwa kakhulu, ngenxa yalokho sacishe sabhujiswa. Ngenxa yendawo yazo enkulu, azibangeli ukukhathazeka okukhulu ngobukhona bazo. Kodwa ukwehla okuqhubekayo kwamahlathi kungathinta kakhulu inani labamele lolu hlobo.
Sable nayo yayisengozini, kepha ngenxa yezinyathelo ezifike ngesikhathi zokubuyisa inani labantu kanye nobungqabavu besilwane obungavamile, kuphephile. Mayelana nesimo sokongiwa kwemvelo, akukhathazwa kangako.
Ama-Kidase ayivelakancane emndenini we-marten. Esibalweni sikaphayini martens nama-sables, bakha iphesenti elilodwa kakhulu. Abantu kusamele bafunde lezi zilwane eziyimfihlakalo ezihlukile ngendlela yazo.
Izinhlobo zama-marten zamatshe ziphephile kakhulu. Emazweni amaningi, bangazingelwa ngisho nokuzingelwa. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi lezi zilwane eziyingozi zihlasela izimoto, ziququda amakhebuli namapayipi, abanye abantu kufanele bathole izinja noma bathenge izinto zokuvimbela.
UKharza unamandla kunabo bonke emndenini wamaMarten, kodwa ukuphela kwakhe okusohlwini lweRed Book. Isizathu salokhu kwaba ukucekelwa phansi kwamahlathi nokudla.
Ezingeni lezomthetho, livikelwe amazwe alandelayo:
- Thailand;
- IMyanmar;
- IRussia;
- EMalaysia.
IMartens idlule emlandweni omude, ingavumeli ezinye izidumbu futhi isinde ngaphansi kwemiphumela emibi yabantu nesimo sezulu. Izinhlobo zazo sezizinze emhlabeni wonke futhi ziyakwazi ukuhlala ezindaweni ezishisayo noma ezibandayo. Abanye bahlala ezintabeni kanti abanye bahlala emahlathini. Bahlukile ngendlela yokuphila nokubukeka, kepha igama labo liyahlangana - marten.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 24.01.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 17.09.2019 ngo-10:24
