Ngokuthuthuka okusheshayo kwenqubekela phambili kwezesayensi nezobuchwepheshe, inani lezilwane zasendle ezinhle lehlisiwe laya lincipha kakhulu. Izilwane eziningi ezinhle ziyanyamalala. Kepha imvelo iqinisekise ukuthi zonke izidalwa eziphilayo eMhlabeni zikhululekile, zakha zonke izimo ezidingekayo zalokhu. Yini nje inhlobonhlobo yezinhlobo nokudla okuncane kwabafowethu abancane, ukucaciswa kwazo nokuziphatha kwazo. Enye yendalo emangalisayo yasendle ikamela elilodwa elithungisiwe, ebizwa nangokuthi yi-dromedar noma i-Arabia.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Ikamela elinomswakama owodwa alinazici ezikhethekile, ezivela kumfowabo - ikamela elinomsipha omabili, kepha noma kunjalo kunomehluko othile. Ngokuya ngokufana okujwayelekile kwama-subspecies amabili, isiphetho siziphakamisa ngobudlelwano babo. Kunemibono ehlukahlukene eminingana ngemvelaphi yalezi zinhlobo ezingaphansi, kepha okulandelayo kwamukelwa ngokujwayelekile: ikamela elithile lalihlala eNyakatho Melika (mhlawumbe ongukhokho wazo zonke izinhlobo zeCamelus). Ukufuna ukudla nendawo yokuhlala enethezekile, wafinyelela e-Eurasia, lapho kwavela khona amaBactrian kanye neDromedars kamuva. Ngokusho kolunye uhlobo, ukhokho walolu hlobo kwakuyikamela lasendle elaphuma ezindaweni eziwugwadule e-Arabia, okwathi kamuva zafuyiswa amaBedouin. Ngokushesha okhokho bakhe bakhukhula iTurkmenistan ne-Uzbekistan, bahlukana baba izixuku ezi-2.
Ividiyo: Ikamela elinomswakama owodwa
Ezikhathini zasendulo, womabili ama-subspecies ayehlala ngokukhethekile endle, futhi imihlambi yawo yayingenakubalwa. Yize ososayensi abaningi bekholelwa ukuthi ama-dromedaries asendle awakaze abe khona emvelweni. Ubufakazi balokhu ubumpofu bezinsalela zezilwane, kepha kusekhona ubufakazi bokuthi zikhona. Isibonelo esisodwa izithombe ezimbalwa zamakamela aswakanye emadwaleni nasematsheni. Abantu abaningi kakhulu be-dromedars batholakala ezindaweni eziwugwadule eNyakatho Afrika naseMpumalanga Ephakathi.
Okhokho basendle bekamela elinomswakama owodwa basheshe bafuywa abahlali bezindawo ezizungezile, abazazisa masinyane izinzuzo zalesi silwane. Ngenxa yobukhulu bawo jikelele, umthamo wokuthwala ohlukile nokukhuthazela, aqala ukusetshenziswa njengamandla okuhamba, ukuhamba amabanga amade ngemizila eshisayo neyomile, futhi njengezintaba. Phambilini, lezi zinsizakalo zazivame ukusetshenziselwa izinhloso zamasosha, ngakho-ke imininingwane ngesilwane esiqinile nesingathobekile yayisakazwa kabanzi ngisho naphakathi kwabaseYurophu ngesikhathi sezimpi.
Ukusetshenziswa kwamakamela anomuntu oyedwa kwakwandile kubantu baseNdiya, eTurkmenistan nakwezinye izindawo eziseduze. Ngokungafani nozakwabo abane-humped ezimbili, imihlambi yasendle yamadromo isibe yindlala enkulu, futhi bahlala ikakhulukazi ezifundeni ezimaphakathi e-Australia.
Ukubukeka nezici
Izilwane ezimangazayo, ngokungafani namaBactrian aziwayo, zinikezwe i-hump eyodwa kuphela, ezibizwa ngegama lazo. Ukuqhathanisa ama-subspecies ama-2 ohlobo olulodwa oluyinhloko lwamakamela ngokufanele, izici zangaphandle ezihlukile zama-dromedars, ngaphezu kobukhona be-hump eyodwa esikhundleni sezimbili, zibonakala ngeso lenyama:
- Ubukhulu obuncane kakhulu. Ikamela elinomswakama owodwa linamapharamitha aphansi okuphakama nesisindo ngokuqhathanisa nesihlobo salo esiseduze kakhulu. Isisindo sayo sihluka kusuka ku-300 kuye ku-600 kg (isisindo esilinganisiwe sowesilisa singama-500 kg), ukuphakama kwayo kusuka kumamitha ama-2 kuye kwayi-3, kanti ubude bayo busuka ku-2 kuye ku-3.5 m. Imingcele efanayo kumaBactrian inezinkomba eziphakeme kakhulu.
- Umsila nemilenze. I-dromedar inomsila omfushane, ubude bayo abudluli amasentimitha angama-50. Umthethosisekelo wayo unomusa kakhulu, kepha imilenze yawo mide kuneyomunye umuntu. Ngenxa yalezi zici, ikamela elinomswakama owodwa libonakala ngokuhamba okukhulu nokushesha kokuhamba.
- Intamo nekhanda. Lezi zinhlayiya zinentamo ende nekhanda elilulekile eleliptical. Ngaphezu komlomo wemfoloko, i-dromedar inikezwe esinye isici - amakhala, ukuvulwa nokuvalwa kwayo okulawula ngokuzimela. Ikamela elilodwa eliswidiwe linezinkophe ezinde ezingavikela amehlo ngisho nasenhlanzini encane kunazo zonke.
- Izici isakhiwo semilenze. Ngaphezu kweqiniso lokuthi imilenze yale nsika yamakamela yinde, ibuye imbozwe ngamabele akhethekile ezindaweni zokugoba. Ukukhula okufanayo kumboza izindawo eziningi zomzimba. Esinye isici esivelele samakamela acijwe munye ngamaphedi athambile abizayo asezinyaweni, afaka izinselo, esikhundleni sazo kukhona izinzwani ezimbili.
- Ikhava yoboya. Lenhlobo yatiwa ngetinwele tayo letimfisha, lokwenta kutsi ingahambisani netimo letibandzako. Kodwa-ke, ijazi lide futhi liyajiya ezindaweni ezithile zomzimba: entanyeni, emuva nangaphezulu kwekhanda. Umbala wamakamela aswakanye usukela kokusundu ngokukhanyayo, isihlabathi kuya konsundu onsundu, ngisho nokumhlophe. Yize ama-albino dromedaries engandile ngokweqile.
Kanye namakamela ama-bactrian, lawa ma-subspecies awo ahlukaniswa ngokukhuthazela okukhethekile ezindaweni ezomile. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-jellyfish iyakwazi ukugcina umswakama futhi ibe ne-hump, equkethe inani elikhulu lamafutha. Leli qiniso linikela ekunxeshezelweni okusheshayo kwezinsizakusebenza, zinikeza umzimba wesilwane amandla adingekayo.
Ihlala kuphi ikamela elinomsipha owodwa?
Lezi zinhlayiya ziqinile kakhulu futhi zivumelaniswe nesomiso esibi. Lokhu ikakhulukazi kungenxa yezici zayo zomzimba. Yingakho ama-dromedars ahlala ezifundeni zaseNyakatho Afrika, eMiddle East, eTurkestan, e-Asia Minor nase-Asia Ephakathi, e-Iran, ePakistan.
Ukukhuthazela kwamakamela acijwa munye kushiwo yimisebenzi ethile ethile yomzimba wabo:
- umswakama isilwane esidinga ukuwugcina ukuze siphile awugcinwa esiswini, kodwa esiswini;
- ukusebenza kwezinso zalezi zinhlobo ezisezingeni eliphansi kulungiselelwe ukukhulisa ukomiswa kwamanzi emzimbeni komchamo okhishwe, ngaleyo ndlela kugcinwe umswakama;
- izinwele zezilwane zivimbela ukuhwamuka komswakama;
- umsebenzi wezindlala zomjuluko nawo uhlukile kwezinye izilwane ezincelisayo (izinga lokushisa komzimba phakathi nesikhathi sasebusuku liyancipha futhi lihlala ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo ejwayelekile isikhathi eside). Umjuluko uqala ukugqama kuphela ekushiseni okungama- + 40 ℃ nangaphezulu;
- ama-dromedaries anekhono lokugcwalisa ngokushesha izinqolobane zoketshezi oludingekayo futhi akwazi ukuphuza kusuka kumalitha amanzi angama-50 kuye kwayi-100 ngasikhathi esingangemizuzu embalwa.
Kungenxa yalezi zici ukuthi ikamela elinomswakama owodwa libalulekile kubantu base-Arab abahlala ezindaweni eziwugwadule. Izici zayo ezikhethekile azisetshenziswanga kuphela ekuhambeni kwezinto ezisindayo nabantu, kepha nakwezolimo.
Idla ini ikamela elinomsipha owodwa?
Ngaphezu kweqiniso lokuthi lezi zinhlobo ezincane ziyakwazi ukwenza isikhathi eside ngaphandle kwamanzi ngaphandle kokulimaza umzimba wonkana, futhi azidli ngokudla. Ama-dromedaries yizilwane ezincelisayo ezidla kakhulu, futhi, ngokufanele, zinikezwe isakhiwo esikhethekile sesisu, esiqukethe amakamelo amaningana futhi sinezindlala eziningi. Uhlelo lokugaya ukudla luhlukaniswa neqiniso lokuthi ukudla okungatshalwanga kwezitshalo kungena esiswini sangaphakathi. Yilapho inqubo yokugayeka kwayo kokugcina yenzeka khona.
Ukudla kwekamela elinomswakama owodwa akugcini nje ngokungathobeki, kepha futhi kaningi akulungele ezinye izilwane ezidla inyama. Ngaphezu kwezitshalo ezomile nezameva, ama-dromedaries akwazi ukudla ngisho ne-shrub ne-semi-shrub solyanka. Ezimweni ezikhethekile, uma ingekho imithombo yokudla, amakamela ayakwazi ukondla amathambo nezikhumba zezilwane, kuze kube yimikhiqizo eyenziwe ngayo. Ngaphansi kwezimo zokuqukethwe kwasekhaya, izibiliboco ozithandayo ze-subspecies yi-barnyard, amaqabunga aluhlaza okotshani, i-saxaul, umhlanga, i-hay, i-oats. Endle, amakamela aswakanye agcwalisa isidingo sawo esijwayelekile sikasawoti eyedwa, agcwalisa izinqolobane zoketshezi ezingwadule ezinamanzi. Izilwane ezifuywayo zidinga usawoti ongaphansi kozakwabo basendle, kepha kaningi benqaba ngokusobala ukuphuza amanzi anosawoti. Ezimweni ezinjalo, usawoti unikezwa amakamela ngendlela yemigoqo kasawoti ekhethekile.
Isici esihlukile sabo bonke abamele umndeni wamakamela iqiniso lokuthi isikhathi eside abadingi imithombo yamanzi kuphela, kepha nokudla. Ama-subspecies anikezwe amandla okuhlala ngaphandle kokudla isikhathi eside, ngenxa yamafutha aqoqiwe ku-hump. Amakamela aswakanye angalamba amasonto futhi ajwayele noma ikuphi ukudla. Imvamisa, hhayi ukushaywa yindlala yesikhathi eside okunomthelela omuhle kakhulu ekusebenzeni komzimba wesidumbu kunokudla ngokweqile njalo.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Amakamela yizilwane ezihamba kancane. Isici sokuziphatha kwabo ukuthi baphila ngokwesimiso sansuku zonke esicacile, ngaphandle kokuphambuka kukho. Yilokhu okubavumela ukuba bagcine amandla nomswakama isikhathi eside. Ngaphandle kokuziphatha kwabo ngokuhlala phansi, ama-subspecies akwazi ukwenza ushintsho lwansuku zonke emabangeni amade. Okhokho bethu basendulo baseSlavic banikeze igama elithi "ikamela" elinencazelo "ukuzulazula okude".
Ekufuneni ukudla, amakamela asebenza ekuseni nasebusuku, kanti emini nasebusuku aphumula ezindaweni ezivulekile zezindunduma zesihlabathi. Amakamela aswakanye ahamba ngejubane elijwayelekile cishe elingu-10 km / h, kepha, uma kunesidingo, ayakwazi ukugijima (hhayi ngaphezulu kwama-30 km / h). Ijubane elinjalo liyenzeka, kepha isikhathi eside ikamela alikwazi ukugijima.
Esinye isici esivelele kuzo umbono omuhle ngokwedlulele, ngoba bayakwazi ukubona ingozi esondelayo ibanga elide kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho nje umuntu engena emkhakheni wokubona wekamela, uhamba kusasele isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba asondele. Esimweni esijwayelekile, umhlambi odlubulundayo uzolile - abantu abaphikisani. Kepha phakathi nesikhathi sokuxaka, abesilisa bayakwazi ukukhombisa ukuhlukumeza abanye besilisa, belwela ukukhwelana nowesifazane oyedwa. Ngalesi sikhathi, amakamela anomuntu oyedwa angakwazi ukulwa futhi amake indawo yabo, exwayisa izitha ngobuholi babo. ETurkey, isikhathi sobudlova bamakamela sisetshenziselwa ukulwa kwamakamela bendabuko kule ndawo. Naphezu kwakho konke ukungabi nalutho kwezimpawu zomlingiswa oyinhloko, amakamela anikezwe ukuhlakanipha okuphezulu nohlamvu oluyingqayizivele.
Kwezinye izindaba, ama-dromedars ahlekisa kakhulu:
- Abesifazane balokhu kudla okuncane bazivumela ukusengwa kuphela ngumuntu othile. Ngalesi sikhathi, iwundlu lensikazi kumele libe semkhakheni walo wokubona.
- Abantu abadala bafuna ukuzihlonipha, hhayi ukuxolela ukuthukwa nokuhlukunyezwa.
- Uma i-dromedar ingaphumulanga noma isesimeni sokulala, lapho-ke ayinakuphoqeleka ukuthi isukume ime ngezinyawo.
- Inkumbulo yabo bonke abamele ama-subspecies ithuthukiswa ngendlela emangalisayo - bayakwazi ukukhumbula ukuthukwa iminyaka eminingi futhi ngokuqinisekile bazophindisela kumuntu owonile.
- Ama-Dromedars anamathela kumuntu, futhi uma kwenzeka ehlukana, ayakwazi ngokuzimela ukuthola indlela eya kumnikazi.
Ngokuvamile, ama-dromedaries anikezwe ukuthula okungenakuphikiswa, ubungane kanye nekhono lokuzivumelanisa ngokushesha nendawo ethile yokuhlala, okubenza babe ngabasizi abahle kakhulu babantu. Ngisho nasendle, abahlaseli abantu, kodwa bagwema ukuhlangana nabo kuphela.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Ama-dromedars yizilwane eziguqukayo, ngakho-ke, umsebenzi wazo omkhulu wenzeka emini. Endle, amakamela aswakanye kanye nama-humped amabili akha amaqembu athile omphakathi, aqukethe owesilisa oyedwa, abesifazane abambalwa kanye nenzalo yabo. Kukhona okwandulelayo lapho abesilisa kuphela behlangana ngamaqembu, bathole isikhundla sobuholi ngenkani. Kodwa-ke, amacala anjalo awavamile futhi la maqembu awahlali isikhathi eside, asebenzise ukwakhiwa kohlaka olujwayelekile lomphakathi ngokuzayo.
Ukuthomba nokuzala
Ukuvuthwa ngokocansi kwabesilisa nabesifazane bakulesi subspecies kuqedwa ngokwesilinganiso ngeminyaka emi-3-5. Abesilisa bavuthwa ngokocansi kamuva. Ngesikhathi sesizini (Disemba-Januwari), bamaka indawo yabo, ngaleyo ndlela baxwayise izimbangi ukuthi akufanele zisondele. Ngalokhu, owesilisa usebenzisa izindlala ezikhethekile ngemuva kwekhanda lakhe, futhi, egebisa ikhanda lakhe phansi, alithinte ngesihlabathi nangamatshe aseduze. Uma kusondela elinye ikamela, khona-ke kuba nokulwa okunzima, ngomsindo omkhulu ongathandeki. Owine le mpi, esevundise owesifazane, ngokushesha uyaqhubeka nokufuna omunye.
Owesifazane uyakwazi ukukhulelwa kanye njalo eminyakeni emibili, futhi ukukhulelwa kwengane kuthatha cishe izinyanga eziyi-13. Ukubeletha kwenzeka kumile, futhi emahoreni ambalwa ngemuva kokuphothulwa, ikamela elizalwayo (njalo eli-1, amawele liyinto engajwayelekile ngokweqile) lizimela lodwa emahoreni ambalwa. Ezinyangeni eziyisithupha zokuqala, ingane incela ubisi lukanina, bese ishintshela ekudleni okujwayelekile kwamakhambi. I-dromedar yesifazane iyakwazi ukunikela ngamalitha ayi-10 obisi ngosuku. Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezinsana zamakamela ane-humped ezimbili ne-humped eyodwa ukuthi ama-dromedaries azalwa cishe ngobukhulu obuphindwe kabili kunabalingani bawo. Isikhathi sokuphila sale subspecies sifinyelela eminyakeni engama-50 ngokwesilinganiso.
Izitha zemvelo zekamela elilodwa
Amakamela aswakanyiswe kanye, yize enobukhulu bawo obumbene ngokuqhathaniswa namaBactrian, yizilwane ezinkulu impela. Ezifundeni eziwugwadule, abekho abantu abakwazi ukudlula ubukhulu bazo, ngakho-ke, abakwazi ukuba nezitha endaweni yabo yemvelo. Kodwa-ke, izehlakalo ezivamile zokuhlaselwa kwempisi ezinganeni ezidakayo ziye zarekhodwa. Esikhathini esedlule, lezi zinhlobo ezincane zazinezinye izitha (izinhlobo ezihlukene zamabhubesi asogwadule namahlosi), kepha namuhla lezi zilwane zithathwa njengezingasekho ngokuphelele.
Amakamela, womabili adonswayo futhi anama-humped amabili, anesitha esisodwa esisodwa - isintu. Ngenxa yokufuywa kwabantu abaningi ngaphezu kweminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezi-3 eyedlule, ezimweni zemvelo, imihlambi yasendle yamakamela anomuntu oyedwa (kuphela endle futhi engxenyeni emaphakathi yezwekazi lase-Australia) ayisalanga. Abafowabo, amaBactrian, basatholakala endle, kodwa inani labo lincane kakhulu kangangokuthi basengozini futhi babhalwe ku "Red Book".
Akumangalisi ukuthi ukuxoshwa kwabantu abaningi ukuze kwenziwe ukufundwa kwamadrama. Ngaphezu kokuba yindlela yezokuthutha ehamba phambili neyezimpahla, uvolo wabo, inyama nobisi kunezimfanelo ezinhle. Izikhumba zamakamela zidume ngokufakwa okushisayo, inyama - ngokunambitheka kwayo okuhlukile, amafutha ayafana newundlu, futhi ubisi ludume ngokuqukethwe kwalo okunamafutha nokuqukethwe kwama-microelements awusizo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Izimfanelo ezikhethekile zenyama yoboya, ubisi nenyama yekamela zibenza izisulu ezifiselekayo zabazingeli. Ngakho-ke, amakamela okuzingela abhekwa njengabazingeli abazingeli futhi ashushiswa ezingeni lomthetho. Ushintsho olukhulu olwenziwe ngumuntu lwendawo engokwemvelo yezilwane nalo lushiya uphawu kubantu balo. Ukungenelela komuntu kuholele eqinisweni lokuthi inani lamakhanda abantu abane-humped cishe kuphela izingcezu eziyi-1000 ezihlala endle, ngokungafani nezidrama - zithathwa njengezifuywa ngokuphelele. AmaBactrian asele avikelwe ngumthetho futhi agcinwa ezindaweni zeziqiwi zemvelo.
Ngaphandle kokuvinjelwa kwamakamela wokuzingela endle, ama-dromedaries afuywayo avame ukukhuliswa hhayi kuphela ngamandla abo okudonsa, kepha futhi nezikhumba, amafutha, inyama nobisi. Ezikhathini zasendulo, inyama yekamela nobisi kwakuyizinto eziyinhloko ekudleni kwabantu abayimizulane. Amabhande nezintambo zenziwa ngesikhumba sazo, ezihlukaniswa ngamandla azo. Imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene yobisi evutshiwe yenziwa ngobisi.Ngokuthuthukiswa kwezokuvakasha, amakamela anomuntu oyedwa aqala ukusetshenziselwa ukuthola imali ngokushushuluza izivakashi (isilinganiso esilinganiselwe sokuthwala ama-subspecies cishe ama-150 kg), futhi umjaho wamakamela ukhule waba sesimweni somdlalo kazwelonke eSaudi Arabia nase-United Arab Emirates.
Ama-Arabiya, nawo angamadrama, ahlakaniphile, aqinile futhi aguqulelwe empilweni nabantu. Banamandla amakhulu okuhamba ngamandla, indlela enhle yokuhamba ezindaweni ezomile nezishisa ngokweqile, okubenza babaluleke ezindaweni ezishisayo zasogwadule. Izici zomzimba wazo nokwakheka kwazo kuyazisiza zisinde ngisho nasezimweni ezimbi kakhulu. Kepha, ngeshwa, ngeke kwenzeke ukuthola umkhondo wokuziphatha kwabo endaweni yabo yemvelo, ngoba ama-subspecies asendle abhekwa njengokuqothulwa ngokuphelele futhi afuyiwe. Ngaphandle kwalokhu ikamela elilodwa elithungisiwe qhubeka nokusebenzela umuntu ngokwethembeka empilweni yakhe yansuku zonke.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 22.01.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 17.09.2019 ngo-12: 36
