I-nightjar ejwayelekile, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-nightjar (iCaprimulgus europaeus), iyinyoni yasebusuku. Ummeleli womndeni we-True Nightjars uzala ikakhulukazi enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Afrika, kanye nasezindaweni ezipholile zase-Eurasia. Incazelo yesayensi yalolu hlobo yanikezwa nguKarl Linnaeus emakhasini ohlelo lweshumi lweSystem of Nature emuva ngo-1758.
Incazelo yeNightjar
Ama-Nightjars anombala omuhle kakhulu wokuvikela, ngenxa yokuthi izinyoni ezinjalo zingamakhosi okuzifihla. Njengoba ziyizinyoni ezingabonakali ngokuphelele, izimbiza zasebusuku, ngaphezu kwakho konke, zaziwa ngokucula kwazo okwehlukile, ngokungafani nedatha yezwi lezinye izinyoni. Ezimweni zezulu ezinhle, idatha yezwi le-nightjar ingazwakala ngisho nasebangeni elingamamitha ayi-500-600.
Ukubukeka
Umzimba wenyoni unokunwebeka okufana nokwekhukhamba. Ama-Nightjars ahlukaniswa ngamaphiko amade futhi abukhali, futhi anomsila ophakeme ngokuqhathaniswa. Uqhwaku lwale nyoni lubuthakathaka futhi lufushane, lunombala omnyama, kepha ukusikwa komlomo kubukeka kukukhulu, kunama-bristles amade futhi aqinile emakhoneni. Imilenze akuyona emikhulu, enozwane oluphakathi olude. Izimpaphe ziluhlobo oluthambile, oluxegayo, ngenxa yokuthi inyoni ibukeka inkulu futhi inkulu ngokwengeziwe.
Umbala wezimpaphe uvamise ukwenziwa, ngakho-ke kunzima kakhulu ukubona izinyoni ezinganyakazi emagatsheni ezihlahla noma emaqabungeni awile. Ama-subspecies aphakanyisiwe ahlukaniswa ngengxenye ephezulu enombala onsundu ngokumpunga enemigqa eminingi eshintshanayo noma imivimbo yemibala emnyama, ebomvu nebomvu. Ingxenye engezansi i-ocher-brown, enephethini emelwe yimivimbo emincane eguqukayo emnyama.
Kanye nezinye izinhlobo zomndeni, izimbiza zasebusuku zinamehlo amakhulu, uqhwaku olufushane nomlomo "onjengexoxo", futhi futhi zinemilenze emifushane, engashintshi kahle ukubamba amagatsha nokuhamba ebusweni bomhlaba.
Ubukhulu bezinyoni
Usayizi omncane wale nyoni ubonakala ngomzimba onomusa. Ubude obumaphakathi bomuntu omdala buhluka phakathi kuka-24.5-28.0 cm, ngamaphiko angaphezulu kuka-52-59 cm. Isisindo esijwayelekile sowesilisa singeqi ku-51-101 g, kanti isisindo sowesifazane cishe siyi-67-95 g.
Indlela Yokuphila
Ama-Nightjars abonakala ngendiza esheshayo nenamandla, kepha ethule. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, izinyoni ezinjalo ziyakwazi "ukundiza" endaweni eyodwa noma ukundiza, zivule amaphiko azo ahlukene. Le nyoni ihamba ngokungananazi ebusweni bomhlaba futhi ikhetha izindawo ezingenazo izimila. Lapho umhlaseli noma abantu besondela, izinyoni eziphumule zizama ukuzifihla endaweni ezungezile, zicashe futhi zizalele phansi noma emagatsheni. Kwesinye isikhathi i-nightjar isuka kalula ishaye amaphiko ayo kakhulu, isuke ibangana.
Abesilisa bayacula, imvamisa behlala emagatsheni ezihlahla ezifile ezikhula emaphethelweni ama-glades noma ama-glades. Ingoma yethulwe nge-trill eyomile neyisidina ethi "rrrrrrr", ekhumbuza ukuduma kwethole noma umsebenzi kagandaganda. Ukudlidliza okuyisidina kuhambisana nokuphazamiseka okuncane, kepha ithoni ejwayelekile nevolumu, kanye nokuvama kwemisindo enjalo, kuyashintsha ngezikhathi ezithile. Ngezikhathi ezithile ama-nightjars aphazamisa i-trill yawo nge- "furr-furr-furr-furrruyu ...". Kuphela ngemuva kokuqeda ukucula lapho inyoni ishiya khona isihlahla. Abesilisa baqala ukukhwelana ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa befikile futhi baqhubeke nokucula kwabo kulo lonke ihlobo.
Ama-nightjars awesatshiswa kakhulu yizindawo ezinabantu abaningi, ngakho-ke izinyoni ezinjalo zivame ukundiza eduze kwezolimo namapulazi lapho kunezinambuzane eziningi. Ama-nightjars yizinyoni ezihamba ebusuku. Ngesikhathi sasemini, abamele lezi zinhlobo bancamela ukuhlala emagatsheni ezihlahla noma behlele otshanini obuntshani obomile. Kusebusuku kuphela lapho izinyoni zindiza ziphume ziye kozingela. Endizeni, babamba inyamazane ngokushesha, bayakwazi ukuhamba kahle, futhi basabele cishe manjalo lapho kuvela izinambuzane.
Ngenkathi yokundiza, izimbiza zasebusuku ezindala zivame ukukhala ngokungazelelwe "intambo ... ntambo", kanye nokuhlukahluka komsindo olula onkenenezayo noma uhlobo lwempuphu engasebenziyo kusebenza njengezimpawu ze-alamu.
Isikhathi sokuphila
Isikhathi sokuphila esibhaliswe ngokomthetho samajitha ajwayelekile asebusuku ezimweni zemvelo, njengomthetho, asidluli iminyaka eyishumi.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
Ngaphansi kwamehlo e-nightjar kunesiqeshana esikhanyayo, esimenyezelwe sombala omhlophe, futhi ezinhlangothini zomphimbo kunezindawo ezincane, ezingamaduna ezinombala omhlophe omsulwa, kanti kwabesifazane zinombala obomvu. Abesilisa babonakala ngamabala amhlophe athuthukile ezincwadini zamaphiko nasemakhoneni ezimpaphe zangaphandle zomsila. Abantu abasha bafana nabesifazane abadala ngokubukeka.
Indawo yokuhlala
Izidleke ezijwayelekile ze-nightjar ezindaweni ezifudumele nezifudumele enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Afrika nase-Eurasia. EYurophu, abamele lezi zinhlobo batholakala cishe yonke indawo, kufaka phakathi iningi leziqhingi zaseMedithera. Ama-nightjars asevame kakhulu eMpumalanga Yurophu nasenhlonhlweni yase-Iberia. ERussia, izinyoni zidla kusukela emingceleni esentshonalanga kuya empumalanga. Enyakatho, abameleli balezi zinhlobo batholakala endaweni engaphansi kwe-subtaiga. I-biotope ejwayelekile yokuzalanisa yi-moorland.
Izinyoni zihlala emathafeni avulekile futhi avulekile anezindawo ezomile nezifudumele kahle. Isici esiyinhloko sokwakha izidleke ngempumelelo ukutholakala kukadoti owomile, kanye nensimu enhle yokubuka kanye nenqwaba yezinambuzane ezindizayo zasebusuku. Ama-Nightjars ngokuzithandela ahlala ezindaweni ezingamathafa, ahlala ekukhanyeni, emahlathini aphayini aphansi anenhlabathi enesihlabathi nokuhlanzwa, emaphethelweni okususwa kanye namasimu, izindawo ezisogwini lwamaxhaphozi nezigodi zemifula. Eningizimu mpumalanga naseningizimu yeYurophu, lolu hlobo luvame kakhulu ezindaweni ezinesihlabathi namatshe ezinkuzi.
Inani elikhulu labantu litholakala engxenyeni emaphakathi yeYurophu, ezinkwalini ezilahliwe nasezindaweni zokuqeqesha ezempi. Ezindaweni ezisenyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Afrika, abamele izidleke zezinhlobo emithambekeni enamadwala zigcwele izihlahla ezingavamile. Izindawo ezinkulu ezisendaweni engamathafa yimithambeka yamaxhaphozi namahlathi agcwele izikhukhula. Njengomthetho, izigaxa zobusuku ezivamile zihlala emathafeni, kepha ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle izinyoni zingahlala ezindaweni zebhande elingaphansi.
I-nightjar ejwayelekile iyinhlobo ejwayelekile yokufuduka, eyenza ukufuduka okude kakhulu minyaka yonke. Izikhathi eziyinhloko zobusika zabamele imiphakathi ephakanyisiwe kwakuyinsimu yaseningizimu nasempumalanga ye-Afrika. Ingxenye encane yezinyoni nayo iyakwazi ukufudukela entshonalanga yezwekazi. Ukufuduka kwenzeka ngaphambili okubanzi, kepha ama-nightjars ajwayelekile ekufudukeni akhetha ukugcina ngamunye ngamunye, ngakho-ke awenzi imihlambi. Ngaphandle kwebanga lemvelo, izindiza ezenzeke ngengozi eziya e-Iceland, i-Azores, iFaroe neCanary Islands, kanye neSeychelles neMadeira kubhaliwe.
Umsebenzi wezomnotho wabantu, kufaka phakathi ukugawulwa kwamahlathi okukhulu nokuhlelwa kwama-glades okuvimbela umlilo, kunomthelela omuhle enanini le-nightjar evamile, kodwa imigwaqo emikhulu kakhulu iyingozi emphakathini wabantu balezi zinyoni.
Ukudla kwe-Nightjar
Izimbiza zasebusuku ezivamile zidla izinambuzane ezihlukahlukene ezindizayo. Izinyoni zindizela ngaphandle zizingela kusihlwa kuphela. Ekudleni kwansuku zonke kwabamele lolu hlobo, kunqoba amabhungane namabhu. Abantu abadala bavame ukubamba ama-dipterans, kufaka phakathi ama-midges nomiyane, futhi bazingela izimbungulu, ama-mayflies ne-hymenoptera. Phakathi kokunye, amatshe amancane nesihlabathi, kanye nezinto ezisalile zezitshalo ezithile, zivame ukutholakala esiswini sezinyoni.
I-nightjar ejwayelekile ikhombisa umsebenzi kusuka ekuqaleni kobumnyama kuze kube sekuntweleni hhayi kuphela endaweni ebizwa ngokuthi yifolishi, kepha futhi kude kakhulu nemingcele yendawo enjalo. Ngokudla okwanele, izinyoni zithatha ikhefu ebusuku futhi ziyaphumula, zihleli emagatsheni ezihlahla noma phansi. Izinambuzane zivame ukubanjwa lapho zibaleka. Kwesinye isikhathi inyamazane ivikelwa ekuqamekeleni kusengaphambili, okungamelwa ngamagatsha ezihlahla emaphethelweni endawo yokuhlanza noma enye indawo evulekile.
Phakathi kwezinye izinto, kunezimo lapho ukudla kukhishwe i-nightjar ngqo kusuka emagatsheni noma ebusweni bomhlaba. Ngemuva kokuphothulwa kokuzingela ebusuku, izinyoni zilala emini, kepha azifihli ngale njongo emihumeni noma emigodini. Uma ufisa, izinyoni ezinjalo zingatholakala phakathi kwamaqabunga awile noma emagatsheni ezihlahla, lapho izinyoni zitholakala khona egatsheni. Imvamisa, izinyoni eziphumulile zindiza phezulu uma umhlaseli noma umuntu ezethusa kude kakhulu.
Isici esihlanganisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zamajiki wasebusuku namakhanka amaningi nezikhova yikhono lezinyoni ezinjalo lokuphindisela amapeleti akhethekile ngesimo sezigaxa zemfucumfucu yokudla engadliwe.
Ukuzala nenzalo
I-nightjar ejwayelekile ifinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi inezinyanga eziyishumi nambili. Abesilisa bafika ezindaweni zokwakha izidleke cishe emasontweni ambalwa ngaphambi kwabesifazane. Ngalesi sikhathi, amaqabunga aqhakaza ezihlahleni nasezihlahleni, futhi kuvela inamba eyanele yezinambuzane ezahlukahlukene ezindizayo. Izinsuku zokufika zingahluka kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli (enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Afrika nasentshonalanga yePakistan) kuya ezinsukwini eziyishumi zokuqala zikaJuni (esifundeni saseLeningrad). Ezimweni zesimo sezulu nesimo sezulu enkabeni yeRussia, ingxenye enkulu yezinyoni izungeza ezindaweni zezidleke kusukela maphakathi no-Ephreli kuya ezinsukwini eziyishumi zokugcina zikaMeyi.
Abesilisa abafika ezindaweni zokwakha izidleke baqala ukukhwelana. Ngalesi sikhathi, le nyoni icula isikhathi eside, ilele eceleni kwegatsha eliseceleni. Ngezinye izikhathi abesilisa bayashintsha isikhundla sabo, bakhetha ukusuka emagatsheni esitshalo esisodwa baye emagatsheni kwesinye isihlahla. Indoda, lapho iqaphele insikazi, iphazamisa ingoma yayo, futhi ukuze ihehe ukunakwa, yenza ukukhala okukhulu nokushaya okukhulu kwamaphiko ayo. Inqubo yokuqomisana kowesilisa ihambisana nokushaywa kancane, kanye nokundindizela kaningi emoyeni endaweni eyodwa. Ngalesi sikhathi, le nyoni igcina umzimba wayo ume mpo, futhi ngenxa yokugoqwa kwamaphiko okwenziwe ngo-V, izindawo zamasiginali amhlophe zibonakala kahle.
Abesilisa babonisa labo abakhethiwe izindawo ezingaba khona zokuzalela amaqanda esikhathini esizayo. Kulezi zindawo, izinyoni zihlala futhi zikhiphe uhlobo oluthile lwethilosa eliyindilinga. Ngasikhathi sinye, abesifazane abadala bakhetha indawo yesidleke ngokuzimela. Kulapha lapho inqubo yokuhlangana kwezinyoni yenzeka khona. Izimbiza zokulala ezijwayelekile azizakhi izidleke, kanti i-oviposition yenzeka ngqo ebusweni bomhlaba, imbozwe ngotshani wamaqabunga wangonyaka odlule, izinaliti zespruce noma uthuli lwokhuni. Isidleke esingajwayelekile simbozwe uhlaza olungaphansi noma amagatsha awile, okunikeza ukubuka konke okugcwele kwendawo kanye namandla okusuka kalula lapho kuvela ingozi.
I-Oviposition ivame ukwenzeka eminyakeni eyishumi edlule kaMeyi noma ngesonto lokuqala likaJuni. Owesifazane ubeka amaqanda amabili e-ellipsoidal anamagobolondo acwebezelayo amhlophe noma mpunga lapho kunephethini lemabula elinsundu ngokumpunga. Ukufukamela kuthatha isikhathi esingaphansi kwamasonto amathathu. Ingxenye enkulu yesikhathi ichithwa ngowesifazane, kepha kusihlwa noma ekuseni kakhulu owesilisa angangena esikhundleni sakhe. Inyoni ehleliyo iyasabela ekusondeleni kwabadliwayo noma kubantu ngokuchofoza amehlo ayo, iphendukele kusongo oluhamba luye ngasesidlekeni. Kwezinye izimo, i-nightjar incamela ukwenza sengathi ilimele noma ihalalisele, ivule umlomo wayo kakhulu iphakamise isitha.
Amachwane achanyuselwa ngesikhawu sansuku zonke acishe ambozwe ngokuphelele phansi ngombala onsundu onsundu ngokumpunga nangomthunzi we-ocher ezansi. Inzalo iyasebenza ngokushesha. Isici samachwane ajwayelekile e-nightjar yikhono lawo, ngokungafani nabantu abadala, lokuhamba ngokuzethemba impela. Phakathi nezinsuku ezine zokuqala, izingane ezinezimpaphe zondliwa ngabesifazane kuphela, kepha bese kuthi owesilisa naye abambe iqhaza enkambisweni yokuphakelwa. Ngobusuku obubodwa, abazali kufanele balethe izinambuzane ezingaphezu kwekhulu esidlekeni. Lapho inamasonto amabili izelwe, inzalo izama ukusuka, kepha amaphuphu angakwazi ukuhamba amabanga amafushane kuphela ngemuva kokufika eminyakeni yobudala yamasonto amathathu noma amane.
Inzalo ye-nightjar ejwayelekile ithola ukuzimela okugcwele cishe emasontweni amahlanu kuya kwayisithupha, lapho wonke amachwane ehlakazeka azungeze izindawo eziseduze futhi alungiselela uhambo lokuqala lobusika olude empilweni yabo eya e-Afrika eseningizimu yeSahara.
Izitha zemvelo
Ama-nightjars ajwayelekile ngaphakathi kobubanzi bawo bemvelo awanazo izitha eziningi kakhulu. Abantu abazingeli izinyoni ezinjalo, futhi phakathi kwabantu abaningi, kubandakanya amaHindu, abaseSpain nezinye izizwe zase-Afrika, kukholakala ukuthi ukubulala i-nightjar kungaletha inkinga enkulu impela. Izitha eziyinhloko zemvelo zabamele lolu hlobo yizinyoka ezinkulu kunazo zonke, ezinye izinyoni ezidlayo nezilwane. Kodwa-ke, ingozi ephelele ebangelwa inani lezinyoni yilezi zilwane zincane uma kuqhathaniswa.
Ukukhanya kwamalambu emoto akuhehi nje kuphela inqwaba yezinambuzane ezihamba ebusuku, kodwa nezimbiza ezijwayelekile zasebusuku ezizizingelayo, futhi isiminyaminya esimatasa kakhulu sivame ukudala ukufa kwezinyoni ezinjalo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Kuze kube manje, kukhona ama-subspecies ayisithupha we-nightjar, ukuhluka kwawo okuvezwe ngokuhluka kombala ojwayelekile wezimpaphe nosayizi ojwayelekile. Ama-subspecies iCaprimulgus europaeus europaeus Linnaeus ahlala enyakatho nasenkabeni yeYurophu, kanti iCaprimulgus europaeus meridionalis Hartert ivame ukutholakala eNyakatho-Ntshonalanga Afrika, eNhlonhlweni yase-Iberia nasenyakatho yeMedithera.
Indawo yokuhlala yeCaprimulgus europaeus sarudnyi Hartert yi-Asia Ephakathi. Ama-subspecies iCaprimulgus europaeus unwini Hume atholakala e-Asia, naseTurkmenistan nase-Uzbekistan. Indawo yokusatshalaliswa kweCaprimulgus europaeus plumipes Przewalski imelwe enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeChina, entshonalanga nasenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeMongolia, kanti ama-subspecies iCaprimulgus europaeus dementievi Stegmann atholakala eningizimu yeTransbaikalia, enyakatho-mpumalanga yeMongolia. Njengamanje, ohlwini oluchaziwe lwezinhlobo ezingavamile, ezingasekho nezisengozini yokuqothulwa, i-nightjar ejwayelekile inikezwe isikhundla sokongiwa kwemvelo "Izimbangela Zokukhathazeka Okuncane".
