IMachaon uvemvane olukhulu olubabazekayo olunemicu ebonakalayo ezimpikweni zalo zangemuva, ngenxa yegama lalo elingavamile kudokotela wasendulo ongumGreki uMachaon.
Incazelo yeSwallowtail
UPapilio machaon umele umndeni wezikebhe zasemanzini (ama-cavaliers), okuyingxenye ye-oda Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera). Incazelo yokuqala yovemvane, njengegama layo lesiLatini, ngekaKarl Linnaeus.
Ukubukeka
Amaphiko we-swallowtail awaphuzi ngempela: kwesinye isikhathi anemibala emhlophe, enemithambo emnyama, futhi yakhelwe ngomngcele omnyama onama-semicircles akhanyayo. Le patheni ibonwa kuma-fenders angaphambili, angemuva njalo abukeka ekhanya futhi eyinkimbinkimbi.
Igagasi elibanzi (eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka) elibanzi lihamba emaphikweni angemuva we-swallowtail, enqunyelwe "yimingcele" emnyama ngenhla nangaphansi. Ingxenye yephiko elincikene nomzimba wovemvane ine "iso" elibomvu / elisawolintshi elinombhalo omnyama. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimpiko zangemuva zinikezwa imisila ye-flirty (efinyelela ku-1 cm ubude).
Umzimba we-swallowtail, ogcwele izinwele ezilula, unqunywa emigqeni eminingana emnyama engacacile esiswini nasesifubeni, kuyilapho ngemuva kubonakala kumnyama kakhulu ngenxa yomugqa omnyama ojiyile osuka ekhanda uye phansi. Izinsimbi zomlomo zibukeka njenge-proboscis emnyama, ehlanganiswe njengengadingekile futhi iqondiswe ukumunca umpe wembali. Ebunzini, kunezimpondo ezinde, ezihlukanisiwe ezinamaqhuqhuva abonakalayo ezincomeni.
Okubalulekile. Inhloko eyindilinga neyokuhlala ifakelwe amehlo anezici eziyinkimbinkimbi ahlala ezinhlangothini. Amehlo asiza i-swallowtail ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwemibala nezinto, bese ngaleyo ndlela uzulazula endaweni.
Ukuhluka kwephethini / umbala kuncike kokubili ngosuku lokuvela kwezimvemvane nasendaweni abahlala kuyo. Ingasenyakatho ekude, i-paler i-swallowtail. Ama-specimens amancane akhanyayo abonwa phakathi kwezimvemvane zesizukulwane sokuqala, kuyilapho isizukulwane sesibili singakhanyi kuphela, kepha futhi sikhulu. Kuliqiniso, esizukulwaneni sokuqala, amaphethini amnyama asezimpikweni ahluke kakhulu. Uma ihlobo lishisa kakhulu, izinkonjane ezincane zivame ukuvela eziphungwini ezinomhlobiso omnyama ocwengileko.
IPapilio machaon ifana kakhulu nesivakashi sePapilio (isikebhe saseCorsican), kepha sehlukile kunaso ezindaweni ezinombala obomvu / oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ukufiphaza okuncane kwamaphiko nemisila emide.
Ubukhulu be-Swallowtail
Uvemvane olukhulu oluguquka ngamaphiko angama-64 kuye kuma-95 mm ubude. Ubukhulu be-swallowtail bunqunywa ubulili bayo, isizukulwane (1, 2 noma 3), kanye nendawo ehlala kuyo.
Indlela Yokuphila
I-Swallowtail, njengezinye izikebhe zasemanzini, iyasebenza ngezinsuku ezifudumele ezinelanga. Esimweni sezulu esinjalo, izimbali zakhe azithandayo nama-inflorescence atholakalayo kuye, amnikeza umpe ogcwaliswe ngama-microelements abalulekile. ISwallows idinga umpe omningi, ngakho-ke ivame ukutholakala emapaki, ezimfundeni nasezingadini.
Abesilisa bayindawo, maphakathi nendawo yensimu ekhethiwe endaweni ephakeme kakhulu. Abesilisa be-Swallowtail bavame ukuqoqana ngamaqembu (abantu abangu-10-15), bahlala emqubeni noma osebeni lwamanzi aseduze. Abesilisa nabesifazane nabo bahlala emagqumeni, ezihlahleni ezinde, noma ekushayweni emoyeni, okukhombisa umdanso ojwayelekile owehla naphansi.
Kuyathakazelisa. Ngokwemvelo, kunzima kakhulu ukubamba uvemvane oluhleli ngamaphiko alo luvuleke ngokuphelele kuhlaka, ngoba ezingemuva kuvame ukufihlwa uhhafu ngaphansi kwalezi zangaphambili.
Lokhu kwenzeka lapho imisebe yelanga iwela kwi-swallowtail ebandayo (ekuphumeni kwelanga noma ngemuva kwemvula), bese ivula amaphiko ayo ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze ifudumale futhi indize ibaleke ngokushesha. ISwallowtail isakaza amaphiko ayo amahle okwemizuzu embalwa, futhi kubhekwa njengempumelelo enkulu yomthwebuli wezithombe ukuthatha isithombe ngalesi sikhathi.
Isikhathi sokuphila
Indiza yeSwallowtail (kucatshangelwa izimo zezulu) iwela entwasahlobo-ekwindla, lapho kuzalwa isizukulwane esisodwa, ezimbili ngisho nezintathu zezimvemvane. Iningi lenkonjane emhlabeni linikeza izizukulwane ezi-2, enyakatho yebanga - eyodwa kuphela, kepha eNyakatho Afrika - eziningi njengezintathu. Ukundiza kwezimvemvane ezindaweni ezipholile kusuka ngoMeyi kuya ku-Agasti, ezwenikazi lase-Afrika kusuka ngoMashi kuya kuNovemba. Isikhathi sokuphila se-swallowtail (noma ngabe iyiphi indawo) cishe singamasonto ama-3.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
I-dimorphism yezocansi emaswithini ayivezwa kahle futhi izibonakalisa ngosayizi wezimvemvane. Abesilisa bancane kancane kunabesifazane, okungabonakala, ikakhulukazi, ngamaphiko: ngaphambili, le nkomba ingama-64-81 mm, ekugcineni iba phakathi kuka-74 kuye ku-95 mm.
I-Swallowtail butterflies subspecies
Ama-Lepidopterists (ama-entomologists afunda izimvemvane) akhuluma ngama-subspecies amaningi kaPapilio machaon, ephikisana nesibalo sokugcina. Abanye okungenani banama-subspecies angama-37, abanye banesigamu.
Ama-subspecies aphakanyisiwe we-swallowtail atholakala eMpumalanga Yurophu, ama-subspecies britannicus Seitz eGreat Britain, nama-subspecies gorganus ase-Central Europe, eningizimu ye-Russian Plain nasenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeCaucasus. EJapane, kumaKuriles naseSakhalin, ama-subspecies ama-hippocrates ahlala, lapho umugqa oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (ngaphezulu kwamehlo wephiko lwangemuva) uphakathi kwababili abamnyama. Ama-sachalinensis subspecies awathandeki njengamanye ama-swallows, futhi agqamile ngombala ophuzi ogqamile onemihlobiso emnyama emnyama.
Ngo-1928, udokotela wezinambuzane waseJapan uMatsumura wachaza izinhlobo ezimbili ezingaphansi kwe-swallowtail, i-chishimana Mats. (ISikhotan Island) neMandschurica (Manchuria). Kwabanye ososayensi, basenokungabaza.
Okwezintaba zaseTrans-Baikal naseCentral Yakutia, ama-subspecies amabili ajwayelekile - ama-orientis (atholakala engxenyeni eseningizimu yebanga) ne-asiatica (ehlala ngasenyakatho). Ama-orientis subspecies, anemisila efushanisiwe emaphikweni nombala omnyama ophakeme emithanjeni, nawo ajwayelekile eningizimu yeSiberia. Ukuhluka okuthakazelisayo kombala kubonwe kuma-subspecies kamtschadalus - lapha kukhona ukuthamba kwephethini elimnyama emaphikweni ngenkathi kugcinwa ingemuva elikhanyayo eliphuzi, kanye nokwehla kwemisila.
Umcengezi we-Amur ophakathi nendawo nangaphansi uhlala ama-subspecies amurensis, i-swallowtail ephuzi elula enemisila emifushane. Ezindaweni zase-Amur nasePrimorye, i-ussuriensis subspecies iye yatholwa, isizukulwane sayo sasehlobo sihlukaniswa ngabantu abakhulu - esinamaphiko afinyelela kuma-94 mm kwabesifazane. Abanye ososayensi bezentela abawazi ama-ussuriensis subspecies, abayibiza ngokuthi ifomu lasehlobo lama-amurensis subspecies.
Kanye nalabo abaqanjwe ngamagama, izazi ze-entomologists zihlukanisa ama-subspecies amaningi we-swallowtail:
- aliaska Scudder - uhlala eNyakatho Melika;
- I-centralis - empumalanga yeGreater Caucasus, ugu lwaseCaucasus loLwandle iCaspian, ama-steppes / ama-semi -hlane aseNyakatho yeCaspian, Izintaba zaseTalysh, iKura Valley ne-Iran;
- muetingi Seyer - Elbrus;
- weidenhofferi Seyer - imithambeka eseningizimu yeKopetdag;
- i-syriacus i-subspecies yase-Asia Minor etholakala eSyria;
- i-rustaveli - izindawo eziphakathi nendawo neziphakeme zezintaba zeCaucasus.
Izinhlobo ezingaphansi kwe-swallowtail zihlala zaziwa kancane njenge-centralis, ebizwa kuphela ngefomu lokushisa eliphakeme le-Papilio machaon, ne-weidenhofferi Seyer (ifomu elincane lentwasahlobo elifana nezinhlayiya eziphakanyisiwe).
Indawo yokuhlala
Uvemvane lwe-swallowtail lwaziwa kahle izakhamizi zezwekazi laseYurophu (ngaphandle kwe-Ireland neDenmark) kusukela ogwini lolwandle i-Arctic kuya oLwandle Olumnyama naseCaucasus. Abamele lezi zinhlobo benza kahle e-Asia, kufaka phakathi indawo eshisayo, kanye naseNyakatho Melika naseNyakatho Afrika.
Iqiniso. ISwallowtail idonsela ngasehlathini, emahlathini nasezintabeni. Ezintabeni zaseYurophu, ngokwesibonelo, e-Alps, kwenzeka endaweni ephakeme ngamakhilomitha ama-2 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, e-Asia (Tibet) - ebangeni elingamakhilomitha ayi-4,5.
Izindawo ezijwayelekile zokuhlala ze-swallowtail yizikhala ezivulekile njenge:
- ama-steppes nezimfunda ezomile ze-limestone;
- fusi;
- izimfunda zemesophilic;
- utshani obude nezimfunda ezimanzi;
- amapaki amadolobha nezixuku;
- izivande namasimu ezihlahla.
Ikhetha ama-biotopes afudunyezwe kahle aneziza ezimanzi, lapho kukhula khona izigaxa zefolishi. Enyakatho, i-swallowtail ihlala etundra, emahlathini indiza kaningi emaphethelweni nasezintabeni, indizela ezinhlangothini zemigwaqo. Akenqeni ukuba semvelo yokufakelwa, okuthiwa ama-agrocenoses.
Emathafeni aseCaspian (i-Azerbaijan, iKalmykia kanye nesifunda sase-Astrakhan), ithobela ukoma izintaba ezinamagquma noma izingwadule ezivulekile ezinezindunduma. Ngenkathi ifuduka, i-swallowtail ngayinye ngezikhathi ezithile indizela emadolobheni amancane namakhulu, kufaka phakathi i-megalopolises.
Ukudla kweSwallowtail
Emathafeni nasemathafeni ase-Asia Ephakathi, umhlonyane uba isitshalo sokudla esiyinhloko. Emzileni ophakathi nendawo, i-swallowtail iphakela ikakhulukazi izitshalo zezambulela:
- hogweed kanye nezaqathe (zasendle / ezivamile);
- idile, iparsley nefennel;
- i-angelica, isilimo esidliwayo esinamagatsha anamanzi nekhumini;
- i-horticultural, i-buteny ne-prangos;
- i-gircha, izinsimbi kanye ne-girchavnitsa;
- ithanga le-saxifrage, umsiki ojwayelekile nabanye.
Kwezinye i-biotopes, i-swallowtail idla izinhlobonhlobo zerue (i-Amur velvet, i-ash ash, zonke izinhlobo zokulahla okuphelele) ne-birch, kufaka phakathi i-alder kaMakusimovich ne-alder yaseJapan ekhula eSouthern Kuriles. Abantu abadala baphuza umpe, bawumunce nge-proboscis yabo, bandiza besuka ezimbalini beya ezimbalini futhi bangagcini ngezambulela kuphela.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Insikazi ye-swallowtail iyakwazi ukubeka amaqanda angafika ku-120 ngesikhathi sayo esifushane. Inqubo uqobo lwayo yenzeka emoyeni, lapho uvemvane lundiza phezu kwezitshalo, lubekwe ngaphansi kweqabunga noma ngaphezulu kwesiqu. Ezimweni zezulu ezipholile, amaqanda atholakala kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezambulela noma izitshalo ze-rue. Ngenye indlela, insikazi izalela amaqanda ambalwa, ngezinye izikhathi amathathu, amancane ayindilinga, ngokuvamile ngombala ophuzi ngokuluhlaza okotshani.
Isigaba samaqanda sithatha izinsuku ezingama-4-5, ngemuva kwalokho isibungu esimnyama (isibungu) sikhasa kuso sine- “warts” ekhanyayo nendawo emhlophe emaphakathi emhlane wayo. Njengoba zikhula, amacimbi aguqula umbala ube onemigqa enqamulelayo, lapho imivimbo eluhlaza okotshani nokumnyama (enamachashazi ewolintshi) eshintshanayo.
Izibungu zidla ngentshiseko futhi zikhule zifike ku-8-9 mm ngesonto. Isitsha esithandwa kakhulu yisibungu yizimbali namaqanda, cishe amaqabunga ezitshalo zotshani. Isibungu siyaqina kakhulu futhi asiweli phansi, noma sisika isiqu bese usisa kwenye indawo.
Kuyathakazelisa. Ngosuku, isibungu esisodwa se-swallowtail sikwazi ukubulala umbhede omncane wedile. Kepha ekugcineni kokuthuthuka kwayo, isibungu cishe asidli.
Isigaba sokugcina, esandulela ukubonakala kovemvane oluhle, yisidlaliso. Ukuguqulwa kube yisiphungumangathi kwenzeka esiqwini sesitshalo esidliwe noma kwesiseduze. Umbala wesiphungumangathi unqunywa yisizini. Ehlobo anemibala ephuzi ngokuluhlaza futhi akhula kuphela amasonto ama-2-3. Ezasebusika zihlala zinsundu, njengoba zilingisa umbala wamagxolo namaqabunga awile. Zizalwa kabusha zibe uvemvane ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa, lapho kufika ukushisa okungaguquki.
Izitha zemvelo
Inzalo yePapilio machaon izingelwa izinyoni, kufaka phakathi ukugoqwa komhlanga, amabele kanye nama-nightingales, okucekela ku-40-50% wamacimbi. Ngaphezu kwezinyoni, izitha zemvelo ze-swallowtail yizo zonke izinambuzane, kufaka phakathi izicabucabu ezinkulu. Njengazo zonke izikebhe zesikebhe, i-swallowtail (ngokunembile, isibungu sayo) inikezwe indlela yokuvikela kusukela ekuzalweni - lena indlala emise imfoloko engxenyeni ye-prothoracic, eyaziwa njenge-osmeterium.
Isibungu esiphazamisekile sibeka phambili i-osmeterium (izimpondo ezisatshalalisiwe ezi-orange), ekhipha imfihlo ephuzi ngokusawolintshi nephunga elibi.
Ukwesabisa nge-osmeteria kusetshenziswa kuphela yizibungu ezisencane nezineminyaka ephakathi: izibungu ezindala azisayisebenzisi indlala. Ukukhishwa okunamandla kwe-osmeteria kusebenza kahle uma kuqhathaniswa neminyovu, izintuthwane, nezimpukane, kepha akusizi ngalutho ekulweni nezinyoni. Lapha uvemvane lusebentisa letinye tindlela - lushaya timpiko talo masinyane, lusabe ngemibala lekhanyako bese lutsatsa kunakekela kwetilwane kusuka etingadzeni talo letibalulekile kuya emeveni / emisileni yetimphiko.
Inani lezomnotho
Ngokuzenzisa, ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza kabusha ngobuningi, ikakhulukazi ezitshalweni zezolimo, emahlathini, ezingadini noma emapaki, uvemvane lwe-swallowtail lukwazi ukuguqula lube yisilokazane, ngoba amacimbi alo adla izimbali namaqanda esitshalo sokudla. Kepha empilweni yangempela, i-swallowtail (ngenxa yokushoda kwayo) ayilimazi ezolimo futhi nayo idinga ukuvikelwa.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Ohlwini Olubomvu lwe-IUCN, uPapilio machaon usesigabeni se-LC njengezinhlobo ezingakhathazwa kangako. Ngaphandle kokuthambekela okwehlayo, ukwahlukana okuqinile nokuncipha kwenani labantu abavuthiwe, i-swallowtail iseyinhlobo esabalele, ikakhulukazi ebangeni layo laseMedithera.
Ngokwe-IUCN, inani labantu emhlabeni jikelele le-swallowtail lehle ngamaphesenti angaphansi kwama-25% kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, okwenza lolu hlobo lube yi-LC.
Noma kunjalo, ukwehla kwesibalo sabantu bendawo kuyabonakala kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu, eNyakatho Afrika naseMpumalanga Ephakathi. Ezinye izifunda zinikeza amanani alinganiselwe, ezinye zisho kuphela ukwehla:
- IMorocco - ukwehla kwenani labantu ngama-30-50%;
- IPortugal neMontenegro - ngo-10-30%;
- U-Israyeli - ukuguquguquka okwedlulele kubonisiwe;
- ICroatia ne-Algeria - kwehla ukurekhodwa.
UPapilio machaon wafakwa kwiRed Data Books yaseGermany, eLatvia, eLithuania, e-Ukraine, futhi ivikelwe ngokuqinile kulezi zifundazwe. I-swallowtail ayiveli emakhasini eRed Data Book yaseRussia, echazwa ngokushintshashintsha okukhulu kwamanani ezifundeni ezithile. Kodwa uvemvane lwe-swallowtail lwaba yinto yokuvikelwa futhi eminyakeni ehlukene yavela eRed Data Books zaseMoscow, eCrimea, eKrasnoyarsk Territory, eRostov, eBelgorod naseLeningrad.
Ososayensi bezinambuzane bahlukanisa izinto ezithinta kabi imiphakathi ye-swallowtail ibe yemvelo ne-anthropogenic.
Izinsongo zemvelo:
- ukushisa komoya okuphansi, ukungabi khona kwelanga ngesikhathi sokukhwelana / ukuvuthwa;
- isikhathi eside semvula ekwindla, okuholela ekunqotshweni kwezibungu ngama-parasites / isikhunta;
- ukufuduswa kwezitshalo zasendaweni ezingahlangene nezimbumbulu (i-touch-me-not glandular, i-hogweed kaSosnovsky nezinye);
- isithwathwa sakuqala, ukuvimbela ukukhukhumala kwesibungu nokuholela ekufeni kwaso.
Izimbangela ze-anthropogenic ezibhubhisa noma zenze kube kubi izindawo ezivamile ze-swallowtail:
- imililo yehlathi, ikakhulukazi imililo yasemathafeni notshani bawa;
- ukwelashwa okubulala izinambuzane komhlaba wezolimo;
- ukulima izindawo ezisezintabeni ze-steppe;
- intuthuko enkulu;
- amahlathi asemaqeleni;
- ukuklaba ngokweqile;
- ukuwohloka kwezimfunda ezinokungcebeleka okungafuneki kwabantu abaningi;
- ukuqothulwa kwamacimbi kanye nokubamba izimvemvane zamaqoqo.
Ukuze kulondolozwe i-swallowtail, okungenani inani labantu baseYurophu, kuzosiza lezo zinyathelo - ukubuyiselwa kohlaza lwedlelo; izindlela ezikhethekile zokugawulwa kwamadlelo / izimfunda ukuze zingagcini ngezitshalo ezinokhuni; ukuvimbela ukufuduka kwama-umbellates ngobunye utshani; ukuhambisana nokuvinjelwa kwentwasahlobo kwawa nenhlawulo eyengeziwe yokwephula umthetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akuvunyelwe ukuxosha izinkonjane, ukuqoqa amacimbi nezimvemvane zokuqoqa.
