Izinkawu ezincane kunazo zonke, ezihlobene kude nama-lemurs. Ama-Tarsiers nawo futhi awukuphela kwezinkawu ezidla ngokuphelele emhlabeni.
Incazelo yeTarsier
Esikhathini esingengakanani esidlule, uhlobo lwe-Tarsius (tarsiers) lwaluyi-monolithic, emele umndeni wegama elifanayo iTarsiidae (tarsiers), kepha ngonyaka we-2010 wahlukaniswa waba yizinhlobo ezintathu ezizimele. Ama-tarsiers, achazwa ngo-1769, ngesinye isikhathi ayengaphansi kwezinkawu ezingaphansi komhlaba, manje ezingasasebenzi, manje esezaziwa ngezinkawu ezinamakhala awomile (iHaplorhini).
Ukubukeka, ubukhulu
Into yokuqala oyiphawulayo lapho uhlangana ne-tarsier ngamehlo ayo amakhulu (acishe abe yingxenye yesifonyo) anesisindo esingu-1.6 cm ngokukhula kwesilwane sisuka ku-9 kuye ku-16 cm kanye nesisindo esingu-80-160 g. Kuyiqiniso, ngifuna igama lohlobo olusha, izazi zezilwane kungani abawashayi mkhuba amehlo angajwayelekile, kepha banake izinyawo zemilenze yangemuva ngesithende (side) sabo esinde. Wazalelwa kanjalo igama elithi Tarsius - tarsiers.
Isakhiwo somzimba nombala
Ngendlela, izitho zangemuva nazo ziyaphawuleka ngosayizi wazo: zinde kakhulu kunezangaphambili, kanye nenhloko nomzimba kuhlangene. Izandla / izinyawo zama-tarsiers zibambekile futhi zigcina ezinzwaneni ezincane ezinamapayipi abanzi asiza ekukhuphukeni kwezihlahla. Izipho nazo zenza umsebenzi ofanayo, noma kunjalo, izinzipho zezinzwane zesibili nezesithathu zisetshenziselwa izinhlanzeko - ama-tarsier, njengawo wonke ama-primates, ahlanganisa uboya bawo nawo.
Kuyathakazelisa. Inhloko enkulu, eyindilinga isethwe ime ngaphezulu kunezinye izinkawu, futhi futhi ingazungeza cishe i-360 °.
Izindlebe ze-radar ezizwelayo, ezikwazi ukuhamba ngokuzimela, zijika ngezindlela ezihlukile. I-tarsier inekhala elihlekisayo ngamakhala ayisiyingi anwebeka odebeni olungaphezulu olushukumisekayo. Ama-tarsier, njengazo zonke izinkawu, anemisipha yobuso ephawuleka kakhulu, evumela izilwane ukuba zikwazi ukusikima ngokusikeka.
Uhlobo lonke lubonakala ngombala ompunga ngokunsundu, ukushintsha kwemibala nokubona kuya ngezinhlobo zezinhlobo / izinhlobo. Umzimba umbozwe ngoboya obukhulu obukhulu, abukho ezindlebeni kuphela nomsila omude (13-28 cm) onentshakazelo. Isebenza njengebhalansi, isondo lokushayela ngisho nenduku lapho i-tarsier ima futhi ihlala emsileni.
Amehlo
Ngezizathu eziningi, izitho zombono we-tarsier zifanelwe ukushiwo okuhlukile. Ababhekanga phambili kuphela kunamanye ama-primates, kodwa futhi bakhulu kakhulu kangangokuthi abakwazi (!) Ukuzungeza kumasokhethi abo wamehlo. Avulwe, njengokungathi ngokwesaba, amehlo aphuzi we-tarsier akhanya ebumnyameni, futhi abafundi babo bayakwazi ukungena kukholamu elincane eliqondile.
Kuyathakazelisa. Uma umuntu enamehlo anjenge-tarsier, abengalingana ne-apula. Iso ngalinye lesilwane likhulu kunesisu noma ubuchopho baso, lapho, ngasendleleni, kungabikho ukuhlangana okubonakalayo.
Ezilwaneni eziningi ezihamba ebusuku, i-cornea yeso imbozwe ungqimba olubonakalisayo, yingakho ukukhanya kudlula ku-retina kabili, kepha umgomo ohlukile usebenza ku-tarsier - kulapho kuba ngcono khona. Yingakho i-retina yakhe icishe imbozwe ngokuphelele ngamaseli enduku, ngenxa yalokho abona kahle kusihlwa nasebusuku, kepha akahlukanisi kahle imibala.
Indlela yokuphila, isimilo
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zenhlangano yezenhlalo yama-tarsiers. Ngayinye, izilwane zithanda ukuhlala zodwa futhi zihlala ngokuhlukana komunye nomunye ebangeni lamakhilomitha ambalwa. Abalandeli bendawo yokubuka ephikisayo bagcizelela ukuthi ama-tarsiers adala amabhangqa (ngaphandle kokuhlukana izinyanga ezingaphezu kwezingu-15) noma amaqembu ahlangene abantu abayi-4-6.
Kunoma ikuphi, izinkawu zigada izindawo zazo zomuntu ngomona, zimaka imingcele yazo ngamamaki, okushiya iphunga lomchamo wazo eziqwini nasemagatsheni. Ama-Tarsiers azingela ebusuku, alala emiqhele eminyene emini noma emigodini (kaningi). Ziyaphumula, futhi ziyalala, zigudle amagatsha / iziqu eziqonde mpo, zinamathela kuzo ngezitho ezine, zingcwaba amakhanda emadolweni futhi zincike emsileni wazo.
Amaphara akagcini nje ngokukhuphuka ngobuciko ezihlahleni, abambelela kuzipho nakuma-pads wokudonsa, kepha futhi agxuma njengexoxo, abuyisela emuva imilenze yawo yangemuva. Amandla we-tarsiers weqa abonakala ngalezi zibalo ezilandelayo: kuze kufike kumamitha ayi-6 - ngokuvundlile kuze kufike kumamitha ayi-1.6 - zibheke phezulu.
Izazi zezinto eziphilayo zaseCalifornia eHumboldt University ezazifundela ama-tarsiers zazididekile ngokungabikho komsindo ovela emilonyeni yazo evulekile (njengokungathi iyamemeza). Kwakubonga kuphela umtshina we-ultrasound ukuthi kwenzeke ukuthola ukuthi izinkawu ezingama-35 zokuhlola azigcinanga nje ngokuzamula noma ukuvula imilomo yazo, kodwa ziklabalase ngokushwabana, kepha lezi zimpawu azibonwanga yindlebe yomuntu.
Iqiniso. I-tarsier iyakwazi ukuhlukanisa imisindo ngemvamisa efinyelela kuma-kilohertz angama-91, engafinyeleleki nhlobo kubantu okungezwa kwabo okungarekhodi amasiginali angaphezu kwama-20 kHz.
Empeleni, iqiniso lokuthi ezinye izinyamazane ngezikhathi ezithile zishintshela kumagagasi e-ultrasonic kwakwaziwa ngaphambili, kepha abaseMelika bakufakazela ukusetshenziswa kwe- "pure" ultrasound by tarsiers. Isibonelo, i-tarsier yasePhilippines ixhumana ngemvamisa engama-70 kHz, engenye yezilwane ezincelisayo eziphakeme kakhulu emhlabeni. Ososayensi banesiqiniseko sokuthi amalulwane kuphela, amahlengethwa, imikhomo, amagundane ngamanye namakati asekhaya aqhudelana nama-tarsiers kule nkomba.
Mangaki ama-tarsier ahlala
Ngokwemibiko engaqinisekisiwe, ilungu elidala kunawo wonke lohlobo loTarssius lalihlala ekuthunjweni futhi lashona lineminyaka engu-13. Lolu lwazi luyangabazeka futhi ngoba ama-tarsier cishe awalokothi athanjiswe futhi afe ngokushesha ngaphandle kwendawo yawo yokuzalwa. Izilwane azikwazi ukujwayela ukubambeka futhi zivame ukulimaza amakhanda ngenkathi zizama ukuphuma ezinkanjini zazo.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
Abesilisa bavame ukuba bakhulu kunabesifazane. Lezi zamuva, ngokungeziwe, zehlukile kwabesilisa ngababili bezingono ezengeziwe (ipheya elilodwa emgodini nase-axillary fossa). Ngokumangazayo, kepha owesifazane onamabhangqa amathathu wezingono, lapho ondla inzalo, usebenzisa kuphela ukuncelisa.
Izinhlobo ze-Tarsier
Okhokho balezi zinkawu bahlanganisa umndeni wakwa-Omomyidae owawuhlala eNyakatho Melika nase-Eurasia ngesikhathi se-Eocene - Oligocene epoch. Kuhlobo lwe-Tarsius, kunezinhlobo eziningana ezahlukanisiwe, inani lazo elihluka ngokuya ngendlela yokuhlukanisa.
Namuhla isimo sezinhlobo yilezi:
- I-Tarsius dentatus (tarsier diana);
- Tarsius lariang;
- ITarsius fuscus;
- I-Tarsius pumilus (i-pygmy tarsier);
- Tarsius pelengensis;
- Tarsius sangirensis;
- UTarsius wallacei;
- I-Tarsius tarsier (i-tarsier esempumalanga);
- Tarsius tumpara;
- Tarsius supriatnai;
- I-Tarsius spectrumgurskyae.
Futhi, ama-subspecies ama-5 ahlukaniswa nohlobo lwama-tarsiers.
Indawo yokuhlala
Ama-Tarsier atholakala kuphela eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, lapho uhlobo ngalunye luvame ukuhlala esiqhingini esisodwa noma eziningi. Iningi lalezi zinhlobo laziwa njengezidlalayo. Lokhu kufaka phakathi, isibonelo, okufundwe okuncane kakhulu kwama-tarsiers, iTarsius pumilus, ehlala eCentral kanye naseNingizimu Sulawesi (Indonesia).
Iqiniso. Kuze kube muva nje, yizibonelo ezi-3 kuphela ze-tarsier yemifino etholwe eminyakeni ehlukene ezazaziwa yisayensi.
I-T. pumilus yokuqala yatholakala ngo-1916 ezintabeni eziphakathi kwePalu nePoso, eyesibili ngo-1930 eNtabeni iRantemario eSouth Sulawesi, kanti eyesithathu yayivele ngo-2000 emthambekeni weNtaba iRorecatimbu. I-Tarsius tarsier (i-tarsier esempumalanga) ihlala eziqhingini zaseSulawesi, ePeleng naseBig Sangikhe.
Ama-Tarsiers akhetha ukuhlala ehlathini, uqalo, utshani obude, amahlathi asogwini / asezintabeni noma ehlathini, kanye namasimu ezolimo kanye nezingadi eziseduze nalapho kuhlala khona abantu.
Ukudla kwe-Tarsier
Ama-tarsiers, njengezinyamazane ezidla kakhulu, afaka izinambuzane kwimenyu yazo, kwesinye isikhathi azishintshanise nama-vertebrate amancane nezingenamgogodla. Ukudla kwe-tarsier kufaka:
- amabhungane namaphela;
- ama-mantis wokuthandaza nezintethe;
- izimvemvane namabhu;
- izintuthwane nama-cicadas;
- ofezela nezibankwa;
- Izinyoka ezinobuthi;
- amalulwane nezinyoni.
Izindlebe, amehlo ahlelwe ngobuqili kanye nekhono lokuqaqa elimangalisayo kusiza ama-tarsier ukuba athole inyamazane ebumnyameni. Ibamba isinambuzane, inkawu iyasidla, isibambe ngqi ngezidladla zangaphambili. Emini, i-tarsier imunca umthamo olingana no-1/10 wesisindo sayo.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Ama-Tarsiers ahlangana unyaka wonke, kepha isiqongo se-rutting siwela ngoNovemba-Februwari, lapho abalingani behlangana ngababili abazinzile, kepha abazakhi izidleke. Ukukhulelwa (ngokusho kweminye imibiko) kuthatha izinyanga eziyisithupha, kugcina ngokuzalwa kwenganyana eyodwa, ebonwayo futhi embozwe ngoboya. Usana olusanda kuzalwa lunesisindo esingu-25-27 g ngobude obungu-7 cm nomsila olingana no-11.5 cm.
Ingane icishe ibambelele esiswini sikanina ukuze ikhase kusuka egatsheni iye kwelinye igatsha kule ndawo. Futhi, umama uhudula izinyane naye ngendlela ebushelelezi (ebamba ukubuna ngamazinyo akhe).
Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa, akasadingi ukunakekelwa komama, kepha ngokunganaki uhlukana nowesifazane, uhlala naye amanye amasonto amathathu. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-26, izinyane lizama ukuzibamba lodwa izinambuzane. Imisebenzi yokuzala ezilwaneni ezisencane ayiphawulwa ngaphambi konyaka owodwa ubudala. Ngalesi sikhathi, abesifazane abavuthiwe bayawushiya umndeni: abesilisa abancane bashiya unina besebasha.
Izitha zemvelo
Kunabantu abaningi ehlathini abafuna ukuzitika ngama-tarsiers, abalekela ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye esebenzisa i-ultrasound, engakwazi ukuhlukaniswa ngosizo lwezindlebe lokuzwa. Izitha zemvelo zama-tarsiers yilezi:
- izinyoni (ikakhulukazi izikhova);
- izinyoka;
- izibankwa;
- izinja / amakati feral.
AmaTarsier nawo abanjwa yizakhamizi zendawo ezidla inyama yazo. Izinkawu ezethukile, ezinethemba lokwethusa abazingeli, zigijimela phansi naphezulu ezihlahleni, umlomo uvuleke futhi amazinyo avelile.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Cishe zonke izinhlobo zohlobo lwe-Tarsius zifakiwe (noma ngabe zingaphansi kwezimo ezahlukahlukene) ohlwini lwe-IUCN Red. Ama-Tarsiers avikelwe kuzwelonke nakumazwe omhlaba, kufaka phakathi iSithasiselo II se-CITES. Izici eziyinhloko ezisongela inani lomhlaba jikelele leTarissi ziyabonakala:
- ukwehliswa kwendawo yokuhlala ngenxa yezolimo;
- ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane emasimini ezolimo;
- ukugawulwa kwemithi ngokungemthetho;
- izimayini zelimestone zokukhiqiza usimende;
- ukudliwa kwezinja namakati.
Iqiniso. Ezinye izinhlobo zama-tarsiers (ngokwesibonelo, ezivela eNyakatho Sulawesi) zisengozini eyengeziwe ngenxa yokubanjwa nokuthengiswa okuvamile njengezilwane ezifuywayo.
Izinhlangano zokongiwa kwemvelo zikhumbuza ukuthi izinkawu ziwusizo olukhulu kubalimi ngokudla izinambuzane zezitshalo zezolimo, kufaka phakathi ama-mantis wokuthandaza kanye nezintethe ezinkulu. Kungakho enye yezindlela ezisebenzayo zokulondoloza ama-tarsiers (okokuqala ezingeni likahulumeni) kufanele kube ukubhujiswa kwesimo esingelona iqiniso ngabo njengezinambuzane zezolimo.
