Ubuthi obungenamsila yingxenye encane yohlelo olukhulu lwezilwane eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini, maqondana nokuthi kusetshenziswe igama elingalungile impela "amaxoxo anobuthi".
Izinsimbi ezinobuthi
Umsila umelwe yizinhlobo eziyizinkulungwane eziyisithupha zanamuhla, lapho umehluko phakathi kwamaxoxo namasele kufiphele kakhulu. Eyokuqala ivame ukuqondwa ukuthi inesikhumba esibushelelezi, kuthi eyokugcina ibe yizilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini ezingenamsila, okungelona iqiniso ngokuphelele. Izazi zezinto eziphilayo ziphikelela ngokuthi amanye amasele asondele kakhulu kumaxoxo kunamanye amasele. Zonke izilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini ezikhiqiza ubuthi zibhekwa njengeziyinhloko futhi zinobuthi, ngoba zinikezwe indlela yokuzivikela kusukela ekuzalweni, kepha zintula amathuluzi okuhlasela (amazinyo / ameva).
Ezinjeni, izindlala ezingaphezulu ezinemfihlo enobuthi (ngayinye yazo enama-lobes alveolar angama-30-35) atholakala ezinhlangothini zekhanda, ngaphezu kwamehlo. I-alveoli iphela ngemigudu enabela ebusweni besikhumba, kepha ivalwa ngama-plugs lapho isele lizolile.
Kuyathakazelisa. Izindlala ze-parotid ziqukethe cishe i-70 mg ye-bufotoxin, okuthi (uma ucindezela izindlala ngamazinyo) iphushe ama-plugs aphume emapayipini, ingene emlonyeni womhlaseli bese ingena ku-pharynx, ibangele ukudakwa okukhulu.
Icala elalaziwa kakhulu kulapho utshalane olambile owayehleli ehhokweni watshalwa ngozwane onoshevu. Le nyoni yayibamba yaqala ukungcofa, kodwa ngokushesha okukhulu yashiya indebe yafihla ekhoneni. Lapho wafike wahlala, wakhukhumala, futhi washona ngemuva kwemizuzu embalwa.
Amaxoxo anobuthi awakhiqizi ubuthi ngokwawo, kepha imvamisa abathola kuma-arthropods, izintuthwane, noma amabhungane. Emzimbeni, ubuthi buyashintsha noma buhlale bungashintshi (kuya ngomzimba), kepha ixoxo lilahlekelwa ubuthi balo ngokushesha nje lapho liyeka ukudla lezo zinambuzane.
Buyini ubuthi emaxoxo
Abantu abangenamsila bazisa ngobuthi obunombala obambekayo ngamabomu, okuthi, ngethemba lokulondolozwa ezitheni, ukhiqizwe izinhlobo ezingezona neze ezinobuthi. Nokho, kukhona izilwane ezidla ezinye (isibonelo, intulo enkulu nenyoka eboshiwe) ezidla ngokuthula izilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini ngaphandle kokulimaza impilo yazo.
Ubuthi buyingozi enkulu kunoma isiphi isidalwa esiphilayo esingahambiselwanga nayo, kufaka phakathi abantu, okugcina ngokugcina ngokufaka ushevu, nokubi kakhulu - ukufa. Iningi lezilwane eziphila ezweni elingenamsila likhiqiza ubuthi bemvelaphi engeyona eyamaprotheni (bufotoxin), eba yingozi kuphela kumthamo othile.
Ukwakhiwa kwamakhemikhali kobuhlungu, njengomthetho, kuya ngohlobo lwe-amphibian futhi kufaka phakathi izingxenye ezahlukahlukene:
- ama-hallucinogens;
- ama-nerve agents;
- ukucasula isikhumba;
- ama-vasoconstrictors;
- amaprotheni aqeda amangqamuzana abomvu egazi;
- ama-cardiotoxin nezinye.
Futhi, ukwakheka kunqunywa ububanzi nezimo zokuphila zamaxoxo anobuthi: labo abahlala kakhulu emhlabathini bahlome ngobuthi ezilwaneni ezidla umhlaba. Impilo yasemhlabeni yaba nomthelela ekushumeni kobuthi kwamasele - kubuswa ama-cardiotoxin aphazamisa ukusebenza kwenhliziyo.
Iqiniso. Ekuvikelekeni kwezinsipho zamasele, i-bombesin ikhona, okuholela ekuwohlokeni kwama-erythrocyte. Isicucu esimhlophe sicasula ulwelwesi lwamafinyila lomuntu, lubangele ikhanda nokubandayo. Izinduku zifa ngemuva kokufaka i-bombesin ngomthamo ka-400 mg / kg.
Yize inobuthi bayo, amasele (nokunye okunobuthi okungenamsila) kuvame ukuphela etafuleni lamanye amaxoxo, izinyoka, ezinye izinyoni nezilwane. Igwababa lase-Australia libeka i-aga toad emhlane, liyibulale ngomlomo wayo bese liyadla, lilahle ikhanda lalo ngezindlala ezinobuthi.
Ubuthi be-toad yaseColorado buqukethe i-5-MeO-DMT (into enamandla ye-psychotropic) kanye ne-alkaloid bufotenine. Iningi lamas Tooth alilinyazwa ubuthi balo, obungenakushiwo ngamaxoxo: umgibeli omncane weqabunga angawa kubuthi bakhe uma engena emzimbeni ngokuklwebheka.
Eminyakeni embalwa eyedlule, izazi zezinto eziphilayo ezivela eCalifornia Academy of Sciences zathola isinambuzane eNew Guinea "esinikeza" amaxoxo nge-batrachotoxin. Lapho uthintana nebhungane (abomdabu bakubiza ngokuthi yiChoresine), kuvela ukuluma kanye nokuba ndikindiki kwesikhumba okwesikhashana. Ngemuva kokuhlola amabhungane angaba ngu-400, abaseMelika bathola izinhlobo ezihlukile, kufaka phakathi ezazingaziwa phambilini, zama-BTXs (batrachotoxins) kuzo.
Ukusetshenziswa komuntu ushevu
Ngaphambilini, i-slime yamaxoxo anobuthi yayisetshenziselwa injongo yayo - ukuzingela umdlalo nokubhubhisa izitha. Kunobuthi obuningi (BTXs + homobatrachotoxin) obugxile esikhunjeni sexoxo eline-poison dart frog yaseMelika ukuthi lanele inqwaba yemicibisholo engabulala noma ikhubaze izilwane ezinkulu. Abazingeli bahlikihla imicibisholo emhlane we-amphibian futhi bafake imicibisholo ngezibhamu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izazi zezinto eziphilayo ziye zalinganisa ukuthi ubuthi bexoxo elilodwa elinjalo banele ukubulala amagundane ayizinkulungwane ezingama-22.
Ngokweminye imibiko, ubuthi be-toad-aga budlala indima yomuthi wakudala: umane ukhothwe esikhunjeni noma ubhenywa, ngemuva kokuwomisa. Kulezi zinsuku, ososayensi bezinto eziphilayo bafinyelele esiphethweni sokuthi ubuthi beBufo alvarius (i-Colorado toad) yi-hallucinogen enamandla kakhulu - manje isetshenziselwa ukuphumula.
I-Epibatidine yigama lengxenye etholakala ku-batrachotoxin. Lesi sidambisi sobuhlungu sinamandla aphindwe ngama-200 kune-morphine futhi asisiwo umlutha. Kuliqiniso, umthamo wokwelashwa we-epibatidine useduze nokubulala.
Ososayensi bamakhemikhali futhi bahlukanise i-peptide esikhunjeni sama-amphibian angenamsila okuvimbela ukukhiqizwa kwegciwane le-HIV (kepha lolu cwaningo alukaqedwa).
Ikhambi lobuthi bamaxoxo
Esikhathini sethu, ososayensi baye bafunda ukuhlanganisa i-batrachotoxin, engeyona engaphansi kwezimpawu zayo emvelweni, kepha abakwazanga ukuthola ikhambi kuyo. Ngenxa yokushoda kwe-android esebenzayo, konke ukukhohlisa okunamaxoxo ama-dart anobuthi, ikakhulukazi, nomqansa omubi weqabunga, kufanele uqaphele kakhulu. I-toxin ithinta izinhliziyo, izinhlelo zezinzwa nezokujikeleza kwegazi, ukungena ngokulimala / ukusikeka esikhunjeni, ngakho-ke ixoxo elinobuthi elibanjwe endle akufanele liphathwe ngezandla.
Izifunda ezinamaxoxo anobuthi
Ukukhomba amaxoxo (izinhlobo eziningana zazo ezikhiqiza ama-batrachotoxin) kubhekwa njengokujwayelekile eMelika Ephakathi neseNingizimu. Lawa maselesele anobuthi ahlala emahlathini emvula emazweni afana nalawa:
- IBolivia neBrazil;
- IVenezuela neGuyana;
- ICosta Rica neColombia;
- INicaragua neSuriname;
- IPanama nePeru;
- IFrench Guiana;
- I-Ecuador.
Ezifundeni ezifanayo, i-aga toad nayo iyatholakala, yethulwa nase-Australia, eningizimu yeFlorida (USA), ePhilippines, eCaribbean naseziQhingini zasePacific. Isigaxa saseColorado sesizinze eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-United States nasenyakatho neMexico. Izwekazi laseYurophu, kubalwa neRussia, kuhlala izingulube ezingenamsila - igalikhi ejwayelekile, iselesele elibomvu, amasele aluhlaza nampunga.
Amaxoxo aphezulu anobuthi emhlabeni 8
Cishe wonke amaxoxo abulalayo ayingxenye yomndeni wamaxoxo wezinhlobo zezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-120. Ngenxa yombala wazo ogqamile, zithanda ukuzigcina ezindaweni ezihlala emanzini, ikakhulukazi ngoba ubuthi bezilwane eziphila emanzini nasemanzini buya ngokuya ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, njengoba ziyeka ukudla izinambuzane ezinobuthi.
Okuyingozi kakhulu emndenini wamaxoxo ama-dart anobuthi, ahlanganisa imikhakha eyi-9, abizwa ngokuthi amaxoxo amancane (ama-2-4 cm) avela kuhlobo lwabaqali bamaqabunga abahlala ema-Andes aseColombia.
Umqali weqabunga owesabekayo (Latin Phyllobates terribilis)
Ukuthinta kancane leli xoxo elincane elingu-1 g kuthwala ubuthi obubulalayo, okungamangalisi - isamba esisodwa sekhasi sikhiqiza kufika ku-500 μg we-batrachotoxin. UKokoe (njengoba abomdabu babembiza kanjalo), yize enombala ogqamile kalamula, uzifihle kahle phakathi kohlobo oluhlaza lwasendaweni eshisayo.
Aheha iselesele, amaNdiya alingisa ukukhala kwawo bese eyabamba, egxila ekukhaleni kwawo. Zigcoba izeluleko zemicibisholo yazo ngoshevu okhasa amaqabunga - isisulu esithintekile siyafa ngokuboshwa ngokuphefumula ngenxa yesenzo esisheshayo sama-BTXs, akhubaza imisipha yokuphefumula. Ngaphambi kokuthatha umqansa omubi weqabunga ngesandla, abazingeli bawasonga ngamaqabunga.
I-bicolor leaf climber (i-Latin Phyllobates bicolor)
Ihlala emahlathini emvula engxenyeni esenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeNingizimu Melika, ikakhulukazi entshonalanga yeColombia, futhi ingumuntu ophethe ubuthi wesibili onobuthi (ngemuva kokhasi olubi kakhulu). Iqukethe ne-batrachotoxin, futhi ngomthamo ka-150 mg, uketshezi olunobuthi lwe-bicolor leaf creeper kuholela ekukhubazekeni kwemisipha yokuphefumula bese kuya ekufeni.
Kuyathakazelisa. Laba ngabamele abakhulu kunabo bonke bomndeni wexoxo le-dart: abesifazane bakhula bafike ku-5-5.5 cm, abesilisa - kusuka ku-4,5 kuya ku-5 cm.
Ixoxo likaZimmerman's dart (lat. Ranitomeya variabilis)
Mhlawumbe ixoxo elihle kakhulu lohlobo lweRanitomeya, kepha alinabuthi kangako kunezihlobo zalo eziseduze. Kubukeka sengathi ithoyizi lengane, umzimba walo ombozwe okuluhlaza okukhanyayo nemilenze iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ukuthinta okuqedile ngamabala amnyama acwebezelayo asakazeke kuzizinda eziluhlaza nokuhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Lobu buhle obusendaweni eshisayo butholakala e-Amazon Basin (entshonalanga yeColombia), kanye nasezintabeni ezisempumalanga ze-Andes e-Ecuador nasePeru. Kukholakala ukuthi wonke amaxoxo ama-dart anobuthi anesitha esisodwa kuphela - esingasabeli nganoma iyiphi indlela kubuthi bawo.
Ixoxo elincane le-dart (lat. Oophaga pumilio)
Ixoxo elibomvu elikhanyayo elifinyelela ku-1.7-2.4 cm ukuphakama ngezidladla ezimnyama noma eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Isisu sibomvu, nsundu, sibomvu ngokuluhlaza sasibhakabhaka noma mhlophe. Izilwane ezindala eziphila emanzini nasemanzini zidla izicabucabu nezinambuzane ezincane, kufaka phakathi izintuthwane, eziphakela ubuthi ezingxenyeni zezikhumba zamaxoxo.
Umbala okhangayo wenza imisebenzi eminingana:
- amasignali mayelana nobuthi;
- inika isimo kwabesilisa (okukhanyayo, ukuphakama kwesikhundla);
- ivumela abesifazane ukukhetha ozakwethu be-alpha.
Amaxoxo amancane ama-dart ahlala ehlathini elisuka eNicaragua liye ePanama, kulo lonke ugu lwaseCaribbean lwaseMelika Ephakathi, okungekho ngaphezu kuka-0.96 km ngaphezu kogu lolwandle.
Ixoxo eline-poison poison dart (isiLatin Dendrobates azureus)
Leli xoxo elihle (elifinyelela ku-5 cm) alinabuthi kangako kunomqansa omubi weqabunga, kepha ubuthi balo, obuhambisana nombala ocacile, bathembisa zonke izitha ezingaba khona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amafinyila anobuthi avikela i-amphibian kwisikhunta nakumagciwane.
Iqiniso. I-Okopipi (njengoba amaNdiya abiza iselesele) inomzimba oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka onamabala amnyama nemilenze eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ngenxa yobubanzi bayo obuncane, obendawo yayo incipha ngemuva kokugawulwa kwamahlathi azungezile, ixoxo eline-poison dart frog lisongelwa ngokuqothulwa.
Lezi zinhlobo manje sezihlala endaweni elinganiselwe eduze kwaseBrazil, eGuyana naseFrench Guiana. Eningizimu yeSuriname, amaxoxo ama-dart poison dart ajwayelekile kwesinye sezifunda ezinkulu, iSipalivini, lapho ahlala khona emahlathini emvula kanye nasezigwadule.
I-Bicolor phyllomedusa (Latin Phyllomedusa bicolor)
Lelixoxo elikhulu eliluhlaza elivela ogwini lwe-Amazon alihlobene namaxoxo ama-dart anobuthi, kodwa lidluliselwa ngumndeni wakwaPhyllomedusidae. Abesilisa (9-10.5 cm) ngokwesiko bancane kunabesifazane, bekhula bafike ku-11-12 cm. Abantu bobulili bobabili banemibala efanayo - emuva okuluhlaza okukhanyayo, ukhilimu noma isisu esimhlophe, iminwe ekhanyayo ngokukhanyayo.
I-Bicolor phyllomedusa ayibulali njengabakhasi bamaqabunga, kepha uketshezi lwayo olunobuthi nakho kunika umphumela we-hallucinogenic futhi kuholele ekuphazamisekeni kwamathumbu. Abelaphi abavela ezizweni zaseNdiya basebenzisa amafinyila omisiwe ukuqeda izifo ezahlukahlukene. Futhi, ushevu we-phyllomedusa enemibala emibili uyasetshenziswa lapho kuqalwa abantu abasha abavela ezizweni zasendaweni.
IGolden Mantella (lat. Mantella aurantiaca)
Lesi sidalwa esithandekayo esinoshevu sitholakala endaweni eyodwa (enendawo ecishe ibe yi-10 km²) empumalanga yeMadagascar. Lolu hlobo luyilungu lohlobo lukaMantella lomndeni wakwaMantella futhi, ngokusho kwe-IUCN, lusongelwa ngokuqothulwa, ngenxa yokuqedwa kwamahlathi amakhulu asezindaweni ezishisayo.
Iqiniso. Ixoxo elikhulile ngokobulili, imvamisa elowesifazane, likhula lifike ku-2,5 cm, kanti ezinye izinhlobo zilula zifike ku-3.1 cm.I-amphibian inombala wewolintshi okhangayo, lapho kuvezwa khona umbala obomvu noma ophuzi osawolintshi. Amabala abomvu kwesinye isikhathi abonakala ezinhlangothini nasemathangeni. Isisu sivame ukuba lula kunangemuva.
Amajaji anombala onsundu onsundu futhi awanabo ubuthi kwabanye. IGolden Mantellae icosha ubuthi njengoba bukhula, bumunca izinhlobonhlobo zezintuthwane nomuhlwa. Ukwakheka namandla ketshezi kuxhomeke ekudleni / endaweni yokuhlala, kepha kufanele kufaka lezi zinhlanganisela zamakhemikhali ezilandelayo:
- i-allopumiliotoxin;
- i-pyrrolizidine;
- i-pumiliotoxin;
- i-quinolizidine;
- i-homopumiliotoxin;
- indolizidine, njll.
Inhlanganisela yalezi zinto yakhelwe ukuvikela ama-amphibian kusuka ku-fungi kanye namagciwane, kanye nokwethusa izilwane ezidlayo.
Isikhumba esinezinsimbi ezibomvu (lat. Bombina bombina)
Ubuthi bayo abungeqhathaniswe nesicubu sexoxo eline-poison dart. Inani eliphakeme elisongela umuntu ukuthimula, izinyembezi nobuhlungu lapho uketshezi lungena esikhunjeni. Kepha ngakolunye uhlangothi, abantu bakithi banethuba eliphakeme lokuhlangana neselesele elibomvu kunethuba lokunyathela ixoxo, ngoba lahlala e-Europe, laqala eDenmark naseningizimu yeSweden ngokubanjwa kweHungary, i-Austria, iRomania, iBulgaria neRussia.
