I-crane ingeyabamele abakhulu kakhulu be-oda lezinyoni ezinjenge-crane. Imvelaphi yabo indala kakhulu kangangokuba izimpande zawo zibuyela emuva enkathini yokuba khona kwama-dinosaurs. Izithombe zama-cranes zitholakale kubuciko bamadwala babantu basendulo. Funda kabanzi ngalezi zinyoni eziyindida kamuva ku-athikili.
Incazelo ye-crane
Sekuyisikhathi eside kukholwa ngabavubukuli ukuthi ukuvela kwenyoni ye-crane kwabelwa izindawo zase-Afrika naseNyakatho Melika, ngemuva kwalokho kwasabalala kancane kancane kuwo wonke umhlaba. Ukungazitholi ngaphandle kwaseNingizimu Melika nakubukhulu be-Antarctica.
Ama-cranes yizinyoni ezinkulu ezihehe abantu iminyaka eyizinkulungwane. E-China, ngokwesibonelo, babhekwa njengophawu lwempilo ende nokuhlakanipha. EGibhithe lasendulo, ama-cranes ayekhonzwa "njengezinyoni zelanga" futhi ahlatshelwe onkulunkulu. ESweden babebizwa "ngeNyoni yeNhlanhla" ngoba babuya nelanga, ukushisa nentwasahlobo. Futhi eJapan, i-crane isabhekwa njengophawu lwenjabulo. Kodwa-ke babebhekwa njengesibiliboco, yingakho bedliwa.
Usayizi womzimba we-crane usukela kumamitha ayi-1 kuye ku-1.20. Kuvame ukudideka ne-heron, kepha ukuqhathanisa kukhombisa ukuthi i-crane inkulu kakhulu. Abamele abancane kunabo bonke - i-belladonna, ifinyelela ukuphakama cishe ngamasentimitha angama-80-90 kuphela. Ngaphandle kokuthi isisindo sabo asidluli amakhilogremu ama-3, amaphiko ngisho nalesi crane encane kunawo wonke angamamitha angu-1.3-1.6, okwenza kube lula ukubukeka kahle kakhulu futhi kunomusa endizeni.
Ummeleli omkhulukazi womndeni uthathwa njenge-crane yase-Australia, isisindo sayo esifinyelela kuma-6 kilograms, ngobude obungu-145-165 cm.I-crane empunga ithathwa njengesiqhwaga phakathi kwalezi zinyoni, ezinamaphiko angamamitha angu-2-2.4.
Ukubukeka
Ama-Cranes, ngenxa yezici ezithile zokwakheka komzimba wawo, abukeka emuhle kakhulu. Intamo ende, umzimba kanye nemilenze kukuhlukanisa ngokwehlukana kube izingxenye ezi-3 ezilinganayo, kwakheke umuzwa wokulingana okuphelele, okuqedwa ngomlomo omude obukhali. Umbala wezimpaphe zenyoni uncike ezinhlotsheni zayo, yize ngokuyinhloko iqukethe inhlanganisela yama-shades emvelo anombala omhlophe-mpunga ezansi. Umqhele wekhanda le-crane yindawo lapho imvelo ikhombisa khona ukucabanga kwayo, izindawo zokudweba ngokubomvu okukhanyayo neminye imibala, iyinde noma okuphambene nalokho, isusa izimpaphe. Lo mdwebo usiza ukuhlukanisa ngokusobala inyoni kwezinye.
Ama-Cranes akhanya ngokumangazayo ngosayizi wawo omangalisayo: isisindo esikhulu sezinyoni sifinyelela kuma-6-7 kilograms. Umzimba we-crane iningi limpunga, ikhanda nentamo kumnyama ngomugqa omhlophe. Phezulu komqhele kunomgogodla olingisiwe - indawo ebomvu egqamile. Umlomo wayo ucishe ulingane nenhloko yawo. Ukubona ama-cranes ahamba phakathi kwamadlelo ngokuvamile kubonakala kunomsila onoboya, onezimpaphe. Kodwa lesi sithombe siyakhohlisa, ngoba ukushova okungaziwa kahle kwakhiwa izimpaphe zamaphiko aphumile. Futhi izimpaphe zomsila, kunalokho, zimfushane kakhulu. Ama-cranes angamadoda makhulu kancane kunabesifazane, ngaphandle kwalokho abukeka efanayo. Umzimba wezilwane ezisencane ufakwe ngamathoni ansundu ngokubomvu, nekhanda elibomvu ngokubomvu.
Indlela yokuphila, isimilo
Indlela yokuphila yale nyoni ikakhulukazi ingukushona. Kuphela ngesikhathi sokufuduka lapho isigqi sabo sansuku zonke siduka. I-crane ilala ngokushesha ngemuva kokushona kwelanga. Ebusuku, ziyalala, ziqoqene ngamaqembu (imvamisa zifinyelela amashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu) zimi ngomlenze owodwa phakathi kwamanzi angajulile echibini. Leli banga elisogwini livumela isilwane ukuthi sizivikele ekuhlaselweni yizilwane ezidla umhlabathi, okujwayele ukuhlala kuzo zonke izindawo. Isibonelo, izingulube zasendle, izinja ze-raccoon, ama-badger nezimpungushe zibhubhisa izidleke ze-crane. Ukhozi negwababa nakho kungabalwa phakathi kwezitha zabantu bale nyoni.
Ukuqomisana kokhokho besilisa kwabesifazane ukuze bakhe amapheya kwenzeka ngenyanga kaFebhuwari. Kakhulu, inqubo yokuzalanisa yenzeka emaxhaphozini akude. Lezi zithandani zakha isidleke ngemfucumfucu yezitshalo eziqoqwe enhlabathini, zibeka indawo yokuhlala egqumeni.
Ama-Cranes ayazijabulisa. Zikhetha ukuhlala ngamaqembu amakhulu, zihlanganyela insimu efanayo ngokulala, ukudla nokuhlala. Ngisho nangesikhathi sokufudukela ngezikhathi ezithile ezifundeni ezifudumele, zihlala ndawonye.
I-crane iyisilwane esiphaphile, futhi lapho umuntu wangaphandle esondela eduze kwamamitha angaphezu kwama-300, le nyoni iyabaleka. Ziyakwazi futhi ukubona izinguquko endaweni yazo yokuhlala, njengoba zihlala zihlala ezidlekeni ezifanayo impilo yonke. Ama-cranes athuthela ezindaweni zawo zasebusika ngemizila emibili ehlukene: izinyoni ezisuka eFinland nasentshonalanga yeRussia zindiza ziye eNyakatho Afrika ngeHungary. Ama-Cranes avela eScandinavia naseYurophu Ephakathi athuthela eFrance naseSpain, kwesinye isikhathi aze aye naseNyakatho Afrika. Ebusika obumnandi obufudumele, abanye babo bahlala eJalimane. Emhlambini ofudukayo, zingahlukaniswa ngokwakhiwa kwazo okwejwayelekile kanye nokukhala kwazo. Kwesinye isikhathi ngesikhathi sendiza, isimo sezulu sivumela izinyoni ukuthi zime amaviki ama-2-3 okuphumula kanye namandla abekelwe ukudla.
Ehlobo, amasonto ama-2, ama-cranes awakwazi ukundiza, ngoba phakathi nalesi sikhathi izimpaphe zawo ziyavuselelwa.
Ihlala kanjani i-crane
I-crane ejwayelekile inesikhathi seminyaka engaba ngu-20. Le nyoni ibonakala ngokudala kwamabili impilo yonke. Ngasikhathi sinye, kunobufakazi bokuthi i-crane eboshiwe ezimweni zokufakelwa yaphila iminyaka engama-42. Ngokwemvelo, mhlawumbe abafinyeleli eminyakeni yobudala enjalo: abacwaningi basikisela ukuthi le nyoni, ngokwesilinganiso, iphila iminyaka engama-25-30.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
Ngokuyinhloko, abesilisa nabesifazane kuma-cranes bahluka ngosayizi. Abesilisa bavame ukuba bakhulu kunabesifazane, kepha lokhu akubonakali kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane. Ama-cranes abesilisa nabesifazane bezinhlobo ze-Siberia Crane cishe abahlukani.
Izinhlobo zama-cranes
Namuhla kunezinkulungwane ezingama-340 zama-cranes. Kepha eYurophu kuzalwa ama-pair ayizinkulungwane ezingama-45 kuphela, kuthi eJalimane kube ngazinkulungwane ezi-3 kuphela. Kunezinhlobo ezi-15 ezahlukahlukene zama-cranes. Zihlukaniswe ngokwesigaba esi-4. Futhi, ama-cranes ahlukaniswe ngobukhulu obukhulu, kukhona ama-3 kuphela.
Elokuqala - ikilasi elikhulu kunawo wonke lifaka amaNdiya, amaJapane, amaMelika, ama-Australia kanye necrane. Iqembu No. 2 lihlanganisa izilwane ezinesilinganiso esiphakathi nendawo, phakathi kwazo: iCanada Cranes, iSiberia Cranes, iGrey, iDaurian, kanye namaCranes anentamo emnyama. Owesithathu wakhiwa izinyoni ezincane, washaywa yipharadesi, i-black crane, ne-belladonna. Iqembu lesithathu liphinde lifake i-crane ekhonjiwe futhi esempumalanga.
I-crane yase-Australia ingummeleli omude kunayo yonke i-crane. Okwezinyoni ezi-omnivorous, kuyilapho iningi lithanda kakhulu ukudla izilimo eziyizigaxa zezinye izilimo.
Izihlobo ze-crane yase-Europe yi-crane ethwetshiwe, i-crane emhlophe emhlophe kanye ne-crane enomqhele obomvu. I-crane yaseCanada ihlala eNyakatho Melika nasenyakatho-mpumalanga yeSiberia, kanti i-crane enamabala ihlala e-Afrika.
I-crane yaseJapane ingenye yezinhlobo eziyivelakancane, enesisindo esifinyelela kuma-9 kilogram. Lesi yisibindi eside, lapho ekuthunjweni singaphila iminyaka engama-60. I-crane yaseNdiya ayishiyi ngemuva ngosayizi, ifinyelela isisindo samakhilogremu ayi-9 kuye kwayi-12.
I-crane yaseMelika iyinyoni eyivelakancane phakathi kwazo zonke izinhlobo eziyi-15, ithanda ukuhlala ezindaweni ezivulekile futhi ivikelwe ngokuqinile ngumthetho.
Isici esiyingqayizivele esihlukanisayo se-cathedral crane yizinqubo zayo ezimbili zesikhumba ezinde ezisendaweni yentamo. Yimibhangqwana yalolu hlobo edume kakhulu ngokushada nomuntu oyedwa.
Inani labantu lesibili ngobukhulu yi-grey crane. I-crane emhlophe, noma iSiberia Crane, ingumhlali womdabu ezifundeni ezisenyakatho neRussia. Ihlukile kozakwabo ezimpapheni zayo ezimhlophe nangomlomo obomvu ogqamile, ngenxa yezici zayo ezinhle zomzimba ubukeka umuhle ngokwedlulele.
I-Daurian crane, isakhamuzi sasempumalanga ye-Asia, nayo ibukeka ibonakala. Umzimba wayo ompunga wesilayidi uhlotshisiwe futhi ngasikhathi sinye uqedwa ngomugqa omhlophe oqala enhloko uye ezimpikweni, kanye nodonga olubomvu oluzungeze amehlo. Imilenze yale nyoni yinde, imbozwe ngesikhumba esiphinki.
I-crane yaseCanada idume ngomzimba wayo omkhulu, i-crane enentamo emnyama idume ngombala wayo. UBelladonna ungummeleli omncane kunabo bonke bama-cranes.
Ipharadesi crane libuye libe uhlobo oluphakathi nendawo. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, unekhanda nentamo enkulu.
I-crane ethweswe umqhele mhlawumbe iyinhle kunazo zonke izinhlobo ezaziwayo. Ikhanda lalo lihlotshiswe ngomqhele wezimpaphe ogqamile. I-crane ekhonjiwe empumalanga ibukeka njengayo. Umehluko wabo ikakhulu usesimweni sendawo.
I-crane emnyama - ihlala ikakhulu endaweni yeRussian Federation, isici sayo esihlukile ngumqhele wayo onempandla ekhanda.
Indawo yokuhlala
I-crane yaseYurophu ingeyenani lezinyoni ezifudukayo, ekwindla ezindaweni ezithile (Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Brandenburg) kuze kube ngamashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu abalekela ezindaweni ezibandayo, ehlangana ndawonye maphakathi no-Okthoba eFrance, eSpain noma e-Afrika. Lapho ama-cranes ehambela eningizimu, ukukhala kwawo kuzwakala kusasele isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba umhlambi ubonakale esibhakabhakeni.
Phambilini, uhla lwama-cranes lwalusatshalaliswa kuphela kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Okwamanje, zingatholakala eNyakatho naseMpumalanga Yurophu kuphela, kanye naseRussia naseMpumalanga yeSiberia. ENtshonalanga naseningizimu yeYurophu, banyamalala maphakathi nekhulu le-19. Izilwane ezimbalwa zisatholakala empumalanga nasenyakatho yeJalimane, uma kungenjalo ziyavela ezindizeni eziya eSpain, eningizimu yeFrance nasenyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Afrika. Entwasahlobo nasekwindla, cishe ama-cranes angama-40,000 - 50,000 manje abonakala esibhakabhakeni kulo lonke elaseYurophu Ephakathi. Labo abanenhlanhla bangababona ezindaweni zokuphumula eziphakathi nezindiza enyakatho yeJalimane.
Ama-cranes adinga izindawo ezivulekile ezinamaxhaphozi nezimfunda ukuze aphile, lapho angabheka khona ukudla. Ezindaweni zobusika, babheka izindawo ezinamasimu nezihlahla. Ama-cranes angatholakali ezindaweni eziphansi kuphela, kepha nasezintabeni - kwesinye isikhathi ngisho nasezingeni eliphakeme lamamitha angaphezu kwezi-2.
Ukudla kwe-crane
Ama-cranes angadla kokubili ukudla kwezitshalo nezilwane. Utshani bensimu, izithombo, amaqabunga nezimpande zenzelwe ukunambitheka kwazo. Ama-cranes nawo adla imidumba, amajikijolo nezinhlamvu. Ngesikhathi sezingane ezikhulayo, isidingo sezikelemu, iminenke nezinambuzane ezinkulu siyakhula.
Amachwane amasha, ngokoqobo, kusukela osukwini lokuqala lokuphila, azifunele ukudla ngokuzimela. Ngasikhathi sinye, bamukela ukudla okuvela kubazali babo. Ukudla kwengane crane kunezingxenye zezitshalo, ummbila, amazambane, izibungu, izinambuzane, izilwane ezincelisayo (njengezimpuku) kanye nembewu encane.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Entwasahlobo, i-crane yesilisa iyagida emdansweni ukujabulisa intokazi ekhethiwe. Uyakhothama, welula umzimba nentamo yakhe ngokuqonde ngqo, ashaye ngamaphiko akhe, noma agxume. Umdanso uhambisana nokucula okukhethekile kokukhwelana. Imisindo ekhathalelayo efana necilongo yama-cranes ihlukaniswe ngokungangabazeki futhi kunzima ukudidaniswa nokunye ukukhala. Isililo sokubingelela sizwakala njenge- "groovy, groovy." Kepha ngasikhathi sinye, ama-cranes asengakwazi ukuhayiza nokukhala. Ukucula kwale nyoni kuzwakala ngezinye izikhathi.
Ekupheleni kuka-Ephreli noma ekuqaleni kukaMeyi, insikazi izalela amaqanda amathathu omnqumo, ansundu ngokubomvu noma ansundu. Umbala, usayizi nomumo kuya ngohlobo lwe-crane. Esikhathini esiningi, kuba namaqanda ama-2 kuphela ku-clutch, kepha ezinye izinhlobo zizalela amaqanda afika kwayi-9 ngasikhathi sinye. Isidleke sivame ukwakhiwa eziqhingini ezincane ezisenyakatho, ezimfundeni ezimanzi noma emaxhaphozini, futhi siqukethe izinto zezitshalo.
Bobabili abazali bayashintshana ngokuqandusela amaqanda. Ngemuva kwamasonto ama-3-4, kuzalwa izinsana ezibomvu ngokubomvu, ezinoboya. Isikhathi sokufukamela futhi sincike ohlotsheni lwe-crane.
Amaphuphu angashiya isidleke kungakapheli usuku luzelwe. Ekuqaleni, bathola ukudla okuvela kubazali babo, bese beya ohambweni locwaningo, behamba nabo. Imvamisa umama uhamba nephuphu elilodwa, nobaba wesibili. Ngemuva kwamasonto ayishumi, ama-cranes abantu abadala ashiya ikhaya lokhokho babo, futhi bazobe sebekulungele ukukhiqizwa okuzimele kwenzalo kuphela ngemuva kweminyaka engu-7.
Izitha zemvelo
Ama-cranes abantu abadala banezitha ezimbalwa zemvelo. Kodwa-ke, impungushe, izingulube zasendle, ukhozi, amagwababa neziboshwa zasolwandle zingaba yingozi ezilwaneni ezisencane nasekuzaleleni amaqanda.
Ama-cranes amaningi awasongelwa ngqo ngabantu, kepha yimpilo yabo. Ngemuva kwakho konke, umuntu uzibandakanya nokuqinisa osebeni lwemifula, omise futhi ananzise amaxhaphozi, imifula futhi, ngaleyo ndlela, abhubhise impilo yokuziphilisa kakhreyimu, aqede izindawo zokulala nezindawo zokuzalela.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Phakathi kwabantu abafudukayo ekwindla, kukhona amawundlu ambalwa futhi ambalwa. Ochwepheshe bakhathazekile ngaleli qiniso. Lokhu ngokwengxenye kungenxa yezikhukhula zasentwasahlobo, njengoba izitshalo ezonakele emasimini ezinhlanga zishiya izinhlobo ezithile zama-cranes ngaphandle kokudla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izidleke eziningi ezinamaqhuqhuva noma izingane ezisanda kuzalwa zicekelwa phansi yizilwane ezizingelayo.
Okwamanje, izinhlobo ezi-7 kwezingu-15 zisengozini futhi zivikelwe ngokuqinile ngumthetho wendawo ezihlala kuyo. Izinhlobo ezi-2 ezengeziwe zisengcupheni yokugcwalisa lolu hlu. Isizathu esiyinhloko salokhu ukomiswa kwamaxhaphozi nezinye izixuku zamanzi, ezazithathwa njengendawo engokwemvelo yama-cranes. Lezi zinyoni azivunyelwe ukuzingela, yize lokhu kungathandeki iningi labalimi bezolimo, izitshalo zabo ezidla ku-crane.
Amaqembu amavolontiya ahlelwe emhlabeni wonke ukusiza abasebenzi bezinkulisa balungiselele ukudla, kanye nokwenza imisebenzi yasendlini.
