ERussia, lesi silwane saqanjwa ngokuthi ulwandle noma i-beaver yaseKamchatka, esabonakala egameni langaphambili loLwandle iBering, ogwini lapho i-otter yolwandle yamisa khona ama-rookeries ayo - uLwandle iBeverver.
Incazelo ye-sea otter
I-Enhydra lutris (sea otter) inezihloko ezimbalwa ezingashiwongo - ezinkulu kunazo zonke phakathi kwama-mustelid kanye nezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle ezincane kunazo zonke. Kumvelaphi wegama elithi "kalan", kubonakala impande yeKoryak "kalaga", ehunyushwa ngokuthi "isilo". Ngaphandle kwesidlaliso sakudala saseRussia (i-sea beaver), i-otter yasolwandle ikude ne-beaver yomfula, kepha isondele ne-otter yomfula, yingakho ithole igama layo eliphakathi "sea otter". Izihlobo ze-otter yasolwandle nazo zifaka i-marten, i-mink, i-sable ne-ferret.
Ukubukeka, ubukhulu
Ubuhle be-otter yasolwandle bunqunywa ukubukeka kwayo okuhlekisayo, kwandiswa ngobungani bayo obungapheli. Inomzimba oyindilinga oyindilinga onomsila womzimba ongu-1/3, intamo emfushane, eminyene nekhanda eliyindilinga ngamehlo amnyama acwebezelayo.
Lezi zamuva azibheki phambili kangako (njengezimpawu noma ama-otters), kepha zibheka eceleni, njengakwezinye izidalwa ezisemhlabeni. Izazi zebhayoloji zichaza lokhu ngendlela i-sea otter ezizingela ngayo, ingagxili kakhulu ezinhlanzini, kepha igxile kakhulu kuma-invertebrates, ayithola ngosizo lwe-vibrissae eminyene ephume lapho izwa phansi.
Ekhanda elicocekile, izindlebe ezincane ezinemisele yokuzwa-ama-slits acishe angabonakali, okuthi (njengamakhala afana namakhala) avale lapho isilwane sicwiliswa emanzini.
Izinqamuleli ezifinyeziwe zenzelwe ukubamba imishanguzo yasolwandle, isidlo esiyintandokazi se-otter yasolwandle: inqina elinyene lihlanganiswe yisikhwama sesikhumba esinyene, ngale kwayo iminwe enezinzipho eziqinile iphuma kancane. Izitho zangemuva zibekwe emuva, futhi izinyawo ezinwetshiwe (lapho uzwane lwangaphandle luvelele khona) zifana namaphiko, lapho izinzwane zembathiswa ulwelwesi lokubhukuda olunoboya kuya kuma-phalanges wokugcina.
Okubalulekile. I-otter yasolwandle, ngokungafani namanye ama-mustelids, ayinazo izindlala zangasese, ngoba ayimaki imingcele yendawo yomuntu siqu. I-otter yasolwandle ayinayo ungqimba olujiyile lwamafutha angaphansi, imisebenzi yawo (ukuvikelwa emakhazeni) yathathwa ngoboya obukhulu.
Izinwele (zombili ezigadayo neziphansi) aziphezulu kangako, cishe zingama-2-3 cm emzimbeni wonke, kepha zikhula kakhulu kangangokuba azivumeli amanzi ukuthi afinyelele esikhunjeni nhlobo. Isakhiwo soboya sifana nezimpaphe zenyoni, ngenxa yokuthi sigcina umoya kahle, amabhamuza awo abonakala lapho entywila - andiza phezulu, akhanyise i-otter yasolwandle ngokukhanya okuyisiliva.
Ukungcola okuncane kuholela ekumanziseni koboya, bese ku-hypothermia nasekufeni kwesilwane esidlayo. Akumangazi ukuthi ubrashi kanye namabhulashi izinwele zakhe njalo lapho ekhululekile ekuzingeleni / ekulaleni. Ithoni ejazi ejwayelekile ivame ukuba nsundu ngokukhanyayo, ikhanyise ekhanda nasesifubeni. Lapho i-otter yasolwandle indala, iba mpunga ngokwengeziwe ngombala wayo - isembatho sesiliva esiyisici.
Indlela yokuphila, isimilo
Ama-otter asolwandle azwana kalula hhayi nje kuphela, kodwa futhi nezinye izilwane (izimvu zoboya namabhubesi asolwandle), ezingomakhelwane nazo ezingxenyeni ezinamadwala. Ama-sea otters ahlangana ngamaqembu amancane (10-15 ngabantu), akuvamile ukuthi ahlangane emiphakathini emikhulu (kufika kubantu abangama-300) lapho kungekho khona ubukhosi obucacile. Imihlambi enjalo ivame ukuhlakazeka, ngokungafani namaqoqo aqukethe kuphela abesilisa abangabodwa noma abesifazane abanamathole.
Izintshisekelo ezibalulekile zama-otter asolwandle zigxilwe esiqeshini esisogwini esingamakhilomitha ama-2-5, lapho ulwandle lungejule kakhulu (kuze kufike kumamitha angama-50), ngaphandle kwalokho ukubamba phansi ngeke kutholakale. I-otter yasolwandle ayinaso isakhiwo somuntu siqu, kanye nesidingo sokuyivikela. Ama-sea otters (ngokungafani namabhubesi afanayo olwandle nezimpawu zoboya) awahambisi - ehlobo adla futhi alale ezihlahleni zotshani basolwandle, abambelele ezinqeni zawo noma azisonge ngotshani basolwandle ukuze angayiswa olwandle.
Kusukela ekwindla ngasekupheleni kwentwasahlobo, lapho umoya uhlakaza amahlathi, ama-otter asolwandle ahlala emanzini angajulile emini, aphumele emhlabathini ebusuku. Ebusika, baphumula ngo-5-10 emanzini, behlukanisa izikhala phakathi kwamatshe avikelwe esivunguvungwini. I-otter yasolwandle ibhukuda njengophawu, ibuyisela emuva izitho zangemuva izenze zigungqe ziye phezulu naphansi kanye nesinqe. Lapho isondla, isilwane esidla phansi kwamanzi sihamba ngaphansi kwamanzi imizuzu eyi-1-2, sihlale lapho kuze kube yimizuzu emi-5 uma kwenzeka sisongelwa ngokuzumayo.
Kuyathakazelisa. Isikhathi esiningi sosuku, i-otter yasolwandle, njengentanta, iyahamba emagagasi nesisu sayo phezulu. Kulesi sikhundla, uyalala, ahlanze uboya futhi adle, kanti nowesifazane uyamncelisa umntwana.
Ama-otter asolwandle awavamile ukufika ogwini: ukuphumula kwesikhashana noma ukubeletha. I-gait ayihlukaniswa ngomusa - isilwane sicishe sidonse umzimba waso okhuluphele kakhulu emhlabathini, kepha sikhombisa ukushesha okuhle engozini. Ngomzuzwana onjalo, ugoba umhlane wakhe e-arc futhi asheshise ukugijima ngokugxuma ukuze afike ngokushesha emanzini asindisayo.
Njengoba yehla isuka lapho ithambekele khona ebusika, i- otter yasolwandle itshibilika eqhweni esiswini sayo, kungashiyi mkhondo wezidladla zayo. I-otter yasolwandle ihlanza uboya bayo obuyigugu amahora amaningi, kungakhathalekile ukuthi yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka. Isiko liqukethe ukuhlanganiswa koboya ngendlela ethambekele - ukujikijela amagagasi, isilwane sidlula phezu kwaso ngokunyakazisa umzimba, sithathe ikhanda ngomhlane wekhanda, isifuba, isisu kanye nemilenze yangemuva.
Ngemuva kokudla kwakusihlwa, i-otter yasolwandle ibuye ihlanze uboya, igeze amafinyila kanye nemfucumfucu yokudla kuyo: imvamisa ijikeleza emanzini, isongwe iringi bese ibopha umsila wayo ngezidladla zayo zangaphambili. I-otter yasolwandle inomuzwa onengekayo wokuhogela, ukubona okungaphakathi, nokuzwa okungakhuli kahle okuphendula kuphela imisindo ebalulekile, njengokushaywa kwamagagasi. Inzwa yokuthinta ithuthukiswe kangcono - usizo olubucayi lwe-vibrissae ukuthola ngokushesha ama-mollusk nama-urchins olwandle ebumnyameni obuphansi kwamanzi.
Mangaki ama-otter asolwandle ahlala khona
Endle, i-otter yasolwandle inikezwa iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-8-11. Isikhathi sokuphila siphindaphindeka lapho i-otter yasolwandle iwela ekuthunjweni, lapho ezinye izinhlobo zivame ukugubha iminyaka engu-20 zasungulwa.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
Embala woboya, umehluko wobulili awukwazanga ukukhonjwa. Umehluko phakathi kobulili ubonwa ngosayizi: ama-otter olwandle abesifazane amafushane (ngo-10%) futhi alula (ngo-35%) kunabesilisa. Ngobude obulinganiselwe besilwane obungu-1-1.3 m, abesifazane abavamile ukuba nesisindo esingaphezu kwama-35 kg, kanti abesilisa bathola kufika ku-45 kg.
Izinhlobo ezingaphansi zama-otter asolwandle
Ukuhlukaniswa kwesimanje kuhlukanisa ama-otter asolwandle abe ama-subspecies ama-3:
- I-Enhydra lutris lutris (i-sea otter ejwayelekile, noma i-Asia) - yazinza ogwini olusempumalanga yeKamchatka, kanye naseCommander naseKuril Islands;
- I-Enhydra lutris nereis (i-California sea otter, noma i-sea otter yaseningizimu) - itholakale ngasogwini lwenkabeni yeCalifornia;
- I-Enhydra lutris kenyoni (iNorth sea otter) - ihlala eningizimu ye-Alaska nase-Aleutian Islands.
Imizamo yezazi zezilwane yokuhlukanisa phakathi kwe-otter yasolwandle ejwayelekile ehlala eziqhingini zaseCommander nase "Kamchatka sea otter" ehlala eziQhingini zaseKuril naseKamchatka yehlulekile. Ngisho nokuhlukahluka okungu-2 kwegama eliphakanyiselwe ama-subspecies amasha nohlu lwezici zalo ezihlukile akusizanga. I-otter yasolwandle yaseKamchatka yahlala ngaphansi kwegama layo elijwayelekile i-Enhydra lutris lutris.
Indawo yokuhlala
Ama-otter asolwandle ake ahlala eNyakatho Pacific Ocean, akha i-arc eqhubekayo ngasogwini. Manje uhla lwezinhlobo luye lwancipha futhi lwahlala emaphethelweni esiqhingi, kanye nasogwini lwelizwe uqobo (ngokwengxenye), lugezwa yimisinga efudumele namakhaza.
U-arc omncane webanga lesimanje uqala eHokkaido, aqhubeke nokuthwebula iKuril Ridge, i-Aleutian / Commander Islands, futhi adlulele kulo lonke ugu lwasePacific eNyakatho Melika, aphele eCalifornia. ERussia, umhlambi omkhulu wama-otters asolwandle wabonakala cishe kuwo. IMedny, esinye seziQhingi zeCommander.
I-otter yasolwandle ivame ukuhlala ezindaweni ezinjenge:
- izivimbelo zemifula;
- amabhange amatshe amakhulu;
- amatshe (ngaphezulu / ngaphansi kwamanzi) anamahlathi aminyene e-kelp ne-alaria.
Ama-sea otters athanda ukulala kuma-capes futhi akhafule ngezingqimba ezinamadwala, kanye nasemaphethelweni amancane ezinhlonhlo, lapho ungavakashela khona endaweni enesiphepho ngokushesha. Ngesizathu esifanayo, bagwema amabhishi acabalele (anesihlabathi nodwala) - lapha akunakwenzeka ukufihla kubantu nezinto ezenziwe.
Ukudla kwe-sea otter
Izilwane ezidla kakhulu zidla ngezikhathi zasemini, kepha kwesinye isikhathi ziyahamba zizingele ebusuku uma isivunguvungu sihlasela olwandle emini. Imenyu ye-sea otter, equkethe impilo yasolwandle, iyisidina futhi ibukeka kanjena:
- ama-urchins olwandle (isisekelo sokudla);
- ama-bivalves / ama-gastropods (indawo yesi-2);
- izinhlanzi eziphakathi nendawo (i-capelin, i-sockeye ne-gerbil);
- izinkalankala;
- octopus (ngezikhathi ezithile).
Ngenxa yokuqina emilenzeni yangaphambili nezinzwane ezihambayo, i-otter yasolwandle icosha ama-urchins olwandle, ama-molluscs nezinkalankala kusuka ezansi, zihlukanisa kalula amagobolondo awo namagobolondo zisebenzisa amathuluzi athuthukisiwe (imvamisa amatshe). Iyenyuka, i-otter yasolwandle ibambe itshe esifubeni bese iyangqongqoza ngayo ngendebe yayo.
Kuma-zoo, lapho izilwane zibhukuda khona ezindaweni zokugcina izingilazi, azinikezwa izinto ezingaphula ngazo ingilazi. Ngendlela, i-otter yasolwandle, ewela ekuthunjweni, iba negazi ngokwengeziwe - ngokuzithandela idla inyama yenkomo neyasolwandle, futhi ikhetha izinhlanzi ezilwaneni ezincane. Izinyoni ezitshalwe ezindlini zezinyoni zishiywa zinganakiwe, ngoba i- otter yasolwandle ayikwazi ukuzibamba.
I-sea otter inesifiso esihle kakhulu - ngosuku idla ivolumu elingana no-20% wesisindo sayo (yile ndlela umhlaseli athola ngayo amandla okushisa). Uma umuntu onesisindo esingu-70 kg edla njenge-otter yasolwandle, ubedla okungenani ukudla okungu-14 kg nsuku zonke.
I-otter yasolwandle ivame ukudla endaweni enamanzi amaningi, ibhukuda eduze kwamatshe noma amadwala aphuma emanzini: ngalesi sikhathi, ihlola ulwelwe, ifuna impilo yasolwandle kuyo. Isitholile inqwaba yezimbaza, i-otter yasolwandle iyayikhipha phakathi kwamahlathi, iyishaya ngamandla ngezidladla zayo bese ivula iminyango ngokushesha ukuze idle okuqukethwe.
Uma ukuzingela kwenzeka ezansi, i-otter yasolwandle iyayihlola nge-vibrissae bese ishona phansi njalo ngemizuzu engu-1.5-2 lapho kutholakala ama-urchins olwandle. Uwathatha ngezicucu ezi-5-6, antante phezulu, alale ngomhlane adle ngokulandelana, asakaze esiswini sakhe.
I-sea otter ibamba izinkalankala ne-starfish ezansi ngamunye ngamunye, ibambe izilwane ezincane ngamazinyo nangezidladla ezinkulu (kufaka phakathi inhlanzi enesisindo). Umzingeli ugwinya izinhlanzi ezincane ngokuphelele, ezinkulu - ucezu ngalunye, azinze "kukholomu" yamanzi. Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, i-otter yasolwandle ayizizwa yomile futhi ayiphuzi, ithola umswakama owenele ovela ezilwaneni zasolwandle.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Ama-sea otters anesithembu futhi awahlali emindenini - owesilisa uhlanganisa bonke abesifazane abavuthiwe ngokocansi abazulazula endaweni yabo enemibandela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuzalaniswa kwama-otter asolwandle akugcini enkathini ethile, kodwa-ke, ukubeletha kuvame ukwenzeka entwasahlobo kunangezinyanga ezinesiphepho ezinzima.
Ukukhulelwa, njengama-mustelids amaningi, kuqhubeka ngokubambezeleka okuthile. Inzalo ivela kanye ngonyaka. Insikazi izala emhlabeni, iletha okukodwa, okungajwayelekile (ukuzalwa okungu-2 kokungu-100) amapheya amabili. Isiphetho sesibili asinakulinganiswa: uyafa, ngoba umama uyakwazi ukukhulisa ingane okuwukuphela kwayo.
Iqiniso. Usana olusanda kuzalwa lukala cishe i-1.5 kg futhi luzalwa hhayi ukubona kuphela, kodwa ngesethi egcwele yamazinyo obisi. IMedvedka - leli yigama labadobi balo ngoboya obukhulu obinsundu obumboza umzimba we-otter encane yasolwandle.
Amahora nezinsuku zokuqala azichitha nonina, elele ogwini noma esiswini lapho engena olwandle. Ibhere liqala ukubhukuda ngokuzimela (okokuqala ngemuva) ngemuva kwamasonto ama-2, futhi selivele ngeviki lesi-4 lizama ukuzigingqa libhukude eduze kwensikazi. Ingane, eshiywe isikhashana ngunina, iyethuka isengozini futhi iyakhwifa ibhoboza, kepha ayikwazi ukucasha ngaphansi kwamanzi - iyayikhiphela ngaphandle njengokhokho (umzimba wayo awunasisindo futhi uboya bayo bugcwele umoya).
Abesifazane abanakekeli inzalo yabo kuphela, kodwa futhi nabantu abangabazi, lapho nje bebhukuda bese bemqhubela eceleni. Isikhathi esiningi sosuku, ubhukuda ngebhere esiswini sakhe, ekhotha uboya bakhe ngezikhathi ezithile. Ukuqoqa isivinini, ucindezela leli litshiki ngezidladla zakhe noma abambe i-nape ngamazinyo akhe, edilika naye ethukile.
I-otter yasolwandle esekhulile, esivele ibizwa nge-koslak, yize iyeka ukuphuza ubisi lwebele, isalokhu iseduze komama, ibamba izidalwa eziphansi noma ithathe ukudla kuye. Impilo ezimele ephelele iqala ngasekupheleni kokwindla, lapho izilwane ezincane zijoyina umhlambi wama-otter asolwandle abadala.
Izitha zemvelo
Uhlu lwezitha zemvelo ze-otter yasolwandle, ngokusho kwezinye izazi zezilwane, luphethwe yi-killer whale, umkhomo omkhulu wamazinyo ovela emndenini wehlengethwa. Le nguqulo iyaphikiswa iqiniso lokuthi imikhomo ebulalayo ayingeni neze emahlathini e-kelp, ikhetha izingqimba ezijulile, futhi ibhukuda kuphela ezindaweni zokuhlala ama-sea otters ehlobo, lapho inhlanzi izalela.
Uhlu lwezitha lufaka noshaka wasezindaweni ezibandayo, osondelene neqiniso, yize ubambelela emanzini ajulile. Ebonakala ngasogwini, oshaka bahlasela ama-otter asolwandle, okuthi (ngenxa yesikhumba sabo esibucayi ngokwedlulele) babulawe ukuklwebheka okuncane, lapho ukutheleleka kuthwalwa khona ngokushesha.
Ingozi enkulu ivela ezingonyameni zamadoda zasolwandle ezilukhuni, ezitholakala esiswini sawo ama-otter asolwandle angadliwe.
Uphawu lwaseMpumalanga Ekude lubhekwa njengomncintiswano wokudla we-otter yasolwandle, engagxili nje kuphela inyamazane eyithandayo (ama-benthic invertebrates), kepha futhi ibuyisela i-otter yasolwandle ezindaweni zayo ezijwayelekile. Phakathi kwezitha ze-otter yasolwandle kunomuntu owamqothula ngonya ngenxa yoboya obumangazayo, obunobuhle nokuqina okungenakuqhathaniswa.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Ngaphambi kokubhujiswa okukhulu kwe-otter yasolwandle emhlabeni, kwakukhona (ngokusho kokulinganisela okuhlukahlukene) kusuka ezilwaneni eziyizinkulungwane eziyikhulu kuya kweziyisigidi esisodwa. Ekuthomeni kwekhulu lama-20, inani lomhlaba lehle laya kubantu abayizinkulungwane ezimbili. Ukuzingelwa kwama-otter asolwandle kwakukubi kakhulu kangangokuba le ndawo yokudoba yazimbela umgodi (kwakungekho ozobamba), kodwa futhi yayinqatshelwe yimithetho yase-USA (1911) kanye ne-USSR (1924)
Izibalo zokugcina ezisemthethweni, ezenziwa ngo-2000-2005, zavumela ukuthi lezi zinhlobo zifakwe ohlwini lwe-IUCN olunophawu "olusengozini". Ngokuya ngalezi zifundo, ama-otter amaningi asolwandle (cishe angama-75 ayizinkulungwane) ahlala e-Alaska nase-Aleutian Islands, kanti angama-70 000 awo ahlala e-Alaska. Cishe zingu-20 izinkulungwane zama-otter asolwandle ahlala ezweni lakithi, angaphansi kwezinkulungwane ezintathu eCanada, cishe ayizinkulungwane ezi-2,5 eCalifornia, nezilwane ezingaba ngu-500 eWashington.
Okubalulekile. Naphezu kwakho konke ukwenqatshelwa, inani le-otter yasolwandle lincipha kancane kancane, kufaka phakathi ngephutha lomuntu. Ama-otter asolwandle ahlushwa kakhulu uwoyela nokuchitheka kwawo okuphuma kokunye, okungcolisa uboya bawo, izilwane ezisondelayo zife ngenxa ye-hypothermia.
Izizathu eziyinhloko zokulahleka kwama-otter asolwandle:
- izifo - i-40% yakho konke ukufa;
- ukulimala - kusuka oshaka, amanxeba okudutshulwa nokuhlangana nemikhumbi (23%);
- ukungabi nokudla - 11%;
- ezinye izizathu - izicubu, ukushona kwezinsana, izifo zangaphakathi (ngaphansi kuka-10%).
Izinga eliphezulu lokufa ngenxa yezifo alibangelwa nje kuphela ukungcola kolwandle, kodwa futhi nokwehla kokuvikeleka kwama-otter olwandle ngenxa yokushoda kokwehlukahluka kofuzo ngaphakathi kohlobo.
