Le nyoni ayiveli kuphela enganekwaneni yaseRussia ethi "The Crane and Heron". Wayevame ukuvela ezindlekweni nasezinkondlweni zamakhosi aseYurophu, kanti naseHelestial Heron enembali ye-lotus isafanekisela ukuchuma.
Incazelo kaHeron
Uhlobo lwe-Ardea (egrets) lungolomndeni we-heron kusuka ekuhlelweni konogolantethe futhi luhlanganisa izinyoni ezinkulu zamaqakala ukusuka esigamu semitha kuya kumitha elilodwa nohhafu ukuphakama. Izihlobo zabo akuzona ama-cranes nama-flamingo, kepha ama-bitterns nezindwandwe zihlobene kakhulu nezindwandwe, futhi kude kakhulu, nonogolantethe.
KuDahl's Explanatory Dictionary, le nyoni ibizwa nangokuthi "chepura" kanye ne "chapley" (kusuka egameni elithi "chapat" - ukubamba noma ukuhamba, ukunamathela emhlabathini), okuchazwa ngokuhamba kwayo okungaqondakali, kanye nangendlela yayo yokuzingela. Umsindo woqobo ugcinwe kuzo zonke izilimi zeSlavic - chapla (Ukraine), chapla (Bulgarian), chapa (Serbian), czapla (Polish), caplja (Slovak) njalonjalo.
Ukubukeka
Lezi yizinyoni eziqinile ezinezinto ezibonakalayo - intambo ende, ubambo olude olumise okweyisigaxa, izitho ezinde ezingenazimpaphe ezineminwe eqinile nomsila omfishane obukhali. Ezinye izinhlobo zihlotshiswe ngenqwaba yezimpaphe ezibekwe ngemuva kwekhanda futhi zibheke emuva.
Izindwandwe zihluka ngosayizi obonakalayo, ngokwesibonelo, i-goliath heron (ummeleli ohlaba umxhwele kakhulu wohlobo) ikhula ifike ku-1.55 m enesisindo esingu-7 kg namaphiko afinyelela ku-2.3 m. Izinhlobo ezincane zikhombisa amapharamitha alula kakhulu - ukukhula aze afike ku-0.6 m kanye nesisindo esingu-1 -2.5 kg.
Izindwandwe azinayo indlala ye-coccygeal (izinyoni zayo ezinamafutha ezisetshenziswayo ukugcoba izimpaphe zazo, ukuyivimba ukuthi ingabi manzi), yingakho zingakwazi ukuntywila noma ukubhukuda.
Kuyiqiniso, izindwandwe zizipupha ngosizo lwempuphu, lapho impuphu iqongelela esikalini esakhiwa ukuqhekeka unomphela esifubeni, esiswini nasesibunjeni. Le mpuphu ivikela izimpaphe ekuhlanganeni ndawonye, yize amafinyila ezinhlanzi ehla njalo emzimbeni. Le nyoni ifaka impushana ngokusebenzisa umunwe ophakathi nendawo ngozipho olude olunemicu emide.
Izindwandwe zinemilenze emnyama, uqhwaku oluphuzi noma olumnyama, nezimpaphe ezihlangene ezibushelelezi, ezihlukaniswa ngombala kuye ngohlobo lwazo. Lawa ikakhulukazi amathoni we-monochrome - amhlophe, ompunga, ansundu, amnyama noma abomvu. Ukuhlukahluka kwe-Bicolor akuvamile.
Indlela yokuphila, isimilo
Izindwandwe zivamise ukudala amakoloni, hhayi nje kuphela ngabamele izinhlobo zezinhlobo zazo - omakhelwane bazo yizindlovu zezinye izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ama-cormorant, ama-ibis acwebezelayo, ama-ibises nama-spoonbill. Imvamisa, amakoloni ama-heron anciphisa ngazimbili izinyoni ezidlayo ezinjenge:
- i-peregrine falcon;
- umdlalo wokuzilibazisa;
- isibeletho;
- isikhova esinezindlebe ezinde;
- ukhozi lwegolide;
- rook;
- igwababa elimpunga.
Ogwini lwamachibi amancane, izinyoni ziyasakazeka futhi zidleke ebangeni elibonakalayo komunye nomunye. Amakoloni amakhulu (afinyelela ku-1000) abonwa ezindaweni eziningi zokudla, kepha akukho ukuminyana okuthile: izindwandwe azihlanganisi emihlanjeni eminyene, zikhetha ukuhlala kude.
Izinyoni eziningi zihlala emaqenjini angazinzile angama-15-100, kanti i-goliath heron igwema noma iyiphi indawo, ihlala kude nabantu, izihlobo nezinye izilwane.
Izinyoni zifuna ukudla emini, kusihlwa ngisho nasebusuku, noma kunjalo, akubona bonke abenza ukuzingela ebumnyameni: ngemuva kokushona kwelanga, abaningi bafuna ukuhlangana nabantu besizwe sakubo ukuze bachithe ubusuku eqenjini. AmaHerons ahlala ezindaweni ezinamazinga okushisa afudumele abhekwa njengabafudukayo, kanti labo abahlala ezindaweni ezishisayo bahlala phansi. Izindwandwe zaseNyakatho Melika zifudukela eCentral / South America ebusika, kanti izindwandwe “zase-Eurasia” zifudukela ebusika eningizimu yeYurophu, e-Afrika naseNingizimu Asia.
Ukufuduka kwekwindla kuqala ngoSepthemba-Okthoba bese kubuya ngoMashi-Meyi. Izindwandwe zindiza ngamaqembu amancane uma kuqhathaniswa, ngezikhathi ezithile zigxumagxuma ngemihlambi yezinyoni ezingama-200-250, futhi cishe azihambi zodwa. Umhlambi, kungakhathalekile ukuthi isikhathi sini sosuku, undizela phezulu: ekwindla, kaningi ngemuva kokushona kwelanga, ukwenza ukuma ekuseni kakhulu.
Indiza
I-heron inendlela yayo ye-aeronautics, eyihlukanisa nezinye izinyoni zasemanzini, ezinjengo storks, ama-cranes noma ama-spoonbill - indiza yayo inzima futhi ihamba kancane, futhi i-silhouette ene-bulging (ngenxa yokugoba kwentamo) ukubukeka kubukeka kushubile.
Ukhwekhwe olususayo lwenza amaphiko alo abukhali, kunalokho lusuka ngokushesha emhlabathini bese lushintshela endizeni ebushelelezi esivele yaphakama ngokwanele. Le nyoni igoqa intamo yayo ngohlobo lwe-S, isondeze ikhanda layo ngemuva futhi ivule imilenze yayo emuva, icishe ifane nomzimba.
Ukuhamba kwamaphiko akukulahli ukujwayela kwawo, kepha kuyavama lapho ikhabe lithatha ijubane (kufika ku-50 km / h), libalekela izitha. Izindwandwe ezindizayo ngokuvamile zakha isigaxa noma ulayini, kwesinye isikhathi zindiza phezulu. Indwandwe ivame ukunikeza izwi endizeni.
Izimpawu
Ngaphandle kwamakholoni, izindwandwe cishe "azikhulumi", zikhetha ukuxhumana eduze nezindawo zazo zokwakha izidleke, ngaphakathi kwemijondolo yamakoloni. Umsindo ovame kakhulu lapho ochwepheshe bekwazi ukubona kalula i-heron ukugaya okunokhahlo, okukhumbuza ukhokho ophansi. Yilo msindo omkhulu futhi okude owenziwa yindlalifa endizayo. Ngesikhathi kusondela le ndlela, kuzwakala umsindo ocijile wokugaya onokuphindaphindwa.
Okubalulekile. Isigubhu esisemathunjini sazisa abantu besizwe ngokusondela kwengozi, futhi ukukhala komphimbo (ngamanothi adlidlizelayo) kusetshenziswa ikhonyane ukusongela, okukhombisa izinhloso zalo ezimbi.
Abesilisa, bekhuluma ngobukhona babo, bayashwabana futhi bafiphele. Lapho zibingelelana, izinyoni zisheshe ziqhwithe imilomo. I-Croaking and croaking izwakala njalo emakholoni abo esidleke, kepha izindwandwe azikhulumi ngemisindo kuphela, kodwa nangezimpawu ezibonakalayo, lapho intamo ivame ukubandakanyeka khona. Ngakho-ke, ukukhala okusongelayo kuvame ukugcwaliswa ukuma okufanele, lapho inyoni igobisa intamo yayo futhi ikhukhumale i-crest ekhanda layo, njengokungathi ilungiselela ukuphonsa.
Zingaki izindwandwe eziphilayo
Izazi ze-ornithologists ziphakamisa ukuthi abanye abantu bohlobo lwe-Ardea bangaphila kuze kube yiminyaka engama-23, kanti isilinganiso sobude besikhathi sokuphila kwezindwandwe singeqi eminyakeni eyi-10-15. Zonke izindwandwe (njengezinyoni eziningi zasendle) zisengozini enkulu kusukela ekuzalweni kuze kube unyaka owodwa, lapho kufinyelela ku-69% wezinyoni ezincane ezifayo.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
Akukho mehluko cishe phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane, ngaphandle kosayizi wezindwandwe - owokuqala mkhulu kancane kunowokugcina. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abesilisa bezinhlobo ezithile (ngokwesibonelo, i-heron enkulu eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka) banezihluthu eziminyene zezimpaphe ezimnyama emhlane wazo.
Izinhlobo ze-Heron
Uhlobo lwe-Ardea, ngokwesigaba sanamuhla, lubandakanya izinhlobo eziyishumi nambili:
- I-Ardea alba - i-egret enhle
- I-Ardea herodias - i-heron eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka enkulu
- I-Ardea goliath - i-heron enkulu
- I-Ardea intermedia - i-heron emhlophe emaphakathi
- I-Ardea cinerea - uheron mpunga
- I-Ardea pacifica - indwandwe enentamo emhlophe
- I-Ardea cocoi - i-heron yaseNingizimu Melika
- I-Ardea melanocephala - indwandwe enentamo emnyama;
- I-Ardea insignis - indwandwe enebhande elimhlophe
- I-Ardea humbloti - iMadagascar heron;
- I-Ardea purpurea - i-heron ebomvu
- I-Ardea sumatrana - Inhlwathi empunga yaseMalay.
Ukunakwa. Kwesinye isikhathi uhlobo lwe-Ardea kwenziwa ngephutha ukuthi ludalwa yikhowe elikhokhiswa ophuzi (Egretta eulophotes) kanye nezimpungushe (i-Egretta picata) izindwandwe, okuthi, njengoba kungabonakala emagameni abo esiLatini, zingezinhlobo ezihlukile ze-Egretta (egrets).
Indawo yokuhlala
Izindwandwe sezizinze cishe kuwo wonke amazwekazi, ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica kanye nezindawo eziyisiyingi seNyakatho Nenkabazwe. Izinyoni azihlali nje kuphela kumazwekazi, kodwa futhi naseziqhingini zasolwandle (ngokwesibonelo, iGalapagos).
Inhlobo ngayinye inebubanzi bayo, obuncane noma obubanzi, kepha kwesinye isikhathi izindawo zokuhlala ziyagqagqana. Ngakho-ke, i-egret enkulu itholakala cishe yonke indawo, i-heron eyimpunga (eyaziwa kahle kubahlali baseRussia) igcwalise iningi le-Eurasia ne-Afrika, kanti indwandwe yaseMadagascar ihlala eMadagascar naseziqhingini eziseduze. Ensimini yezwe lethu, hhayi kuphela ompunga, kodwa futhi nezidleke ezibomvu ze-heron.
Kepha noma ngabe ikuphi izwekazi elikhetha izintandane, ziboshelwe emizimbeni yemvelo yamanzi ajulile - imifula (deltas kanye ne-floodplains), amaxhaphozi (kufaka phakathi ama-mangroves), izimfunda ezimanzi, amachibi kanye namaxhaphozi omhlanga. Amakhemikhali ngokuvamile agwenywa ogwini lolwandle nasezindaweni eziseduze nolwandle eduze kwamanzi ajulile.
Ukudla kwe-Heron
Indlela eyintandokazi yokujaha inyamazane ukuyibheka ngenkathi uhamba emanzini angajulile, egxunyekwe nezitobha ezingavamile. Ngalezi zikhathi, i-heron ibuka ekholamu lamanzi ukuze ibone futhi ibambe izihlambi zezilwane. Kwesinye isikhathi indwandwe iqina isikhathi eside, kepha lokhu akugcini ngokulinda, kepha kunalokho ukuheha isisulu. Le nyoni ihambisa izinzwane zayo (ezinombala ohlukile kunonyawo) izinhlanzi zibhukuda zisondele, zizenze izikelemu. Indwandwe ihlaba inhlanzi ngaso leso sikhathi ngomlomo wayo bese iyigwinya iphelele, njengoba yayikade iyiphonse phambilini.
Indwandwe ivame ukuzingela inyamazane yomhlabathi, ichameke emagatsheni ezihlahla eziphansi. Ukudla kukaHerons kufaka phakathi izilwane ezinegazi elifudumele nezibandayo:
- inhlanzi ne-shellfish;
- amasele namaxoxo;
- ama-crustaceans nezinambuzane;
- okusha kanye nonoshobishobi;
- izinyoka nezibankwa;
- amaphuphu namagundane amancane;
- Izimvukuzane nonogwaja.
Imenyu ye-heron enkulu inezinhlanzi ezinobukhulu obuhlukile ezinesisindo esifinyelela ku-3.5 kg, amagundane anesisindo esifinyelela ku-1 kg, ama-amphibian (kufaka ne-African burrowing frog) kanye nezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezifana ne-monitor lizard kanye ... nemamba.
Indwandwe enentamo emnyama (ngokungafani nokhokho obomvu nobomvu) ingena emanzini ngokungajwayelekile nangokungathandi, ikhetha ukuvikela inyamazane emhlabathini, ime amahora amaningi endaweni eyodwa. Yingakho hhayi amaxoxo nezinhlanzi kuphela, kepha nezinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo ezincane zifika etafuleni le-heron enentamo emnyama.
Inkenene enkulu emhlophe izingela yodwa noma ngokuhlangana namaqabane, okungakuvimbeli ekuphikisaneni nawo, ngisho nangobuningi bokudla endaweni eseduze. Abamele lezi zinhlobo abanqikazi ukuthatha izindebe ezivela ezindlini ezincane balwele inyamazane nabantu bezinye izizwe.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Izindwandwe zihlala zodwa ngesikhathi sonyaka sokukhwelana, esenzeka kanye ngonyaka, kepha bese ziyahlukana. Izinyoni ezivela ezindaweni ezipholile ziqala ukuzala kaningi ngo-Ephreli - Meyi, okukhombisa ukulungela kwazo ukukhwelana ngombala oshintshiwe womlomo nesikhumba eduze kwamehlo. Ezinye izinhlobo, njenge-egret enkulu, zithola ama-egrets enkathi yokukhwelana - izimpaphe ezinde ezivulekile ezikhula ngemuva.
Ukunakekela insikazi, owesilisa ukhombisa ukuqhuma kanye nama-egrets, ama-crouches kanye nama-pops ngomlomo wakhe. Owesifazane onentshisekelo akufanele asondele kumnumzane ngokushesha okukhulu, ngaphandle kwalokho usengozini yokuxoshwa. Owesilisa uzonikeza umusa kumlobokazi onesineke kakhulu. Sebebumbene, lo mbhangqwana wakha isidleke ndawonye, kepha ngemuva kokuhlukanisa imithwalo yemfanelo - owesilisa uletha okokwakha, kuthi owesifazane akhe isidleke.
Okubalulekile. Izidleke zihlala ezihlahleni noma emibhedeni eminyene yomhlanga. Uma izidleke zenzeka endaweni ehlangene (eduze kwezinye izinyoni), izindwandwe zizama ukwakha izidleke zazo ngaphezu komakhelwane bazo.
Isidleke se-heron esijwayelekile sibukeka njengenqwaba yamagatsha afinyelela ku-0.6 m ukuphakama no-1 m ububanzi. Ngemuva kokubeka amaqanda ama-2-7 (aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma omhlophe), insikazi iqala ukuwafukamela ngokushesha. Isikhathi sokufukamela sithatha izinsuku ezingama-28-33: bobabili abazali ngokushintshana bahlala ku-clutch. Amachwane anqunu kodwa abonayo aqanduselana ngezikhathi ezehlukene, yingakho ezindala zikhula ngokushesha kunezedlule. Ngemuva kwesonto, kukhula ubudlabha obungavamile emizimbeni yabo.
Abazali bondla inzalo yabo ngezinhlanzi, beyiphindaphinda kusuka ku-goiter, kepha ithola okuziqhenya kakhulu kuphela: akumangazi ukuthi kusuka enkulwaneni enkulu kuye esimweni somuntu omdala kusinda izithandani, futhi kwesinye isikhathi iphuphu elilodwa. Amatshwele awafi nje kuphela ngenxa yokungondleki, kepha futhi nangenxa yokulimala okungahambisani nempilo, lapho behambahamba emagatsheni, babhajwe ngezintamo zabo ezimfoloko noma bewela phansi endleleni. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-55, abasha bayama ophikweni, ngemuva kwalokho bajoyina iqembu elifanayo lomndeni nabazali babo. Amakhowe avundile cishe ngeminyaka emibili ubudala.
Izitha zemvelo
Ngenxa yobukhulu bazo, izindwandwe zinenqwaba yezitha ezingawahlasela zisemoyeni. Izindwandwe ezindala, ikakhulukazi izinhlobo ezincane, zingahlaselwa izikhova ezinkulu, oheshe kanye nezinye izinkozi. Izingwenya nazo ziwusongo olungangabazeki, kulezi zindawo lapho zihlala khona nezindwandwe. Amaqanda ezindwandwe, aheha ama-martens, ama-wild fining, namagwababa namagwababa abhubhisa izidleke, asengozini enkulu.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Izindwandwe zaqothulwa ngokungenasihawu ngezimpaphe ezazisetshenziselwa ukuhlobisa izigqoko: Izinyoni eziyizigidi eziyi-1.5-2 ngonyaka ngonyaka eNyakatho Melika naseYurophu. Noma kunjalo, inani lomhlaba lohlobo lwe-Ardea selutholile, ngaphandle kwezinhlobo ezi-2 ezithi ekuqaleni kuka-2019 (ngokusho kwe-IUCN) zisengozini yokuqothulwa.
it Inhlwathi yaseMadagascar, imfuyo yayo ingeqi abantu abayinkulungwane, futhi indwandwe enensimbi emhlophe, enezinyoni ezingama-50-249 ezivuthiwe ezocansi (noma ezingama-75-374, kucatshangelwa ezisencane).
Inani lalezi zinhlobo liyancipha ngenxa yezici ze-anthropogenic:
- ukucekelwa phansi kwamaxhaphozi;
- ukuzingelwa ngokungemthetho nokuqoqwa kwamaqanda;
- ukwakhiwa kwamadamu nemigwaqo;
- Imililo yehlathi.
Izinduna zidinga ukuvikelwa - zidla izinhlanzi ezigulayo, amagundane ayingozi nezinambuzane.
