Ikati eliyivelakancane emhlabeni - lesi sihloko esingashiwongo libanjwe iminyaka eminingi yingwe yaseMpumalanga Ekude, isikhundla sayo (ngokumelene nesizinda sezinye izingwe ezincane) esaziwa njengesibucayi kakhulu.
Incazelo yengwe yaseMpumalanga Ekude
Owokuqala, emuva ngo-1857, ngaphansi kwegama elithile uFelis orientalis, wachazwa yisazi semvelo saseJalimane uHermann Schlegel, owafunda ngesikhumba sesilwane esabulawa eKorea. Isidlakela sinamagama amaningi - iManchu (ephelelwe yisikhathi) noma ingwe yase-Amur, ingwe yaseMpumalanga Ekude noma ingwe yaseMpumalanga yaseSiberia, nengwe yase-Amur. Lezi zinhlobo zathola igama lesiLatini lanamuhla i-Panthera pardus orientalis ngo-1961 ngenxa ka-Ingrid Weigel.
Ukubukeka
Isilwane sasendle esinamandla esinoboya obuhle ngokumangalisayo iphethini yaso enamabala ayiphindi njengezigxivizo zeminwe yethu... Lesi sici sisetshenziselwa ukukhomba izingwe ze-Amur ezibhekwe emvelweni. Ingwe yaseMpumalanga Ekude ingaphansi kwe-tiger ngosayizi, ithola ebudaleni obungu-50-70 kg ngobude obungu-1.1-1.4 m. Kodwa ingwe inomsila oheha ngokwedlulele (ongafika ku-0.9 m), ucishe ulingane nobude bomzimba.
Ekhanda elincane, izindlebe eziyindilinga ezihlanzekile zibekwe kabanzi, amehlo ampunga obala, umfundi uyindilinga, emlonyeni (njengama-fene amaningi) kunamazinyo angama-30 nolimi oluyisigaxa olusiza ukugeza nokuhlukanisa inyama namathambo. Ingwe yaseMpumalanga Ekude inemilenze ebanzi ebanzi, ikakhulukazi eyangaphambili. Zihlonyelwe ngozipho abukhali kakhulu futhi obugobile, obudonswa ngumzingeli lapho uhamba ukuze ungacunuki.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ehlobo, uboya bufushane ngokuphindwe kabili kunasebusika: ngesimo sezulu esibandayo sikhula size sifike ku-5 cm (esiswini kuze kufike ku-7 cm). Kuliqiniso, ngisho noboya basebusika abunakubizwa ngokuthi buphaphathekile ngenxa yokuqina kwawo emzimbeni.
Imibala yasebusika isukela ekuphuzi okukhanyayo kuya kobomvu ngokuphuzi ngemibala yegolide noma ngokubomvu okubomvu. Ngehlobo, ijazi liyakhanya. Emaceleni engwe nangaphandle kwemilenze kuhlala kukhanya ngombala.
Umhlobiso oyingqayizivele wenziwa ngenxa yamabala amnyama aqinile asakazeke emzimbeni futhi ahlanganiswe nama-rosettes (imibuthano emnyama engalingani efaka umbala obomvu ngaphakathi kwawo). Lo mbala uvumela umhlaseli ukuba azifihle lapho ezingela: amabala abonakala efiphaza imingcele yomzimba, okwenza kungabonakali kangako ehlathini.
Indlela yokuphila, isimilo
Impilo yengwe yaseMpumalanga Ekude incike kakhulu esimweni sezulu esibi nezisusa zokuziphatha ezivamile zamakati asendle: umhlaseli unesizungu, indawo ngokuphelele, usebenza kusihlwa nasebusuku. Ukuxhumana nama-congeners, isebenzisa amamaki ezwi, okubukwayo nephunga, noma inhlanganisela yamamaki. Esokuqala sifaka izimpawu zokubanjwa ngeziqu, amaketanga okulandela umkhondo, nokuxegiswa kwenhlabathi neqhwa. Iphunga lishiya nomchamo nendle.
Ingwe ibisisebenzisa indawo yayo ngazinye, izindlela ezihlala njalo nezindawo zokukhosela ama-broods iminyaka eminingi, icindezela kakhulu ubukhona babantu bobulili obufanayo kuyo. Isikhundla nendawo yeziqephu zomuntu uqobo akuxhomekile kwisizini futhi zihlala zingashintshi unyaka wonke.
Abesilisa abangeni endaweni yabesilisa, kanye nabesifazane ukuze baphathe abanye besifazane, kepha izindawo zabesilisa zifaka phakathi izindawo zabesifazane abaningana ezivakashelwe ngesikhathi se-rut. Obunye ubuqili ukuthi izingwe zikugcina ngokuqinile ukungavikeleki kwemikhakha yazo emaphakathi, kepha hhayi emaphethelweni.
Kuyathakazelisa! Indawo yesiza sabesilisa ingama-250-500 km², iphindwe kaningana kunendawo yabesifazane, okuyi-110-130 km² ngokwesilinganiso. Ingwe yase-Amur ijwayele ukuzungeza insimu yayo, imaka izihlahla ngozipho futhi ishiye nephunga emingceleni.
Ngale ndlela engekho, izilwane zihlukanisa indawo, zizikhawulela, uma kunesidingo, ezinsongweni zokuziphatha futhi kuyaqabukela zingena ezingxabanweni eziqondile. Izingqapheli azitholanga mkhondo wempi ebulalayo phakathi kwezingwe, yize zathola izimpawu zomzabalazo phakathi kwabesilisa ababili ngemingcele enemibandela. Omunye wabaphenyi utshele ngokushayisana "kwengwe" kwengwe encane, okumaka insimu yomunye umuntu, nomnikazi wayo, othole lo muntu ongenankinga, wamqhuba wamngenisa esihlahleni wase emshaya ngokushaya.
Izingwe zaseMpumalanga Ekude azilithandi iqhwa elijulile, yingakho mhlawumbe zingazami ukuhlala phambili enyakatho.... Ebusika, ngokugwema ukuqhwaqhwa yiqhwa, izilwane ezidla ezinye zihamba kakhulu kuthrekhi, ezindleleni zezilwane nasemigwaqweni. Izingwe zizingela engxenyeni yokuqala yobusuku, ziphuma ihora noma amabili ngaphambi kokushona kwelanga. Babuye baye emgodini wokuchelela emva kokushona kwelanga. Umsebenzi weTwilight ungena emini, ikakhulukazi ngezinsuku zemvula noma zeqhwa.
Okubalulekile! Ingwe yase-Amur inamehlo abukhali kakhulu, lapho ibona khona umuntu ongaba isisulu ebangeni elifinyelela ku-1.5 km. Ukuzwa nephunga akukhuleki kahle, kusiza ukugwema ukuhlangana nomuntu.
Ingwe yaseMpumalanga Ekude, ngokungafani nezihlobo zayo eziseningizimu, ayihlaseli abantu, ikhetha ukuhamba ngokucophelela emva kwabo, ngaphandle kokunikeza ubukhona bayo. Imvamisa, umuntu ubonwa yizingwe ezincane, ilukuluku lazo elilawulwa yiminyaka.
Zihlala isikhathi esingakanani izingwe zama-Amur
Endle, abameleli bezinhlobo abahlali isikhathi eside kakhulu, iminyaka eyi-10-15 kuphela, kepha kabili ubude, kuze kube yiminyaka engama-20, emapaki ezilwane.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
Umehluko wezocansi phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane awukho, ngaphandle kwesakhiwo esikhanyayo sogebhezi kwabesifazane nosayizi wabo omncane uma kuqhathaniswa nowesilisa. Isisindo sowesifazane ngokuvamile sisuka ku-25-42.5 kg.
Indawo yokuhlala
Ingwe yaseMpumalanga Ekude iyimelana kakhulu nesithwathwa cishe kwama-subspecies angaba ngu-30 aziwayo wePanthera pardus, ahlala enyakatho ye-45th parallel. Lapho uhla lwengwe yase-Amur eMpumalanga Ekude lumboza cishe lonke udonga lwaseSikhote-Alin. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, indawo yokwabiwa kwengwe i-Amur yayihlanganisa:
- I-East / North-East China;
- Izifunda zase-Amur nase-Ussuri;
- Inhlonhlo YaseKorea.
Namuhla, isilwane esingajwayelekile sisindile ezweni lakithi (emgqeni ongu-50-60 km ububanzi) kuphela eningizimu-ntshonalanga yePrimorye, futhi, mhlawumbe, kunabantu abambalwa abahlala eChina, bewela ngezikhathi ezithile umngcele waseRussia-China.
Njengezilwane eziningi ezidla ezinye, ingwe yaseMpumalanga Ekude ayihlotshaniswa ngokuqinile nohlobo olulodwa lwendawo yokuhlala, kepha ithanda indawo emangelengele enemithambeka emikhulu yamagquma, lapho kunezindawo ezinamanzi nezindawo ezinamadwala.
Ingwe yase-Amur ivame ukuhlala endaweni enamahlathi angenamahlathi angaconsikiwe, phakathi kwama-oki nemisedari, lapho kutholakala khona ama-ungulates ngobuningi - isisulu saso esiyinhloko.
Okubalulekile! Inkinga ukuthi mancane kakhulu amahlathi anjalo asele ePrimorye. Kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, ngenxa yokubekwa kwemigwaqo emikhulu, ukwakhiwa kwamadolobha nokugawulwa kwemithi okukhulu, uhla lomlando wengwe yaseMpumalanga Ekude lwehlile ngama-40 (!) Times.
Namuhla, ingwe icindezelwe nhlangothi zonke (phakathi komngcele waseChina, ulwandle, izindawo zokuhlala ezungeze iVladivostok kanye nomgwaqo omkhulu waseVladivostok-Khabarovsk, lapho kudlula khona ujantshi) futhi iphoqeleka ukuba yenze nendawo engayodwa engamahektha angama-400. Lokhu ububanzi bayo banamuhla.
Ukudla kwengwe yaseMpumalanga Ekude
Ingwe i-Amur ingumdli wangempela, okudla kwayo, ikakhulukazi okuqukethe ama-ungulates, kwesinye isikhathi kufakwa izinyoni nezinambuzane.
Ingwe izingela umdlalo onjenge:
- izinyamazane ze-roe nezinyamazane ze-musk;
- izingulube ezincane;
- inyamazane yeSika;
- amathole ezinyamazane abomvu;
- ama-hazel grouses nama-pheasants;
- izinja ze-raccoon;
- imbila noManchu hare.
Abanikazi bamapulazi ezinyamazane banobutha nezingwe, lapho izilwane zingena ngezikhathi ezithile, zicoshe izinyamazane zepaki.
Kuyathakazelisa! Isilwane esidala sidinga i-ungulate enkulu enkulu izinsuku eziyi-12-15, kepha kwesinye isikhathi isikhathi esiphakathi kokubamba inyamazane efanelekile siphindeka kabili, kuze kube yizinsuku ezingama-20-25. Isilo safunda ukubekezelela iziteleka zendlala isikhathi eside.
Ingwe ivamise ukuzingela ezindaweni ezikhethiwe zesiza sayo, isebenzisa izindlela ezi-2 ezijwayelekile: ihlasela kumqamekeli noma ifihle isisulu sayo. Indlela yesibili ivame ukusetshenziselwa izinyamazane ze-roe, ukuzifihla lapho zidla noma ziphumula. Kukhona nama-group forays engwe yesifazane enomntwana. Ukulandelela inyamazane yayo, ingwe yakwa-Amur ilandela indawo, icashe ngemuva kokuphakama, ngaphandle kokunyathela amagatsha / amahlamvu omile, futhi inyathela ngokucophelela ezimpandeni nasematsheni avele obala.
Udlula umdlalo ngejezi elibukhali noma ngokugxuma okunamandla okungu-5-6 wamamitha, uwuphonse phansi futhi ulume amathambo omlomo wesibeletho. Ayijahi izilwane isikhathi eside, imise ukujaha uma ziza kude. Ngokuzingela okuphumelelayo, ingwe idonsela isidumbu (ukuyivikela kubaqaphi) iye emifantwini noma ezihlahleni ezinamadwala, isidla izinsuku ezimbalwa.
Emjelweni wengwe, okusanhlamvu kuvame ukutholakala (kufika ku-7.6%), okuchazwa ngamandla abo okususa izinwele emgudwini wokugaya ukudla ongena esiswini lapho ukhotha uboya.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Umkhuba wengwe yaseMpumalanga Ekude uvinjelwe ebusika (ngoDisemba-Januwari). Ngalesi sikhathi, abesilisa babonisa intshisekelo enkulu kwabesifazane abanabantu abadala, cishe amazinyane azimele. Njengawo wonke ama-feline, umqubu uhambisana nokuduma nokulwa kwamadoda (yize ingwe, ithule kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa nebhubesi nengwe, kuyaqabukela ikhulume ngezinye izikhathi).
Amandla okuzala engwe ye-Amur anqunyelwe yizici eziningana ezichaza isithembu sabesilisa:
- owesifazane ukhulelwa isikhathi esingu-1 eminyakeni emi-3 (ngaphansi kaningi ngonyaka);
- kuma-80% wamacala, kuvela amathole ayi-1-2;
- inani elincane labesifazane elikwaziyo ukuzala;
- ukushona okuphezulu kwezilwane ezisencane.
Ezinyangeni ezi-3 ngemuva kokukhwelana okuphumelelayo, insikazi iletha amantshontsho anezinwele ezinde, ngayinye enesisindo esingu-0.5-0.7 kg futhi ingekho ngaphezu kuka-15 cm ubude. Amantshontsho aqala ukubona kahle ngosuku lwesi-7 kuya kwele-9, bese kuthi ngosuku lwesi-12 kuya kwengu-15, amawundlu akhasa ngenkuthalo ngasemgodini ohlelwe yinsikazi emhumeni, ngaphansi kwedwala elengayo noma ngekhefu elinamadwala.
Okubalulekile! Umama ondla amazinyane amancanyana ngobisi kusuka ezinyangeni ezi-3 kuya kwezi-5-6, kepha emasontweni ayisithupha kuya kwesishiyagalombili uqala ukuwondla nge-belching (inyama enesigamu), kancane kancane ayijwayele ukuthi ibe ntsha.
Ngezinyanga ezi-2, izingwe ezincane ziyakhasa ziphuma emgodini, bese kuthi ezinyangeni eziyisishiyagalombili zilandele umama wazo ziyofuna ukudla, zithathe isinqumo ngama-forays azimele anezinyanga eziyi-9-10 ubudala. Izilwane ezincane zihlala nomama wazo kuze kufike i-estrus yakhe elandelayo, zihlangana kuze kuphele ubusika ngamaqembu lapho insikazi izishiya. Baqale bazulazule buqamama nasendaweni okuhlala kuyo, kancane kancane behamba beqhela kulo. Izinsizwa ezisencane zikhombisa ukuzimela ngaphambi kodadewabo, kepha lezi zokugcina zingaphambi kwabazalwane abasakhula. Ukuzala kwabesilisa kuqala cishe eminyakeni engama-2-3.
Izitha zemvelo
Ngaphezu kwakho konke, ingwe yaseMpumalanga Ekude yesaba isihlobo sayo esiseduze nomakhelwane wayo, i-Amur tiger, ethanda ukungazibandakanyi nayo. Womabili la makati ancintisana ngokuqinile endaweni yokuzingela emngceleni osenyakatho webanga, lapho umdlalo uswele khona, futhi ingwe yehlulwa yingwe kule mpi ye-interspecific.
Amacala okuhlaselwa izingwe ngamahlosi ama-Amur abhaliwe, kanti ososayensi bezilwane bahlobanisa ngqo ukufuduka kowokuqala ovela eSouth Sikhote-Alin nokwanda kwenani lamahlosi kulezi zindawo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ihlosi likhulu kunengwe futhi lizingela izilwane ezinkulu, kepha, ngakolunye uhlangothi, lapho kunokushoda kokudla, awunazwelo ngokukhethekile, okuholela ekwandeni komncintiswano wokudla.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi izindebe zezingwe zihlaselwa (kaningi ebusika obulambile) ngamabhere ansundu, zijaha futhi zithathe isisulu sayo. Futhi, ibhere elinsundu, njengelaseHimalaya, lincintisana nengwe yase-Amur befuna umhhume. Kuliqiniso, ingwe iziphindiselela kumabhere aseHimalaya, izingela amawundlu asele engenamama, ihlasela izilwane ezincane (kuze kufike eminyakeni emibili) futhi idla nezidumbu (izidumbu zebhere).
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngokusho kwezazi zezilwane, ngesinye isikhathi usongo olukhulu engxenyeni yaseMpumalanga Ekude lwenziwa yimpisi ebomvu, eyayihlala eningizimu yePrimorsky Krai kwaze kwaba ngawo-1950 nawo-1960.
Impisi, futhi ethanda kakhulu ama-ungulates, ikakhulukazi ama-roe deer, nayo incintisana nokudla kwengwe. Impisi, njengesilwane esinobudlelwano futhi esikhulu, ingadala ingozi yangempela (ikakhulukazi lapho kunezihlahla ezimbalwa khona), kepha ezindaweni lapho kuhlala khona ingwe i-Amur, inani lempisi lincane.
Ngenxa yalokho, asikho nesisodwa isilwane esidlayo (ngaphandle kwengwe yase-Amur) esiphila ndawonye nengwe yaseMpumalanga Ekude esinomthelela omkhulu kubantu baso.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
I-Panthera pardus orientalis (ingwe yaseMpumalanga Ekude) ifakiwe eRed Book of the Russian Federation, lapho ifakwe khona esigabeni I, njengama-subspecies ayivelakancane asengcupheni yokuqothulwa (iningi lawo eliseRussia) elinobubanzi obulinganiselwe ngokweqile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingwe yase-Amur yafakwa emakhasini eRed Book ye-International Union for Conservation of Nature, kanye nakwiSithasiselo I se-Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna / Flora (CITES).
Ngaphandle kokuthi ukuzingela ingwe kwavinjelwa kusukela ngo-1956, ukuzingela ngokungemthetho kuyaqhubeka futhi kubhekwa njengesizathu esikhulu sokuqothulwa kohlobo. Abadliwayo badutshulwa ngezikhumba zabo ezinhle kakhulu, ezithengiswa ngo- $ 500-1000 lilinye, kanye nezitho zangaphakathi ezisetshenziswa emithini yasempumalanga.
Okubalulekile! Izingwe zase-Amur nazo zibulawa ngokungenaluzwela ngabanikazi bamapulazi ezinyamazane, izinyamazane zawo eziba yizisulu zamakati amahle ngezikhathi ezithile. Izingwe ngokwazo zivame ukufela ezingibeni nasezingibeni ezibekelwe abazingeli bezinye izilwane zasehlathini.
Esinye isici se-anthropogenic esivimbela ukulondolozwa kwenani lezingwe zaseMpumalanga Ekude ukubhujiswa kwendawo yalo eningizimu-ntshonalanga yePrimorye, kufaka phakathi:
- ukuncishiswa kwendawo yehlathi ngenxa yokugawulwa kwamahlathi;
- ukwakhiwa kwemigwaqo nojantshi;
- ukwakhiwa kwamapayipi;
- ukuvela kwezakhiwo zokuhlala nezimboni;
- ukwakhiwa kwezinye izakhiwo zengqalasizinda.
Futhi, ukucekelwa phansi kwesisekelo sayo sokudla kuthinta kabi inani lengwe. Ama-ungulates ancipha minyaka yonke, okwenza lula ukuzingela ezemidlalo, ukuzingela ngokungemthetho nokuzingela ehlathini. Kulokhu, yizinyamazane ze-sika kuphela, imfuyo yazo eye yakhula kusukela ngo-1980, ezijabulisayo.
Ama-Zoologists abiza isimo esisodwa sezinjongo ezithinta kabi ikhwalithi yabantu base-Amur - lokhu kuwukuwela eduze. Izingwe (ngenxa yenani elincane labantu abavundile) kufanele zishade nezihlobo zazo zegazi, eziphazamisa amakhono okuzala ezizukulwaneni ezintsha, kunciphisa ukumelana kwazo nezifo nobungqabavu ngokujwayelekile.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngokwezibalo eziqhakazile kakhulu, inani lomhlaba lengwe eseMpumalanga Ekude alidluli izilwane ezingama-40, eziningi zazo ezihlala ePrimorye (cishe ezingama-30) nesincane eChina (ezingekho ngaphezulu kwezili-10).
Njengamanje, ingwe yase-Amur ivikelwe esiqiwini semvelo iLeopardovy kanye naseKedrovaya Pad reserve yemvelo.
