Inqama eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (uhlobo lwePseudois), olubizwa ngokuthi yi-bharal noma i-nakhur ezindaweni zokuhlala, ihlala ezintabeni, cishe lonke elaseChina, kusukela e-Inner Mongolia kuya e-Himalaya. Naphezu kwegama laso, lesi silwane asihlangene nakancane nezimvu noma okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Njengoba ucwaningo lwe-morphological, yokuziphatha nokuziphendulela kwamangqamuzana lukhombisile, lezi zimvu ezinombala ompunga nophaphathekile onsundu empeleni zihlobene kakhulu nezimbuzi zeCopra. Futhi manje okuningi mayelana ne-artiodactyl engaqondakali.
Incazelo ye-nahur
Yize i-nakhura ibizwa ngokuthi yinqama eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ibukeka kakhulu njengembuzi... I-artiodactyl yasentabeni enkulu enekhanda elingaba amasentimitha ayi-115-165, ukuphakama kwehlombe ngamasentimitha angama-75-90, ubude bomsila obungu-10-20, nesisindo somzimba esingu-35-75 kilograms. Abesilisa bangumyalo wobukhulu obukhulu kunabesifazane. Bobabili abesilisa banezimpondo ezibekwe phezulu kwamakhanda abo. Kwabesilisa, zinkulu kakhulu, zikhula ziye phezulu ngendlela egobile, zibuyele emuva kancane. Izimpondo ze-nahur yesilisa zifinyelela kubude obungamasentimitha angama-80. Kuma- "ladies" mancane kakhulu futhi aqondile, futhi akhula aze afike kumasentimitha angama-20 kuphela.
Ukubukeka
Uboya be-bharal buba nombala kusuka ku-grey brown kuya ku-shale blue, yingakho igama elijwayelekile lemvu eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Uboya uqobo bufushane futhi bunzima, isici sentshebe sama-artiodactyl amaningi asikho. Umugqa omnyama utholakala emzimbeni, uhlukanisa ngokubonakalayo umhlane ongaphezulu ohlangothini olumhlophe. Futhi, umucu ofanayo uhlukanisa isifonyo, udlula usuka kulayini wekhala. Umhlane wamathanga ukhanyisiwe, okusele kufiphaziwe, kusondela emthunzini kumnyama.
Indlela yokuphila, isimilo
Izinqama eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka zisebenza kakhulu ekuseni kakhulu, kusihlwa nantambama. Zihlala ikakhulu emihlambini, yize kukhona nabantu abangashadile. Imihlambi ingahle ibe nabesilisa noma abesifazane kuphela abancane. Kukhona nezinhlobo ezixubekile lapho bobabili ubulili bukhona, izigaba zeminyaka yabantu abadala nezingane. Ubukhulu bomhlambi busukela ezimvwini ezimbili eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (imvamisa insikazi nengane yakhe) kuye emakhanda angama-400.
Kodwa-ke, iningi lamaqembu ezimvu linezilwane ezingaba ngu-30. Ehlobo, abesilisa bezinkomo zezindawo ezithile zokuhlala bahlukaniswa nabesifazane. Isikhathi sokuphila kwesilwane iminyaka eyi-11 kuya kwengu-15. Isikhathi sabo sokuhlala emhlabeni sincishiswe kakhulu yizilwane ezidla ezinye, ezingaphikisani nokudla okungalungile. Phakathi kwalezi, ikakhulukazi izimpisi nezingwe. Futhi, ibharal yisisulu esiyinhloko sengwe yeqhwa ethafeni laseTibetan.
I-repertoire yokuziphatha kwezimvu eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka inenhlanganisela yemikhuba yezimbuzi neyezimvu. Amaqembu ahlala emithambekeni engenamithi, ezimfundeni eziphakeme nasezindaweni zezihlahla ezingenhla komugqa wehlathi. Futhi nasemithambekeni ethambile ngotshani, eduze kwamatshe, asebenza njengemizila ebalekayo yokuphuma ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye. Lokhu kukhetha ukwakheka komhlaba kufana nokuziphatha kwezimbuzi, ezihlala zihlala emithambekeni nasemadwaleni amatshe. Izimvu zithanda amagquma amnene ambozwe ngotshani nama-sedges, kepha imvamisa angaphansi kwamamitha angama-200 amawa, angakhuphuka ngokushesha abaleke izidlozi.
Kuyathakazelisa!Ukufihla okuhle kakhulu kombala kuvumela isilwane ukuba sicathame futhi sihlangane nezingxenye zezwe ukuze zinganakwa. Izimvu eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka zigijima kuphela uma umhlaseli eziqaphele ngokunembile.
Izimvu eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (P.schaeferi) zihlala emithambekeni eyomile, eyomile, engenalutho yeYangtze River Gorge (2600-3200 metres ngaphezu kolwandle). Ngaphezulu kwale mithambeka, indawo yehlathi inwebeka ngamamitha ayi-1000 kuze kufike emadlelweni e-alpine, lapho kunamazinga aphindwe kayishumi awo. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi wuhlobo lwezimpondo olukhombisa izinga lempilo yesilwane nendawo yokuhlala. Izimvu "ezinenhlanhla" kakhulu zinezimpondo ezijiyile futhi ezinde.
Ngokubekezelela okunamandla ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu zemvelo, izimvu eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka zingatholakala ezindaweni ezisukela kokushisayo futhi ezomile kuya emakhazeni, ezinomoya neqhwa, ezisendaweni ephakeme ngaphansi kwamamitha ayi-1200 kuye kumamitha ayi-5300. Izimvu zisatshalaliswa ethafeni laseTibetan, nasezintabeni ezingomakhelwane neziseduze. Indawo okuhlala kuyo izimvu eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ifaka phakathi iTibet, izindawo zasePakistan, India, Nepal neBhutan, ezisemngceleni weTibet, kanye nezingxenye zezifundazwe zaseChina iXinjiang, Gansu, Sichuan, Yunnan naseNingxia.
Imvu encane eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ihlala emaweni, emithambekeni eyomile yoMfula iYangtze, endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angu-2 600 kuya ku-3 200... Itholakala enyakatho, eningizimu nasentshonalanga neBatan County eKham (esifundazweni saseSichuan). INahur ejwayelekile nayo ihlala kulesi sifunda, kepha ihlala emadlelweni alpine ezindaweni eziphakeme kunabameleli abancane. Ingqikithi yamamitha ayi-1 000 endawo yehlathi ihlukanisa lezi zinhlobo ezimbili.
Bangaki abahlala nakhur
I-Bharal ifinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi inonyaka owodwa nohhafu. Ukukhwelana kwenzeka phakathi kuka-Okthoba noJanuwari. Ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-160 zokukhulelwa, insikazi ivame ukuzala iwundlu elilodwa, elilunyulwa ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ngemuva kokuzalwa. Isikhathi sokuphila senqama eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka singaba yiminyaka eyi-12-15.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
Izimvu eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka zine-dimorphism ebonakalayo yezocansi. Abesilisa bayi-oda lobukhulu obukhulu kunabesifazane, umehluko wesisindo ojwayelekile usukela kuma-20 kuye kuma-30 kilograms. Owesilisa unesisindo sobude obungamakhilogremu angama-60-75, kanti abesifazane abakwazi ukufika ku-45. Abesilisa abadala banezimpondo ezinhle, kunalokho ezinkulu, ezembuliwe (ezingaphezu kwamasentimitha angama-50 ubude nesisindo esingamakhilogremu ayi-7-9), kanti kwabesifazane zincane kakhulu.
Abesilisa abanazo izintshebe, amaqhuqhuva emadolweni, noma iphunga lomzimba elinamandla elitholakala kwezinye izimvu eziningi. Zinomsila oyisicaba, obanzi ongenalutho olungenalutho lwangaphakathi, ukumakwa okugqamile emilenzeni yazo yangaphambili, nezinselo ezinkulu ezinjengezimbuzi. Izifundo zesimanje ezisuselwa ekuhlaziyweni kokuziphatha kanye ne-chromosomal kufakazele ukuthi zinkulu kakhulu zohlobo lwembuzi kunezimvu.
Indawo yokuhlala
Lezi zinhlobo zitholakala eBhutan, eChina (eGansu, emngceleni weNingxia-Inner Mongolia, Qinghai, Sichuan, Tibet, eningizimu-mpumalanga yeXinjiang nasenyakatho neYunnan), enyakatho yeNdiya, enyakatho yeMyanmar, eNepal, nasenyakatho yePakistan. Imithombo eminingi isho ukuthi lolu hlobo lukhona eTajikistan (Grubb 2005), kepha kuze kube muva nje bekungekho bufakazi balokhu.
Le taxon ihlala ijwayelekile kakhulu ezigabeni zayo ezinkulu ngaphesheya kweThebetan Plateau eChina. Lapha, ukusatshalaliswa kwayo kuvela entshonalanga yeTibet, eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeXinjiang, lapho ezintabeni ezisemngceleni osentshonalanga ye-Aru Ko, kunabantu abambalwa abaya ngasempumalanga kuso sonke isifunda esizimele. Isimo siyefana naseningizimu yeXinjiang, ngasentabeni yaseKunlun naseArjun.
Izimvu eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka zitholakala ezingxenyeni eziningi zezintaba ezisentshonalanga naseningizimu yeQinghai empumalanga yeSichuan nasenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeYunnan, kanye nasezindaweni eziseduze naseKilian nasezifundeni ezihlobene neGansu.
Kuyathakazelisa!Izinga lasempumalanga lokusatshalaliswa kwalo kwamanje libukeka ligxile eHelan Shan, akha umngcele osentshonalanga weSifunda Esizimele SaseNingxia Hui (esine-Inner Mongolia).
INahur itholakala enyakatho neBhutan, ebangeni elingaphezu kwamamitha angu-4000-400 ngaphezu kolwandle... Izinqama eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka zisatshalaliswa kabanzi kuyo yonke indawo esenyakatho yeHimalaya nezindawo ezizungezile zaseNdiya, yize ubukhulu bokusatshalaliswa empumalanga komngcele osenyakatho we-Arunachal Pradesh kusaziwa. Zithandwa kakhulu ezindaweni eziningi zase-East Ladakh (iJammu neKashmir), kanye nezingxenye zeSpiti kanye neParvati Valley engenhla, enyakatho ye-Himachal Pradesh.
Izimvu eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ziyaziwa ukuthi zitholakala eGovind Pashu Vihar Wildlife Sanctuary naseNandaDevi National Park, kanye naseBadrinath (Uttar Pradesh), emithambekeni yeHangsen Dzonga Massif (Sikkim) nasempumalanga ye-Arunachal Pradesh.
Muva nje, ukutholakala kwalezi zimvu kuqinisekisiwe ekhoneni elisenyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Arunachal Pradesh, eduze komngcele neBhutan neChina. ENepal, zisatshalaliswa ngokushesha enyakatho yeGreat Himalaya zisuka emngceleni neNdiya neTibet enyakatho-ntshonalanga ekude, empumalanga ngeDolpo naseMustang ziye esifundeni saseGorkha enyakatho maphakathi neNepal. Indawo enkulu yokwabiwa kwezimvu eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka isePakistan, futhi ifaka phakathi isigodi esiphezulu seGujerab nesifunda saseGilgit, kufaka phakathi ingxenye yeKhunjerab National Park.
Ukudla Okuluhlaza Okwesibhakabhaka
I-Bharal idla utshani, ubulembu, izitshalo eziqinile ezibusayo kanye nobulembu.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Izimvu eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka zifinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi phakathi konyaka owodwa kuya kwemibili, kepha iningi labesilisa alikwazi ukuba ngabasizi abagcwele bomhlambi kuze kube yiminyaka eyisikhombisa. Isikhathi sokukhwelana nokuzalwa kwezimvu siyehluka kuye ngemikhawulo yendawo okuhlala kuyo isilwane. Ngokuvamile, izimvu eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka zitholakala ngokukhwelana ebusika futhi zizala ehlobo. Impumelelo yokuzala incike ezimeni sezulu kanye nokutholakala kokudla. Isikhathi sokumitha se-bharala sezinsuku eziyi-160. Owesifazane ngamunye okhulelwe unengane eyodwa. Inzalo ilunyulwa isinezinyanga eziyisithupha ubudala.
Izitha zemvelo
I-Bharal yisilwane esizihlalela sodwa noma sihlala ngamaqembu abantu abangu-20-40, imvamisa abobulili obufanayo. Lezi zilwane ziyasebenza emini, zichitha isikhathi sazo esiningi zondla futhi ziphumule. Ngenxa yokupenda kwayo okuhle kakhulu, i-nahur ingakwazi ukucasha lapho isitha sisondela futhi sihlala singaziwa.
Izilwane eziyinhloko ezizingelayo yizingwe zase-Amur nezingwe ezivamile. Amawundlu kaNahura angaba isisulu sezilwane ezincane kakhulu njengezimpungushe, izimpisi, noma izinkozi ezibomvu.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isimo esihlobene namathuba okuqothulwa kwezimvu eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka sichazwa njengesiyingozi kakhulu ohlwini olubomvu lwe-IUCN lwango-2003... I-Bharal ivikelwe e-China futhi ibhalwe kuHlelo III lwe-1972 ye-Wildlife Protection Act. Usayizi wesibalo sabantu usukela ku-47,000 kuye ku-414,000 artiodactyls.
Kuyathakazelisa!Imvu eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ihlukaniswa njengeyisengozini enkulu kuLuhlu Olubomvu lwe-IUCN lwango-2003 futhi ivikelwe ngaphansi kwemithetho yaseSichuan. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ngo-1997 sekusele cishe izimvu ezingama-200 zemifino.
Ukwehla kwesibalo sezimvu eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuncike kakhulu ezikhathini zokuzingela. Kusukela ngeminyaka yama-1960 kuya kowe-80s, eziningi zalezi zimvu zacekelwa phansi ezokuhweba esifundazweni saseQinghai eChina. Cishe i-100,000-200,000 kilograms yenyama eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka yaseQinghai yayithunyelwa minyaka yonke ezimakethe zokunethezeka eYurophu, ikakhulukazi eJalimane. Ukuzingela, lapho izivakashi zakwamanye amazwe zazibulala khona abesilisa abavuthiwe, kwathonya kakhulu ukwakheka kweminyaka yabantu abathile. Kodwa-ke, izimvu eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka zisasakazekile futhi zinabantu abaningi kwezinye izindawo.
