Incazelo elula kunazo zonke enganikezwa izibankwa yonke inesikhumba esivela ku-suborder yezilwane ezihuquzelayo, ngaphandle kwezinyoka.
Incazelo yezibankwa
Kanye nezinyoka, izihlobo zabo eziseduze futhi ngasikhathi sinye inzalo, izibankwa zakha umugqa ohlukile wokuziphendukela ezihuquzelayo... Izibankwa nezinyoka kuyingxenye yohlelo lwe-squamata ngenxa yesikali (kusuka esikalini saseLatin "isikali") esimboza imizimba yazo kusukela embundwini kuya ekugcineni kwomsila. Izibankwa ngokwazo, ezashintsha igama langaphambilini lesiLatin elithi Sauria laba yiLacertilia, zimelela amaqembu ahlukahlukene ahlukahlukene, ahlanganiswe umkhuba ofanayo - ukunciphisa noma ukulahlekelwa ngokuphelele kwezitho.
Cishe zonke izibankwa zinamajwabu amehlo agudlukayo, ukuvuleka okubonakalayo kwemisele yokuhlola yangaphandle kanye namabili ama-limbs, kepha ngenxa yokuthi lezi zimpawu kungenzeka ukuthi azikho, izazi ze-herpetologists zikhetha ukugxila kuzici zesakhiwo sangaphakathi. Ngakho-ke, zonke izibankwa (kufaka phakathi ezingenamile) zigcina okungenani iziqalo zebhande le-sternum nehlombe, ezingekho ezinyokeni.
Ukubukeka
Akukho ukufana ngaphandle kwezibankwa, ngaphandle kombala wangemuva womzimba, owenzelwe ukufihla isilwane esihuquzelayo phakathi kwezwe laso lendabuko. Iningi lezibankwa lipendwe ngombala oluhlaza okotshani, ompunga, onsundu, omnqumo, owesihlabathi noma omnyama, onobuhle bayo buphiliswa ngemihlobiso ehlukahlukene (amabala, amabala, ama-rhombus, imivimbo emide / enqamulelayo).
Kukhona nezibankwa eziphawuleka kakhulu - inhloko eyindilinga eyindilinga enomlomo obomvu klebhu, i-agama enentshebe, ama-motley (aphuzi no-orenji) amadragoni andizayo. Ubukhulu bezikali buyehluka (kusuka kokuncane kuya kokukhulu), kanye nendlela ezibekwa ngayo emzimbeni: ukugqagqana, njengophahla olunamathayili, noma emuva emuva, njengethayela. Kwesinye isikhathi izikali ziguquka zibe ama-spikes noma ama-ridges.
Kwezinye izilwane ezihuquzelayo, njengezinkamba, isikhumba sithatha amandla akhethekile adalwe ama-osteoderms, amapuleti amathambo atholakala ngaphakathi kwezikali ze-horny. Imihlathi yezibankwa inamazinyo, kanti kwezinye izinhlobo, amazinyo aze akhule emathanjeni e-palatine.
Kuyathakazelisa! Izindlela zokulungisa amazinyo emgodini womlomo ziyahlukahluka. Amazinyo ePleurodont ashintshwa ngezikhathi ezithile ngakho-ke ahlala ohlangothini lwangaphakathi lwethambo olubuthaka, ngokungafani ne-acrodontic, engashintshi futhi exutshwe ngokuphelele nethambo.
Izinhlobo ezintathu kuphela zezibankwa ezinamazinyo e-acrodont - lawa ngama-amphisbens (ama-walkers amabili), ama-agamas kanye no-chameleon. Izitho zezilwane ezihuquzelayo nazo zihlelwe ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene, okungenxa yendlela yazo yokuphila, ezivumelaniswa nohlobo oluthile lobuso bomhlaba. Ezinhlotsheni eziningi ezikhuphukayo, ama-geckos, ama-anoles, nezingxenye zezinkinobho, ingaphansi lezinzwane liguqulwa libe yiphedi enama-bristles (ukuphuma okufana nezinwele kwe-epidermis). Sibonga kubo, isirhubuluzi sibambelela ngokuqinile kunoma iyiphi indawo eqondile bese sikhasa ngokushesha sibheke phansi.
Indlela yokuphila, isimilo
Izintwala kakhulu ziphila impilo yasemhlabeni, zingazingcwaba esihlabathini (amakhanda ayindilinga), zikhase ezihlahleni / ezihlahleni zize zihlale lapho, ngezikhathi ezithile ziqala ukundiza ngokundiza. Ama-geckos (hhayi wonke) nama-agama angahamba kalula ezindaweni eziphakeme futhi avame ukuhlala emadwaleni.
Ezinye izinhlobo ezinomzimba ohlangene nokungabikho kwamehlo kuye kwajwayela ukuba khona emhlabathini, ezinye, ngokwesibonelo, isibankwa solwandle, zithanda amanzi, ngakho-ke zihlala ogwini futhi zivame ukuziqabula olwandle.
Ezinye izilwane ezihuquzelayo ziyasebenza ngezikhathi zasemini, okwesibili (imvamisa nomfundi ohlukaniswe ngezinqa) - kusihlwa nasebusuku. Abanye abantu bayakwazi ukushintsha umbala / ukukhanya kwabo ngenxa yokuhlakazeka noma ukugxila kombala kuma-melanophores, amangqamuzana esikhumba esikhethekile.
Kuyathakazelisa! Izibankwa eziningi zigcine "iso lesithathu" le-parietal elizuzwe kokhokho: alikwazi ukubona isimo, kepha lihlukanisa phakathi kobumnyama nokukhanya. Iso elisesihlokweni sekhanda liyazwela ekukhanyeni kwe-ultraviolet, lilawula amahora okuchayeka elangeni nakwezinye izinhlobo zokuziphatha.
Ngokuphikisana nenkolelo evamile yokuthi izilonda eziningi zinobuthi, zimbili kuphela izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezihlobene eduze ezivela emndenini onamazinyo ezinekhono elinjalo - i-escorpion (Heloderma horridum), ehlala eMexico, nendawo yokuhlala (Heloderma suspectum), ehlala eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-United States. Zonke izibankwa zichitha ngezikhathi ezithile, zivuselela ungqimba olungaphandle lwesikhumba sazo.
Izitho zomqondo
Amehlo ezihuquzelayo, kuye ngohlobo, akhula kancane noma kancane: zonke izibankwa ezisebenza ngamehlo zinamehlo amakhulu, kanti izinhlobo ezigoqayo zincane, ziyawohloka futhi zimbozwe izikali. Eziningi zinejwabu leso lesikhumba elinokugudluka (elingezansi), kwesinye isikhathi libe ne "windi" elisobala elihlala endaweni enkulu yejwabu leso, elikhula libe semaphethelweni aphezulu esweni (ngenxa yalokhu libona sengathi kungilazi).
Kuyathakazelisa! Amanye ama-geckos, ama-skinks kanye nezinye izibankwa "zinezibuko" ezinjalo, ukubukeka kwazo okunganqamuki kufana nenyoka. Izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinejwabu leso elihambayo ziba nejwabu leso lesithathu, ulwelwesi olucabangayo, olubukeka njengefilimu esobala ehamba ngapha nangapha.
Lezo zibankwa ezinezikhala zemigudu yokuzwa yangaphandle enezingqimba ze-tympanic zibamba amaza omsindo ngemvamisa ka-400-1500 Hz... Abanye, abanezikhala ezingasebenzi (ezivalekile noma ezinyamalale ngokuphelele) ukuvuleka kokuzwa babona imisindo imbi kakhulu kunezihlobo zabo "ezivezwe".
Iqhaza elibalulekile empilweni yezibankwa lidlalwa ngomzimba kaJacobsonia ophambi kolwanga futhi oqukethe amakamelo ama-2 axhunywe emgodini womlomo yizimbobo ezimbili. Isitho sikaJacobson sikhomba ukwakheka kwento engena emlonyeni noma esemoyeni. Ulimi oluqhamukayo lusebenza njengomlamuli, ondlebe yakhe isilwane esihuquzelayo sihambela isitho sakwaJacobsonian, esenzelwe ukunquma ukusondela kokudla noma ingozi. Ukusabela kwesibankwa kuncike ngokuphelele esinqumweni esidluliswe isitho sikaJacobson.
Zingaki izibankwa ezihlala
Imvelo ibhekane ngokungenasihawu nezinhlobo ezithile zezilwane ezihuquzelayo (imvamisa ezincane), iqeda impilo yazo ngemuva nje kokubeka amaqanda. Izibankwa ezinkulu zihlala iminyaka eyishumi noma ngaphezulu. Irekhodi lokuphila isikhathi eside ekuthunjweni lisethwe, ngokusho komnikazi walo, ngesipikili esintekenteke (i-Anguis fragilis), isibankwa esinyawo olungamanga esagcina iminyaka engama-54.
Kepha lokhu kuvela ukuthi akuwona umkhawulo - uSphenodon punctatus, okuwukuphela komele uhlelo lwe-beakheads lasendulo, olwaziwa nge-tuatara, noma i-tuatara, uphila ngokwesilinganiso seminyaka engama-60. Lezi zibankwa (ezingafika ku-0.8 m ubude no-1.3 kg ngesisindo) zihlala eziqhingini eziningana eNew Zealand futhi, ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle, zigubha iminyaka eyikhulu. Abanye abakwa-herpetologists bayaqiniseka ukuthi ama-tuatar aphila isikhathi esiphindwe kabili, cishe iminyaka engama-200.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
Isici esiyinhloko sabesilisa yi-hemipenis, izitho zokubhangqa ezibhangqene ezitholakala phansi komsila ezinhlangothini zombili ze-anus. Lezi yizakhiwo eziyizigaxa ezisebenza ekukhulelweni kwangaphakathi kwabesifazane ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, okwazi ukuphuma ngaphakathi noma ukuhlehlisa ngesikhathi esifanele, njengeminwe kumagilavu.
Izinhlobo zezibankwa
Izinsalela ezindala kakhulu zalezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo zibuyela emuva kuLate Jurassic (cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-160 edlule)... Ezinye izinhlobo ezingasekho zazinkulu ngosayizi, ngokwesibonelo, i-mosasaurs enkulu kunazo zonke, isihlobo sezibankwa zanamuhla zokuqapha, yayinobude obufinyelela kumamitha ayi-11.5. AmaMosasaurs ayehlala emanzini asogwini lweplanethi yethu eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-85 edlule. Incane kancane kuneMosasaurus kwakuyiMegalania, engasekho ePleistocene, eyayiphila eminyakeni eyi-1 million edlule e-Australia futhi yakhula yafika kumamitha ayisithupha.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngokwe-The Reptile Database, i-reptile taxonomic database, njengamanje kunezinhlobo eziyizi-6,515 ezaziwayo zezibankwa (ezikhona manje ngo-Okthoba 2018).
Okuncane kunakho konke igecko eneminwe eyindilinga (i-Sphaerodactylus elegans) ehlala eWest Indies, ubude bayo bungu-3.3 cm nobunzima obungu-1 g. IKomodos iqapha isibankwa (Varanus komodoensis), ihlala e-Indonesia futhi ikhula ize ifike kumamitha amathathu enesisindo esingu-135 kg.
Indawo yokuhlala
Izibankwa sezizinze kuyo yonke iplanethi, ngaphandle kwase-Antarctica. Bahlala kuwo wonke amazwekazi, ezweni lase-Eurasia elifinyelela e-Arctic Circle, kuleyo ngxenye lapho isimo sezulu sithanjiswa khona yimisinga yolwandle efudumele.
Izibankwa zitholakala ezindaweni eziphakemeyo ezahlukene - ngaphansi kogu lolwandle, ngokwesibonelo, eDeath Valley (eCalifornia) futhi ziphakeme ngokuqinile, cishe 5.5 km ngaphezulu kogu lolwandle (iHimalaya). Izilwane ezihuquzelayo ziye zajwayela ukuhlala nezindawo ezahlukahlukene zezindawo - amajukujuku asogwini, izingwadule, izingwadule, amathafa, amahlathi, izintaba, amahlathi, amadwala nezigodi ezimanzi.
Ukudla kwe-lizard
Cishe zonke izinhlobo zezilwane zidla inyama. Izibankwa ezincane neziphakathi nendawo zidla ngokungenamgogodla izinambuzane: izinambuzane, ama-molluscs, ama-arachnids nezikelemu.
Izilwane ezinwabuzelayo ezinkulu, eziqapha ngempela (qapha isibankwa ne-tegu) zidla amaqanda ezinyoni nezilwane ezihuquzelayo, futhi futhi zizingela ama-vertebrate:
- izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane;
- izibankwa;
- izinyoni;
- inyoka;
- amaxoxo.
I-Komodo monitor lizard (Varanus komodoensis), eyaziwa njengesibankwa esikhulu kunazo zonke zesimanjemanje, ayinqikazi ukuhlasela inyamazane ehlaba umxhwele njengezingulube zasendle, izinyamazane nezinyathi zase-Asiatic.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ezinye zezinhlobo ezidlayo zihlukaniswa njengama-stenophages ngenxa yobuchwepheshe bawo obuncane bokudla. Isibonelo, iMoloch (Moloch horridus) idla izintuthwane kuphela, kuyilapho i-skink-tongued skink (Hemisphaeriodon gerrardii) izingela kuphela izinhlanzi ezisemhlabeni.
Phakathi kwezibankwa, kukhona nezinhlobo ezidla ngokuphelele (amanye ama-agama, ama-skinks nama-iguana), ahlala ngokuqinile ekudleni kwezitshalo kwamahlumela amancane, ama-inflorescence, izithelo namaqabunga. Kwesinye isikhathi ukudla kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo kuyashintsha njengoba zikhula: izilwane ezisencane zidla izinambuzane, nabantu abadala - ezimileni.
Izibankwa ezenza omnivorous (ama-agama amaningi kanye nama-skinks amakhulu) zisendaweni ezuzisa kakhulu, zidla ukudla kwezilwane nezitshalo... Isibonelo, ama-geckos adla izinambuzane aqeda izinambuzane ajabulisa uginindela onamanzi kanye nempova / umpe ngenjabulo. Ngisho naphakathi kwezilwane ezidla ezinye, ukuqapha izibankwa, kukhona izihlubuki (Grey monitor lizard, emerald monitor lizard), ngezikhathi ezithile zishintshela izithelo.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Izibankwa zinezinhlobo ezintathu zokuzala (i-oviposition, i-ovoviviparity nokuzalwa okuphilayo), yize ekuqaleni kubhekwa njengezilwane ezi-oviparous inzalo yazo eqanduselwa emaqandeni amboziwe akhula ngaphandle komzimba womama. Izinhlobo eziningi zenze i-ovoviviparity, lapho amaqanda angakhuli kakhulu ngamagobolondo ahlala emzimbeni (ama-oviducts) abesifazane kuze kuzalwe abasha.
Okubalulekile! Izikhumba zohlobo lweMabuya kuphela zaseNingizimu Melika ezi-viviparous, ezinamaqanda amancane (angenazo izikhupha) akhula ezindaweni zamaqanda ngenxa yomsoco odlula ku-placenta. Ezilondeni, lesi sitho esisembundwini sinanyathiselwe odongeni lwe-oviduct ukuze izitsha zikamama ne-fetus zivaleke, futhi umbungu ungathola ngokukhululeka ukondleka / umoya-mpilo egazini likamama.
Inani lamaqanda / lamathole (kuya ngohlobo lwenhlobo) liyahlukahluka kuye kokunye kuye ku-40-50. Ama-skink nezinhlobo eziningana zama-geckos asezindaweni ezishisayo zaseMelika "azala" izinyane elilodwa, yize izizukulwane zamanye ama-geckos zinezizukulwane ezimbili.
Ukuvuthwa ngokocansi kwezibankwa kuvame ukuhambisana nosayizi wazo: ezinhlotsheni ezincane, ukuzala kwenzeka kuze kube unyaka owodwa, ezinhlotsheni ezinkulu - ngemuva kweminyaka embalwa.
Izitha zemvelo
Izibankwa, ikakhulukazi ezincane nezincane, zizama njalo ukubamba izilwane ezinkulu - umhlaba nezilwane ezinamaphiko, kanye nezinyoka eziningi. Indlela yokuzivikela yezinkalakatha eziningi yaziwa kabanzi, okubukeka njengokuphonsa emuva umsila wayo, okuphazamisa ukunakwa kwezitha.
Kuyathakazelisa! Lesi simo, kungenzeka ngenxa yengxenye emaphakathi engafakwanga i-ossified ye-caudal vertebrae (ngaphandle kwalabo abasondele esiqwini), ibizwa nge-autotomy. Ngemuva kwalokho, umsila uvuselelwa kabusha.
Uhlobo ngalunye lwakha amaqhinga alo okugwema ukushayisana okuqondile, ngokwesibonelo, ikhanda eliyindilinga elinezinqe, uma lingakwazi ukuzitshekela, liyethusa. Isibankwa sisakaza imilenze sihlikihle umzimba, sikhukhumale, ngasikhathi sinye sivule umlomo waso uvuleke kakhulu, ulwelwesi lwaso lwamafinyila lubomvu njengegazi futhi lubomvu. Uma isitha singasuki, ikhanda eliyindilinga lingagxuma lize lisebenzise amazinyo alo.
Ezinye izibankwa nazo zimi endaweni esongelayo lapho zibhekene nengozi ezayo. Ngakho-ke, iChlamydosaurus kingii (isibankwa esithosiwe sase-Australia) ivula umlomo wayo ngokucijile, ngasikhathi sinye iphakamisa ukhololo ogqamile owenziwe yigoqo lentamo ebanzi. Kulokhu, izitha zesatshwa ngumphumela wokumangala.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Ngenxa yenani elikhulu lezinhlobo, sizogxila kuphela kulabo abafakwe eRed Book laseRussia:
- isibankwa esiphakathi - imidiya yeLacerta;
- isibankwa Przewalski - Eremias przewalskii;
- Ukuqothuka kweMpumalanga Ekude - I-Eumeces latiscutatus;
- ugebhezi ompunga - uCyrtopodion russowi;
- isibankwa barbura - Eremias argus barbouri;
- Isigcilikisha esibucayi - I-Alsophylax pipiens.
Esimweni esiyingozi kakhulu ensimini yeRussian Federation kune-gecko empunga, enendawo yokuhlala e-st. Starogladkovskaya (Chechen Republic). Naphezu kwesibalo esiphezulu emhlabeni, ezweni lakithi ngemuva kowe-1935 akukho sithotho sikampunga esatholakala.
Kuyathakazelisa! Akuvamile eRussia nase-barbury isifo samatele nomlomo, yize kunenqwaba yamaphuzu athile: ngase-Ivolginsk (Buryatia) ngo-1971, endaweni eyi-10 * 200 m, kwabalwa abantu abayi-15. Lezi zinhlobo zivikelwe eDaursky State Reserve.
Abantu baseMpumalanga Ekude bayacwila esiqhingini. I-Kunashir ingabantu abayizinkulungwane eziningana. Umhlobo lo uvikelekile eKuril Nature Reserve, kodwana iindawo ezinesibalo esiphezulu sezibankwa zingaphandle kwesigodlo. Esifundeni sase-Astrakhan, inani lama-geckos anciphisayo lehlile. Imilenze kaPrzewalski itholakala ngokungajwayelekile eRussian Federation, ikakhulukazi emaphethelweni ebanga. Izibankwa ezimaphakathi nazo zimbalwa ngenani, abantu bazo oLwandle Olumnyama abahlupheka ngokweqile ngokuzijabulisa.
