I-sauropod diplodocus enkulu, eyayihlala eNyakatho Melika eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-154-152 edlule, iyaqashelwa, naphezu kobukhulu bayo, idayinaso elula kunazo zonke ngokwesilinganiso sobude besisindo.
Incazelo yediplodocus
IDiplodocus (idiplodocus, noma ama-dioeses) ayingxenye ye-infraorder sauropod enkulu, emele omunye wohlu lwama-dinosaurs ama-dinosaur, igama lawo elinikezwe isazi sezinto zakudala u-Otniel C. Marsh (USA). Leli gama lihlanganise amagama amabili esiGreki - διπλόος "double" kanye ne-δοκός "beam / beam" - okukhombisa ukwakheka okuthakazelisayo komsila, onamathambo aphakathi nendawo aphela ngezinqubo ezibhangqiwe ezijikelezayo.
Ukubukeka
IJurassic Diplodocus inamagama amaningi angafanelekile... Lona (ngemilenze yalo enamandla, intambo evulekile nomsila omncane) libhekwa njengelinye lama-dinosaurs abonakala kalula, mhlawumbe elide kunazo zonke ezake zatholakala, kanye nedinosaur enkulu kunazo zonke etholakale emathanjeni aphelele.
Isakhiwo somzimba
IDiplodocus ibinento ephawulekayo - amathambo angenalutho omsila nentamo, okusize ukunciphisa umthwalo ohlelweni lwe-musculoskeletal. Intamo yayiqukethe ama-vertebrae ayi-15 (ngesimo semishayo ephindwe kabili), okwathi, ngokusho kwezazi ze-paleontologists, zagcwala amasaka omoya axhumanayo.
Kuyathakazelisa! Umsila ohlukaniswe ngokungalingani wawuhlanganisa ama-vertebrae angenalutho angama-80: acishe aphindwe kabili kunamanye ama-sauropods. Umsila awusebenzisanga nje kuphela njengesisindo esiphikisayo entanyeni ende, kepha ubusetshenziswa nasekuvikeleni.
Izinqubo eziphindwe kabili ze-spinous, ezinikeze idiplodocus igama layo elejwayelekile, ngasikhathi sinye yaxhasa umsila futhi yavikela imithambo yayo yegazi ekucindezelweni. Ngo-1990, kwatholakala imidwebo yesikhumba yediplodocus, lapho, phezu kwesiswebhu somsila, izazi ze-paleontologists zabona imisipha (efana nokukhula kwama-iguana), mhlawumbe nayo egijima emuva / entanyeni futhi ifinyelela kumasentimitha ayi-18. IDiplodocus yayinezitho ezinemilenze emihlanu (ezangemuva zinde kunezangaphambili) ezinamazipho amancane amafushane afaka umqhele wangaphakathi.
Ukuma kwekhanda nokwakheka
Njengama-dinosaurs amaningi, inhloko ye-diplodocus yayincane ngokuhlekisayo futhi iqukethe udaba lobuchopho olwanele ukusinda. Ukuphela kokuvuleka kwamakhala kwakungafani (nokungafani namabili abhangqiwe) hhayi ekugcineni kwesifonyo, njengezinye izilwane, kepha engxenyeni engenhla yogebhezi phambi kwamehlo. Amazinyo afana nezikhonkwane ezincanyana ayetholakala kuphela esifundeni sangaphakathi sendawo yomlomo.
Okubalulekile! Eminyakeni embalwa eyedlule, imininingwane enelukuluku yavela emakhasini e-Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology ukuthi inhloko yediplodocus yashintsha ukucushwa njengoba ikhula.
Isisekelo sesiphetho kwakuwucwaningo olwenziwa ngogebhezi lwe-diplodocus encane (evela eCarnegie Museum of Natural History), eyatholakala ngo-1921. Ngokusho komunye wabaphenyi, uD. Whitlock (University of Michigan), amehlo alo muntu ayemakhulu futhi isifonyo sasisincane kuneso se-diplodocus yabantu abadala, nokho, ejwayelekile cishe kuzo zonke izilwane.
Ososayensi bamangala ngomunye - ukwakheka kwekhanda okungalindelekile, okwabonakala kucijile, hhayi isikwele, njenge-diplodocus eqinile. Njengoba uJeffrey Wilson, omunye wababhali bephepha elishicilelwe ku-Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, esho, "Kuze kube manje, besicabanga ukuthi i-diplodocus yentsha ibinezingulube ezifanayo ncamashi nezihlobo zabo ezindala."
Ubukhulu beDiplodocus
Ngenxa yezibalo zikaDavid Gillette, ezenziwe ngo-1991, idiplodocus ekuqaleni yayibalwa phakathi kwe-colossi yangempela kaJurassic ongasekho... UGillette uphakamise ukuthi izilwane ezinkulu kakhulu zikhule zafika kumamitha angama-54, zathola isisindo samathani ayi-113. Maye, izinombolo kuvele ukuthi ziyiphutha ngenxa yenombolo ekhonjiswe ngokungalungile yama-vertebrae.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ubukhulu bangempela be-diplodocus, bususelwa emiphumeleni yocwaningo lwesimanje, bubukeka bunesizotha - kusuka ku-27 kuye kuma-35 m ubude (lapho inani elikhulu lalibalwa ngomsila nentamo), kanye namathani ayi-10-20 noma ama-20-80 osisindo, kuya ngendlela incazelo.
Kukholakala ukuthi isifanekiso esikhona nesigcinwe kahle kakhulu seDiplodocus carnegii sasilinganisa amathani ayi-10-16 ngobude bomzimba obungamamitha angama-25.
Indlela yokuphila, isimilo
Ngo-1970, umhlaba wezesayensi wavuma ukuthi wonke ama-sauropods, kufaka phakathi iDiplodocus, ayizilwane zasemhlabeni: ngaphambili kwakucatshangwa ukuthi idiplodocus (ngenxa yokuvuleka kwamakhala phezulu kwekhanda) yayihlala endaweni yasemanzini. Ngo-1951, le mbono yaphikiswa ngusosayensi wezimbali waseBrithani uKenneth A. Kermak, owafakazela ukuthi i-sauropod yayingakwazi ukuphefumula lapho itshuza ngenxa yengcindezi eyayibonakala emanzini esifubeni.
Futhi, imibono yangaphambilini mayelana nokuma kwe-diplodocus, ekhonjiswe ekwakhiweni kabusha okudumile kuka-Oliver Hay ngezinqa ezeluliwe (njengezibankwa), nayo iguqukile. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi idiplodocus idinga umsele ngaphansi kwesisu sayo esikhulu ukuze ihambe ngempumelelo futhi ihudule njalo umsila wayo phansi.
Kuyathakazelisa! IDiplodocus ibivame ukudonswa ngamakhanda nezintamo zabo zibambelele phezulu, okuvele ukuthi kungamanga - lokhu kuvele kube yimodeli yamakhompiyutha, ekhombisa ukuthi indawo ejwayelekile yentamo yayingemi mpo, kepha yayiqondile.
Kutholakale ukuthi idiplodocus ihlukanise amathambo omgogodla, osekelwa yimigqa eboshiwe, ngenxa yokuthi ihambisa ikhanda layo ngakwesobunxele nangakwesokudla, hhayi phezulu naphezulu, njenge-dinosaur enama-vertebrae angadalwanga. Lolu cwaningo luqinisekise isiphetho esenziwe ngaphambili ngudokotela wezimbali uKent Stevens (University of Oregon), osebenzise ubuchwepheshe bedijithali ukwakha kabusha / ukubona ngeso lengqondo amathambo e-diplodocus. Ubuye waqinisekisa ukuthi ukwakheka kwentamo kweDiplodocus bekufanele ukunyakaza kwakhe phansi / kwesokudla, kepha hhayi phezulu.
IDiplodocus enkulu futhi esindayo, emi ezinyaweni ezine zezinsika, yayihamba kancane kakhulu, ngoba ngasikhathi sinye yayingaphakamisa umlenze owodwa phansi (laba abathathu abasele basekela isibilini esikhulu). Izazi ze-paleontologists zibuye zaphakamisa ukuthi izinzwani ze-sauropod zaphakanyiswa kancane emhlabathini ukunciphisa ukuncipha kwemisipha lapho zihamba. Umzimba we-diplodocus, ngokusobala, wawuthambekele kancane phambili, owawuchazwa ubude obuphakeme bemilenze yangemuva.
Ngokuya ngemikhondo yeqembu, ososayensi banqume ukuthi idiplodocus ilandele indlela yokuphila yomhlambi.
Isikhathi sokuphila
Ngokombono wezazi ezithile ze-paleontologists, isikhathi se-diplodocus sasiseduze neminyaka engama-200-250.
Izinhlobo zeDiplodocus
Manje kunezinhlobo eziningana ezaziwayo zohlobo lweDiplodocus, zonke okuyizidalwa ezidla imfuyo:
- IDiplodocus longus iyinhlobo yokuqala etholakalayo;
- I-Diplodocus carnegii - Kuchazwe ngo-1901 nguJohn Hetcher, owaqamba lolu hlobo ngo-Andrew Carnegie. Lolu hlobo ludume ngamathambo alo acishe aphelele, alotshwa iminyuziyamu eminingi yaphesheya;
- IDiplodocus hayi - uhlaka lwamathambo ayingxenye atholakala ngo-1902 eWyoming, kepha achazwa kuphela ngo-1924;
- IDiplodocus hallorum - Kuqala kuchazwe ngephutha ngo-1991 nguDavid Gillette ngaphansi kwegama elithi "seismosaurus".
Zonke izinhlobo zohlobo lweDiplodocus (ngaphandle kwesokugcina) zahlukaniswa esikhathini esisukela ku-1878 kuya ku-1924.
Umlando wokutholwa
Izinsalela zokuqala zediplodocus zibuyela emuva ngonyaka we-1877, ngenxa yemizamo kaBenjamin Mogge noSamuel Williston, abathola i-vertebrae ngaseCanon City (eColorado, e-USA). Ngonyaka olandelayo, lesi silwane esingaziwa sachazwa nguprofesa wase-Yale University u-Othniel Charles Marsh, enikeza lolu hlobo igama elithi Diplodocus longus. Ucezu oluphakathi lomsila lwahlukaniswa nge-vertebrae engavamile, ngenxa yokuthi i-diplodocus yathola igama layo lamanje "i-double beam".
Kamuva, amathambo ayingxenye (ngaphandle kogebhezi) atholakala ngo-1899, kanye nogebhezi olutholwe ngo-1883, kwathiwa yohlobo lweDiplodocus longus. Kusukela lapho, izazi ze-paleontologists ziye zathola kaninginingi izinsalela ze-diplodocus, kufaka phakathi izinhlobo ezahlukene, edume kakhulu (ngenxa yobuqotho bamathambo) kwakunguDiplodocus carnegii, eyatholakala ngo-1899 nguJacob Wortman. Lesi sibonelo, esingamamitha angama-25 ubude futhi sinesisindo esingamathani ayi-15, sathola isidlaliso esithi Dippy.
Kuyathakazelisa! UDippy uphindiwe emhlabeni wonke ngenxa yamakhophi ayi-10 abekwe eminyuziyamu emikhulu emikhulu, kubandakanya neZoological Museum eSt. U-Andrew Kornegie wethule ngo-1910 ikhophi "ye-Russian" ye-Diplodocus kuTsar Nicholas II.
Izinsalela zokuqala zeDiplodocus hallorum zatholakala ngo-1979 endaweni yaseNew Mexico futhi zaphanjaniswa nguDavid Gillette ngamathambo e-seismosaur. I-specimen, eyayiqukethe amathambo anezicucu ze-vertebrae, izimbambo kanye ne-pelvis, yachazwa ngephutha ngo-1991 njenge-Seismosaurus Halli. Futhi kuphela ngo-2004, engqungqutheleni yaminyaka yonke yeGeological Society of America, lesi seismosaur sahlukaniswa njenge-diplodocus. Ngo-2006, uD. Longus walinganiswa no-D. hallorum.
Amathambo “amasha sha” atholakala ngo-2009 eduzane nedolobha iTen Slip (Wyoming) ngamadodana ka-paleontologist uRaymond Albersdorfer. Ukumbiwa kwe-diplodocus, ebizwa nge-Misty (okufushane ngokuthi okuyimfihlakalo "kokungaqondakali"), kwaholwa yiDinosauria International, LLC.
Kuthathe amasonto ayi-9 ukukhipha izinsalela, ngemuva kwalokho zathunyelwa elabhorethri emaphakathi ukuze kucutshungulwe izinsalela, eziseNetherlands. Ngemuva kwalokho amathambo, aqoqwe kusuka ku-40% wamathambo okuqala ediplodocus encane, eyi-17 m ubude, athunyelwa e-England ukuyofakwa endalini eSummers Place (West Sussex). NgoNovemba 27, 2013, uMisty wathengwa ngo- £ 488,000 yiNatural History Museum yaseDenmark e-University of Copenhagen.
Indawo yokuhlala
IDiplodocus ibiphila ngesikhathi sokuphela kweJurassic lapho iNyakatho Melika yanamuhla manje, ikakhulukazi engxenyeni yayo esentshonalanga... Babehlala emahlathini asezindaweni ezishisayo anenqwaba yezimila ezingasetshenziswa.
Ukudla kweDiplodocus
Umbono wokuthi idiplodocus ikhiphe amaqabunga ezihlokweni zezihlahla icwile esikhathini esedlule: ngokukhula okungafika kumamitha ayi-10 nentamo enwetshiwe ngokuvundlile, abakwazanga ukufinyelela phezulu (ngaphezulu kwamamitha ayi-10) amahlumela otshani, bezikhawulela phakathi naphansi.
Kuliqiniso, abanye ososayensi bayaqiniseka ukuthi izilwane zinqume amahlamvu aphezulu hhayi kakhulu ngenxa yentamo, kepha kunalokho ngenxa yezicubu ezinamandla zangemuva, ezenze ukuthi kukwazi ukuphakamisa imilenze yangaphambili emhlabathini, incike emilenzeni yangemuva. IDiplodocus idle ngokwehlukile kunamanye ama-sauropods: lokhu kufakazelwa yikuhleleka okufana nekama kwamazinyo amise okwekhonkwane, kugxilwe ekuqaleni komhlathi, nokugqoka kwawo okukhethekile.
Kuyathakazelisa! Imihlathi ebuthakathaka namazinyo esikhonkwane kwakungakulungele ukuhlafunwa ngokuphelele. Izazi ze-paleontologists zikholelwa ukuthi bekunzima nge-diplodocus ukukha amaqabunga, kepha kulula ukukama izitshalo ezingaphansi.
Futhi, ukudla kwe-diplodocus kufaka:
- amafern fern / amahlumela;
- izinaliti / izigaxa zama-conifers;
- izimila zasolwandle;
- ama-molluscs amancane (afakwe ulwelwe).
Amatshe e-Gastrolith asiza ekugayeni nasekugayeni izimila ezimangelengele.
Abamele abancane nabadala bohlobo abancintisananga lapho bekhetha ukudla, njengoba bedla izingxenye ezahlukahlukene zezitshalo.
Kungakho intsha yayinezifinyizo zomlomo ezincane, kuyilapho abangane bayo abadala babeyisikwele. IDiplodocus encane, ngenxa yombono obanzi, ihlale ithola ama-tidbits.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Cishe, idiplodocus yesifazane yabeka amaqanda (ngalinye linebhola likanobhutshuzwayo) emigodini engajulile eyayimba emphethweni wehlathi lemvula. Ngemuva kokwenza i-clutch, waphonsa amaqanda ngesihlabathi / ngomhlabathi futhi wasusa ngokuthula, okungukuthi, waziphatha njengofudu lwasolwandle oluvamile.
Kodwa-ke, ngokungafani nenzalo yofudu, i-diplodocus esanda kuzalwa yaphuthuma hhayi emanzini asindisayo, kodwa ezindaweni ezishisayo ukuze icashe ezilwaneni eziyingozi ezihlahleni eziminyene. Ukubona isitha esingahle sibe khona, amawundlu afriza futhi ahlangana cishe nezihlahla.
Kuyathakazelisa! Kusukela ekuhlaziyweni komlando wezicubu zethambo, kwacaca ukuthi i-diplodocus, njengamanye ama-sauropods, ikhula ngesivinini esisheshayo, ithola ithani eli-1 ngonyaka futhi ifinyelele ekuzaleni ngemuva kweminyaka eyishumi.
Izitha zemvelo
Ubukhulu obuqinile beDiplodocus bukhuthaze ukukhathazeka kubantu bakhona abadlayo, u-Allosaurus noCeratosaurus, izinsalela zawo ezitholwe ezingxenyeni ezifanayo njengamathambo eDiplodocus. Kodwa-ke, la ma-dinosaurs adla kakhulu, okungenzeka ukuthi ama-ornitholestes ajoyine kuwo, ayezingela njalo amawundlu e-diplodocus. Abasha babephephe kuphela emhlambini weDiplodocus yabantu abadala.
Kuzothakazelisa futhi:
- I-Spinosaurus (lat. I-spinosaurus)
- IVelociraptor (lat. Velociraptor)
- I-Stegosaurus (isi-Latin Stegosaurus)
- I-Tarbosaurus (lat. Tarbosaurus)
Njengoba lesi silwane sikhula, inani lezitha zalo zangaphandle lancipha kancane kancane.... Akumangalisi ukuthi ekupheleni kwesikhathi seJurassic, i-diplodocus yaba namandla phakathi kwama-dinosaurs adlayo. IDiplodocus, njengama-dinosaurs amaningi amakhulu, yanyamalala ekupheleni kweJurassic, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-150 edlule. n. Izizathu zokuqothulwa kohlobo zingaba ukushintsha kwemvelo ezindaweni ezihlala kuzo, ukwehla kokutholakala kokudla, noma ukuvela kwezinhlobo ezintsha zezilwane ezidla izilwane ezisencane.
