I-Arapaima iyinsalela yangempela yokuphila, inhlanzi eneminyaka efanayo nama-dinosaurs. Lesi sidalwa esimangalisayo esihlala emifuleni nasemachibini aseNingizimu Melika sithathwa njengenye yezinhlanzi ezinkulu kakhulu zamanzi angenasawoti emhlabeni: ngabantu abathile be-beluga kuphela abangadlula ubukhulu be-arapaima.
Incazelo ye-arapaima
I-Arapaima iyinhlanzi yamanzi angenasawoti etholakala ezindaweni ezishisayo... Ungowomndeni wakwa-Aravana, nawo, ongowase-Aravana. I-Arapaima gigas - yilokho kanye igama layo lesayensi elizwakala linje. Futhi le fossil ephilayo inezici eziningi ezihlukile.
Ukubukeka
I-Arapaima ingenye yezinhlanzi ezinkulu kakhulu zasemanzini angenasawoti: imvamisa ikhula ize ifike kumamitha amabili, kepha abanye babamele lolu hlobo bangafinyelela kumamitha amathathu ubude. Futhi, uma ukholwa ubufakazi bofakazi bokuzibonela, khona-ke kukhona nama-arapaim afinyelela kumamitha angu-4.6 ubude. Isisindo somfanekiso omkhulu kakhulu obanjiwe sasingu-200 kg. Umzimba wale nhlanzi uhlanganisiwe, ucwecwe kancane ngasikhathi sinye futhi unamathela ngokuqinile enhlokweni encane evulekile.
Ukhakhayi lunokumiswa okuthe ngcí phezulu, amehlo agudliselwa engxenyeni engezansi yesifonyo, umlomo awumkhulu kakhulu futhi utholakala uphakeme ngokuqhathaniswa. Umsila unamandla futhi unamandla, ngenxa yawo, inhlanzi iyakwazi ukwenza ukuphonsa okunamandla, okushesha njengombani futhi iyasiza futhi ukuthi igxume iphume emanzini, ijaha inyamazane. Izikali ezimboze umzimba zinemidwebo eminingana ngesakhiwo, zikhulu kakhulu futhi zenziwe ngemidwebo. Amapuleti amathambo amboza ikhanda lenhlanzi.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngenxa yesikali sayo esiyingqayizivele, esinamandla amakhulu, anamandla aphindwe kayishumi kunethambo ngamandla, i-arapaima ingahlala emachibini afanayo nama-piranhas, angazami nokuyihlasela, ngaphandle kokuzilimaza.
Amaphiko we-pectoral yale nhlanzi atholakala aphansi kakhulu: cishe eduze kwesisu. Amaphiko emhlane nangendunu mude ngokwedluleleko begodu abonakala atjhidiselwa emsileni ngokwawo. Ngenxa yalolu lungiselelo, kwakhiwa uhlobo lwesigwedlo, esinikeza ukushesha kwenhlanzi lapho ishesha ukuyodla.
Ingxenye engaphambili yomzimba walesi sinsalela esiphilayo inombala onsundu womnqumo onombala ompunga. Eduze kwamaphiko angabhangwanga, umbala womnqumo ugeleza ubushelelezi, futhi ezingeni lomsila kuba bomvu bumnyama. Umsila ucishiwe ngomngcele obanzi, omnyama. Ama-operculum nawo angaba nombala obomvu. I-dimorphism yezocansi kulezi zinhlanzi ivezwe kahle: owesilisa unomzimba omncane futhi ukhanya ngombala. Futhi ngabantu abasha kuphela, ngaphandle kobulili babo, abanombala ofanayo, hhayi okhanyayo kakhulu.
Ukuziphatha, indlela yokuphila
I-Arapaima izama ukunamathela kwimpilo ephansi, kepha futhi ingazingela eduze nendawo yedamu. Le nhlanzi enkulu ihlala ifuna ukudla, ngakho-ke, kuyaqabukela kungenzeka ukuthi ikubone kunganyakazi: ngaphandle kokuthi ngesikhathi sokulandela umkhondo wezilwane noma ukuphumula okufishane. I-Arapaima, ngenxa yomsila wayo onamandla, iyakwazi ukweqa ukuphuma emanzini ibude bayo bonke, okungukuthi, ngo-2-3, futhi mhlawumbe ngamamitha ama-4. Uvame ukwenza lokhu lapho ejaha inyamazane yakhe, ezama ukundizela kude naye noma abaleke ngamagatsha akhula kancane esihlahleni.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ubuso bepharynx nokubhukuda esinyeni esimangalisayo kugcwele uxinano oluminyene lwemithambo yegazi, futhi ekwakhekeni kwayo kufana namaseli, okwenza ifane ngesakhiwo nezicubu zamaphaphu.
Ngakho-ke, i-pharynx nokubhukuda esinyeni kule nhlanzi nakho kwenza imisebenzi yesinye isitho sokuphefumula. Ngenxa yabo, i-arapaima ingaphefumula umoya osemkhathini, omsiza ukuthi aphile isomiso.
Lapho amadamu egcina ukujula, abhoboza udaka olumanzi noma isihlabathi, kepha ngasikhathi sinye sikhuphukela phezulu njalo emizuzwini embalwa ukuze siphefumule umoya, ngaphezu kwalokho, ikwenza ngomsindo ukuthi imisindo evela ekuphefumuleni kwayo okukhulu ihanjiswa kude esifundeni sonke. Akunakwenzeka ukubiza i-arapaima ngenhlanzi yokuhlobisa i-aquarium, noma kunjalo, ivame ukugcinwa ekuthunjweni, lapho, yize ingakhuli ibe ngosayizi omkhulu kakhulu, ingafinyelela kubude obungu-50-150 cm.
Le nhlanzi ivame ukugcinwa ema-zoo nasemanzini.... Ukugcina ekuthunjweni akulula kakhulu, uma nje kungenxa yokuthi udinga i-aquarium enkulu nokunakekelwa okushisa okunethezekile. Ngemuva kwakho konke, ukwehlisa izinga lokushisa kwamanzi noma ngama-2-3 degrees kungaholela emiphumeleni emibi kakhulu yenhlanzi enjalo ethanda ukushisa. Yize kunjalo, i-arapaima igcinwa ngisho nangabanye abasemanzini be-amateur, abathi, empeleni, bakwazi ukubenzela izimo ezifanele zokuphila kuyo.
Uhlala isikhathi esingakanani i-arapaima
Ayikho idatha ethembekile yokuthi imidondoshiya enjalo ihlala isikhathi esingakanani ezimweni zemvelo. Ngokucabanga ukuthi emanzini, izinhlanzi ezinjalo, ngokuya ngezimo zokuphila nezinga lokunakekelwa kwazo, zihlala iminyaka eyi-10-20, kungacatshangwa ukuthi endaweni yazo yemvelo zihlala okungenani iminyaka eyi-8-10, ngaphandle kokuthi, zibanjwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi abadobi enetheni noma kwi-harpoon.
Indawo yokuhlala
Le nsali ephilayo ihlala e-Amazon, emazweni anjengePeru, i-Ecuador, iColombia, iVenezuela, iFrench Guiana, iSuriname, iGuyana neBrazil. Futhi, lolu hlobo lwalunabantu bokuzenzela emachibini aseThailand naseMalaysia.
Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, le nhlanzi incamela ukuhlala emifuleni nasemachibini agcwele uhlaza lwasemanzini, kepha iyatholakala nakwezinye izindawo ezinamanzi afudumele, izinga lokushisa kwawo lisuka kuma- + 25 kuye ku- + 29 degrees.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngesikhathi semvula, i-arapaima inomkhuba wokuthuthela emahlathini agcwele izikhukhula, futhi ngenkathi kuqala isikhathi esomile, ibuyela emuva emifuleni nasemachibini.
Uma, ngokuqala kwesomiso, kungenzeki ukubuyela echibini labo lendabuko, i-arapaima isinda ngalesi sikhathi emachibini amancane ahlala maphakathi nehlathi ngemuva kokuba amanzi ebohlile. Ngakho-ke, emuva emfuleni noma echibini, uma enenhlanhla yokuphila esikhathini esomile, inhlanzi ibuya kuphela emva kwenkathi yemvula elandelayo, lapho amanzi eqala ukwehla futhi.
Ukudla kuka-Arapaima
I-Arapaima iyisidlakela esiyingozi futhi esinobungozi, iningi lokudla kwalo okuqukethe izinhlanzi ezincane naphakathi nendawo. Kepha ngeke aphuthelwe yithuba lokuzingela izilwane ezincelisayo nezinyoni ezihleli emagatsheni esihlahla noma ukwehlela emfuleni noma echibini ukuphuza.
Abantu abasha balezi zinhlobo ngokuvamile bahlukaniswa nokuziphatha okubi ngokweqile ekudleni futhi badle konke: izinhlanzi ezinesilinganiso esiphakathi, izibungu nezinambuzane ezindala, izinyoka ezincane, izinyoni ezincane noma izilwane, ngisho nezidumbu.
Kuyathakazelisa!"Isitsha" esiyintandokazi sika-Arapaima yisihlobo sayo esikude, i-Aravana, naso esinge-oda le-Aravana.
Ekuthunjweni, lezi zinhlanzi zondliwa kakhulu ngokudla kwamaprotheni: zibondla ngokusika izinhlanzi zasolwandle noma izinhlanzi zasemanzini, inyama yenkukhu, inyama yenkomo, kanye nezimbungulu nama-amphibians. Ngokucabanga ukuthi endaweni yazo engokwemvelo i-arapaima ichitha isikhathi esiningi iphishekela inyamazane, izinhlanzi ezincane zethulwa emanzini lapho zihlala khona. Abantu abadala bondla ngale ndlela kanye ngosuku, kepha izingane kufanele zondliwe kathathu, kungabi ngaphansi. Uma ukondla kubambezelekile, ama-arapaim asekhulile angaqala ukuzingela izinhlanzi ezihlala e-aquarium efanayo naye.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Abesifazane bangazala kuphela ngemuva kokufika eminyakeni yobudala eyi-5 nosayizi okungenani wemitha elilodwa nohhafu... Ngokwemvelo, ukuzala ku-arapaima kwenzeka ngasekupheleni kobusika noma ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo: cishe, ngoFebhuwari-Mashi. Ngasikhathi sinye, insikazi ilungisa isidleke sokubekela amaqanda kusengaphambili, nangaphambi kokuzala. Ngalezi zinhloso, ukhetha idamu elingashoni futhi elifudumele elinesihlabathi esingezansi, lapho kungekho khona nhlobo noma kungabonakali kangako. Lapho, ezansi, umba umgodi ububanzi obungu-50 kuya ku-80 cm nobubanzi obungu-15 kuya ku-20 cm, lapho kamuva, ubuya nowesilisa, abeke amaqanda amakhulu ngosayizi.
Cishe emva kwezinsuku ezimbili, amaqanda aqhuma futhi gazinga kuphuma kuwo. Sonke lesi sikhathi, kusukela ekubekeni amaqanda kowesifazane kuze kube ngumzuzu lapho izingane zizimela, owesilisa useduze nenzalo yakhe: uyamvikela, uyamnakekela, uyamnakekela futhi aze amphakele. Kepha insikazi nayo ayiyi kude: iyaqapha isidleke, ihambele kude nayo hhayi ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-10-15.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ekuqaleni, gazinga kuhlala eduze kwesilisa: badla ngisho nangento emhlophe, efihliwe yizindlala eziseduze kwamehlo akhe. Ngenxa yephunga laso elithile, yona le nto futhi isebenza njengohlobo lwe-arapaim encane, okwenza ukuthosa lapho kufanele babhukude khona ukuze bangalahlekelwa ngoyise.
Ekuqaleni, i-fry ikhula ngokushesha futhi izuze isisindo kahle: ngokwesilinganiso, ikhula ngo-5 cm ngenyanga bese ifaka amagremu ayi-100. Amafry aqala ukuhola impilo yokudla kungakapheli isonto bezelwe, futhi ngasikhathi sinye bayazimela. Ekuqaleni, beqala ukuzingela, badla ama-plankton nezinambuzane ezincane ezingenamgogodla, futhi kamuva kuphela badlulela ezinhlanzini ezisezingeni eliphakathi kanye nezinye izilwane "ezindala".
Noma kunjalo, izinhlanzi ezindala ziyaqhubeka nokunakekela inzalo yazo ezinye izinyanga ezintathu. Mhlawumbe lokhu kunakekelwa, okungajwayelekile kwezinye izinhlanzi, kuchazwa iqiniso lokuthi ukuthosa kwama-arapaim abazi ukuphefumula umoya osemkhathini kuze kube seminyakeni ethile, futhi abazali babo babafundisa kamuva.
Izitha zemvelo
Endaweni yazo engokwemvelo, i-arapaima cishe ayinazo izitha, ngoba ngisho nama-piranha awakwazi ukuluma ngezikali zayo ezinamandla ngokumangazayo. Kunobufakazi obungaziwa ukuthi ama-alligator kwesinye isikhathi azingela lezi zinhlanzi, kepha lokhu, ngokusho kwama-akhawunti ofakazi bokuzibonela, kuyivelakancane kakhulu.
Inani lokuhweba
I-Arapaima ibithathwa njengokudla okuyisisekelo kwamaNdiya ase-Amazonia amakhulu eminyaka.... Ngombala ocebile obomvu-o-orange wenyama yale nhlanzi kanye nokumakwa okubomvu esikalini sawo, abomdabu baseNingizimu Melika bayiqamba ngokuthi "piraruka", okusho ukuthi "izinhlanzi ezibomvu" futhi leli gama lesibili nalo labelwa i-arapaima kamuva.
Kuyathakazelisa! AmaNdiya, emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka adlule, athuthukise indlela yawo yokubamba i-arapaima: njengomthetho, balandela inyamazane yabo ngomsindo wayo futhi nomsindo omkhulu wokuhogela, ngemuva kwalokho bashaya inhlanzi ngohagelo noma bababamba ngamanetha.
Inyama ye-Arapaima ithathwa njengemnandi futhi enomsoco, futhi amathambo ayo asasetshenziswa emithini yendabuko yamaNdiya. Zibuye zisetshenziselwe ukwenza izitsha, futhi kufakwa izinzipho ngezikali zale nhlanzi, ezidingeka kakhulu kubavakashi bakwamanye amazwe emakethe yezikhumbuzo zasendaweni. Inyama yale nhlanzi isabhekwa njengebalulekile futhi inenani elikhulu. Futhi inani laso ezimakethe eziseNingizimu Melika liphakeme ngokungaguquki. Kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi ngisho nokuvinjelwa okusemthethweni kokudoba kwezinye izifunda akukwenzi i-arapaima ibe yisisulu esingabalulekile futhi esingathandeki kubadobi bendawo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Ngenxa yokudoba okuhlelekile, ngaphezu kwalokho, ikakhulukazi ngokusetshenziswa kwamanetha, inani le-arapaima liqhubeke ngokuncipha eminyakeni eyikhulu eyedlule, futhi lokhu kunjalo ikakhulukazi kubantu abakhulu be-arapaima, ababezingelwa ngenhloso, ngoba inhlanzi enkulu kangako yayihlale ibhekwa njengomhawu ukubamba. Njengamanje, ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi e-Amazon, manje sekuyivelakancane kakhulu ukuthola isifanekiso salolu hlobo olungaphezu kwamamitha amabili ubude. Kwezinye izindawo zobubanzi, ukudoba kwenqatshelwe, kepha lokhu akuvimbeli abazingeli abazingeli ngokungemthetho kanye namaNdiya endawo ekubambeni i-arapaima: phela abokuqala bakhangwa yile nhlanzi ngentengo ephezulu yenyama yayo, kanti laba bakamuva benza into efanayo okhokho babo abayenza amakhulu amaningi eminyaka, i-arapaima ibilokhu iyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yokudla.
Kuzothakazelisa futhi:
- Ama-mudskippers
- I-Goblin shark, noma i-goblin shark
- Ama-Stingray (lat. Batomorphi)
- I-Monkfish (ama-anglers)
Abanye abalimi baseBrazil, abafisa ukukhulisa inani lalezi zinhlanzi futhi bathole imvume esemthethweni yalokhu, bakhe indlela yokuzalanisa lolu hlobo ekuthunjweni. Ngemuva kwalokho, babamba izinhlanzi ezindala endaweni yabo yemvelo, futhi, lapho bezithuthela emachibini okufakelwa, baqala ukuzala i-arapaima ekuthunjweni, emachibini okuzenzela nasemadamu. Ngakho-ke, abantu abakhathazekile ngokulondolozwa kwalolu hlobo oluyingqayizivele lwezinhlobo zokuthi ekugcineni bagcwalise imakethe ngenyama eboshiwe ye-arapaim futhi, ngaleyo ndlela, banciphise ukubamba kwabo emadamini emvelo, lapho lezi zinhlanzi sezihlale khona izigidi zeminyaka.
Okubalulekile! Ngenxa yokuthi alukho ulwazi ngenani lalezi zinhlobo nokuthi liyancipha noma cha, i-IUCN ayikwazi ngisho nokuhlukanisa i-arapaima njengezilwane ezivikelwe. Le nhlanzi njengamanje inikezwe Isimo Esinganele sedatha.
I-Arapaima isidalwa esimangalisayo se-relic esisindile kuze kube namuhla... Ngenxa yokuthi endaweni yasendle ayinazo izitha, ngaphandle kokuhlaselwa okukude izinhlanzi ze-alligator, kungabonakala sengathi lolu hlobo kufanele luphumelele. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yesidingo senyama ye-arapaim, inani labo lihlala lincipha njalo. Izishoshovu zamalungelo ezilwane zithatha zonke izindlela zokugcina le fossil ephilayo, ebisikhona izigidi eziningi zeminyaka, futhi ngaphandle kwalokho, le nhlanzi kudala izama ukuzala ekuthunjweni. Futhi yisikhathi kuphela esizosho ukuthi le mizamo izophumelela yini nokuthi, ngenxa yabo, kuzokwazi ukulondolozwa ama-arapaim endaweni yawo yemvelo.
