ERussia, lezi zinyoni zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi izinkozi zasolwandle, ngenxa yokunamathela kwazo ogwini nasemabhodini wamanzi. Kulapha lapho ukhozi olunomsila omhlophe luthola inyamazane yalo enkulu, inhlanzi.
Incazelo yokhozi olunemisila emhlophe
I-Haliaeetus albicilla (ukhozi olunomsila omhlophe) ingeyohlobo lwezinkozi zasolwandle, ezifakwe emndenini we-hawk. Ukubukeka nokuziphatha kokhozi olunemisila emhlophe (eyaziwa ngokuthi mpunga e-Ukraine) kufana kakhulu nesihlobo salo saseMelika uHaliaeetus leucocephalus, ukhozi olunempandla. Kwamanye ama-ornithologists, ukufana kwalezi zinhlobo ezimbili kuye kwaba isisekelo sokuhlangana kwazo zibe yinduna eyodwa.
Ukubukeka
Inyoni enkulu edla inyama eyakha kakhulu enemilenze eqinile, izidladla zayo (ngokungafani nokhozi olusegolide, okhozi olunomsila omhlophe oluqhathaniswa naye njalo) azimboziwe ngezimpaphe kuze kufike ezinzwaneni. Izidladla zihlome ngozipho obukhali obugobile bokubamba nokubamba umdlalo, inyoni ewudabula ngonya ngomlomo oqinile omise okwegwegwe. Ukhozi olukhulile olunomsila omhlophe lukhula lube yi-0.7-1 m enesisindo esingu-5-7 kg nesipiko samaphiko angu-2-2.5 m. Lathola igama laso emsileni omfushane omise okwesigejane, opendwe mhlophe futhi uqhathanisa nesizinda somzimba esijwayelekile esinsundu.
Kuyathakazelisa! Izinyoni ezincane zihlala zimnyama ukwedlula abantu abadala, zinomlomo omnyama ompunga, irises amnyama nemisila, izindawo ezinde esiswini kanye nephethini lemabula engxenyeni engenhla yomsila. Nge-molt ngayinye, intsha iya ngokuya ifana nezihlobo ezindala, ithola ukubukeka komuntu omdala ngemuva kokuthomba, okwenzeka kungakapheli iminyaka emihlanu, futhi kwesinye isikhathi noma kamuva.
Impaphe ensundu yamaphiko nomzimba ikhanya ngaphesheya ngasekhanda, ithola umbala ophuzi noma omhlophe. U-Orlana kwesinye isikhathi ubizwa ngamehlo egolide ngenxa yamehlo akhe aphuzi aphuzi ahlabayo. Imilenze, njengoqhwaku olunamandla, nayo inombala ophuzi okhanyayo.
Indlela yokuphila, isimilo
Ukhozi olunemisila emhlophe lubonwa njengesilwane esidala esinezimpaphe sesine kunazo zonke eYurophu, kusale kuphela inqe elingu-griffon, inqe elinentshebe nelimnyama phambili. Izinkozi zithandana zodwa futhi, zakha umbhangqwana, amashumi eminyaka zihlala endaweni eyodwa enebanga elingafika kumakhilomitha angama-25-80, lapho zakha khona izidleke eziqinile, zizingele futhi zixoshe abantu besizwe sazo. Izinkozi ezinemisila emhlophe azimi emcimbini namachwane azo, ziwathumela zisuka endlini kayise ngokushesha nje lapho evuka ephikweni.
Okubalulekile! Ngokusho kukaButurlin, izinkozi ngokuvamile ziyefana nezinkozi futhi zifana kancane nezinkozi zegolide, kepha zangaphandle ngaphandle kwezangaphakathi: imikhuba nendlela yazo yokuphila yehlukile. Ukhozi luhlobene nokhozi olusagolide hhayi nje kuphela nge-tarsus enqunu (zinezimpaphe okhozini), kodwa futhi nangobukhulu obukhethekile ebusweni obungaphakathi beminwe, obusiza ukugcina isisulu esishelelayo.
Ebuka ubuso bamanzi, ukhozi olunomsila omhlophe lubheka izinhlanzi ukuze lucwile ngokushesha kulo, kube sengathi luzicosha ngezinyawo zalo. Uma inhlanzi ijulile, umhlaseli ungena ngaphansi kwamanzi isikhashana, kodwa akwanele ukuthi angalawulwa futhi afe.
Izindaba zokuthi izinhlanzi ezinkulu ziyakwazi ukudonsa ukhozi ngaphansi kwamanzi, ngokusho kweButurlin, inganekwane engenzi lutho.... Kukhona abadobi abathi babona uzipho lwokhozi olukhule lwaba ngemuva kwenyoni ebanjiwe.
Lokhu, impela, akunakwenzeka - inyoni nganoma yisiphi isikhathi imahhala ukukhulula ukubamba kwayo, idedele i-sturgeon bese isuka. Ukundiza kokhozi akuyona into ekhangayo futhi engajahi njengaleyo yokhozi noma ukhozi. Ngokwesizinda sabo, ukhozi lubukeka lusinda kakhulu, lwehlukile kunokhozi ngokuqonde nangokuphaphatheka, ngamaphiko.
Ukhozi olunemisila emhlophe luvame ukusebenzisa amaphiko alo abanzi, lusabalale lubheke phezulu, ukuze lukwazi ukonga amandla, ngosizo lwamagagasi omoya anyukayo. Lapho luhlala emagatsheni, ukhozi ngaphezu kwakho konke lufana nenqe nekhanda lalo elinciphayo nezimpaphe ezigobekile. Uma ukholwa ukuthi usosayensi odumile waseSoviet uBoris Veprintsev, oqoqe umtapo wolwazi oqinile wamazwi ezinyoni, ukhozi olunomsila omhlophe lubonakala ngokumemeza okuphezulu "kli-kli-kli ..." noma "kyak-kyak-kyak ...". Ukhozi olukhathazekile lushintshela ekukhaleni okufushane okufana ne-metallic creak, into efana ne- "kick-kick ..." noma "kick-kick ...".
Uhlala isikhathi esingakanani ukhozi olunomsila omhlophe
Ekuthunjweni, izinyoni ziphila isikhathi eside kakhulu kunasendle, zihlala iminyaka engama-40 noma ngaphezulu. Ukhozi olunomsila omhlophe luhlala endaweni yalo yemvelo iminyaka engama-25-27.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
Abesifazane nabesilisa abahlukile kangako kumbala wezimpaphe njengosayizi: abesifazane babukeka bebakhulu futhi besinda kunabesilisa. Uma lesi sakamuva sinesisindo esingu-5-5.5 kg, esokuqala sizuza kufika ku-7 kg wesisindo.
Indawo yokuhlala
Uma ubheka uhla lwase-Eurasian lwokhozi olunomsila omhlophe, lusuka eScandinavia naseDenmark luye e-Elbe Valley, lubambe iCzech Republic, iSlovakia neHungary, lusuka ePeninsula yaseBalkan luye e-Anadyr naseKamchatka, lusakazekele olwandle lwasePacific lwe-East Asia.
Engxenyeni yalo esenyakatho, ibanga ligudla ugu lwaseNorway (kuze kufike ku-70th parallel), ngasenyakatho neKola Peninsula, eningizimu yeKinin naseTyan tundra, ngasogwini oluseningizimu neYamal, kudlulela eGydan Peninsula kuze kufike ku-70th parallel, bese kuya emlonyeni weYenisei nasePyasina (eTaimyr), ukushada phakathi kwezigodi zaseKhatanga neLena (kuze kufike ku-73rd parallel) futhi kuphele eduze nomthambeka oseningizimu we-Chukotka ridge.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukhozi olunomsila omhlophe luyatholakala ezifundeni eziseningizimu:
- I-Asia Minor neGrisi;
- inyakatho ye-Iraq ne-Iran;
- izindawo ezingezansi ze-Amu Darya;
- izindawo ezingezansi ze-Alakol, Ili ne-Zaisan;
- enyakatho-mpumalanga yeChina;
- enyakatho yeMongolia;
- Inhlonhlo YaseKorea.
Ukhozi olunomsila omhlophe nalo luhlala ogwini olusentshonalanga yeGreenland kuze kufike eDisko Bay. Izidleke zezinyoni eziqhingini ezinjengeziQhingi zaseKuril, iSakhalin, i-Oland, i-Iceland neHokkaido. Izazi ze-ornithologists ziphakamisa ukuthi abantu abaningi bokhozi basolwandle bahlala eziqhingini zaseNovaya Zemlya naseVaygach. Phambilini, ukhozi lwakha isidleke eFaroe naseBritish Isles, eSardinia naseCorsica. Ebusika, ukhozi olunomsila omhlophe lukhetha amazwe aseYurophu, empumalanga yeChina naseNingizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Asia.
Kuyathakazelisa! Enyakatho, ukhozi luziphathisa okwenyoni ejwayelekile yokufuduka, ezindaweni eziseningizimu naphakathi nendawo - njengesihlala phansi noma esiyimizulane. Izinkozi ezisencane ezihlala emzileni ophakathi nendawo zivamise ukubhekisa amabombo eningizimu ebusika, kuyilapho ezindala zingesabi ukucathama emizimbeni yamanzi engabandi kakhulu.
Ezweni lethu, ukhozi olunomsila omhlophe lutholakala yonke indawo, kepha inani labantu eliphakeme kakhulu liyabonakala ezifundeni ze-Azov, Caspian naseBaikal, lapho inyoni ibonwa khona kaningi. Izikhozi ezinomsila omhlophe ikakhulu ziseduze nemithamo emikhulu yamanzi ngaphakathi kwezwe nogu lolwandle, okunikeza izinyoni ukudla okuningi.
Ukudla okhozi olunomsila omhlophe
Isitsha esithandwa kakhulu ukhozi izinhlanzi (ezingasindi ngaphezu kuka-3 kg), ezihlala phambili ekudleni kwazo. Kepha izintshisekelo zokudla komzingeli azigcini ngokudoba kuphela: uyakujabulela ukudla umdlalo wehlathi (umhlaba nezinyoni), kanti ebusika uvame ukushintshela kwesinye isidumbu.
Ukudla kokhozi olunemisila emhlophe kubandakanya:
- izinyoni zamanzi, kufaka phakathi amadada, ama-loon namahansi;
- hares;
- izimbila (bobaki);
- amagundane emvukuzane;
- gophers.
Ukhozi lushintsha amaqhinga okuzingela kuye ngohlobo nobungako bento elandelweyo. Ubamba inyamazane lapho indiza noma egxumela kuyo ngenhla, ebheka phezulu emoyeni, futhi futhi ayigade, ehlezi esikhumulweni noma amane ayithathe esidlekeni esibuthakathaka.
Endaweni ye-steppe, izinkozi zilinda ama-bobak, amagundane emvukuzane kanye nezingwejezi ezisemhlabathini emigodini yazo, futhi zibamba izilwane ezincelisayo ezinjengezinyoni ezindizayo. Ezinyoni zasemanzini (kufaka phakathi, amadada amakhulu, amadada) zisebenzisa inqubo ehlukile, ebaphoqa ukuthi bagxume ngokwesaba.
Okubalulekile! Imvamisa izilwane ezigulayo, ezibuthakathaka noma ezindala ziba izisulu zezinkozi. Izinkozi ezinomsila omhlophe zikhulula imizimba yamanzi ezinhlanzini ezifriziwe, ezilahlekile futhi ezitheleleke ngezikelemu. Konke lokhu, kanye nokudla izidumbu, kusivumela ukuthi sibheke izinyoni njengokuhleleka kwangempela kwemvelo.
Abaqaphi bezinyoni bayaqiniseka ukuthi izinkozi ezinomsila omhlophe zigcina isilinganiso sezinto eziphilayo zama-biotopes azo.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Ukhozi olunomsila omhlophe lungumsekeli wezimiso zokukhwelana ezilondolozayo, ngenxa yokuthi ukhetha umlingani impilo yakhe yonke... Izinkozi ezimbalwa zindiza zindiza ndawonye ebusika, futhi ekubunjweni okufanayo, cishe ngo-Mashi-Ephreli, babuyela ekhaya esidlekeni sabo.
Isidleke sokhozi sifana nefa lomndeni - izinyoni zihlala kuwo amashumi eminyaka (ngekhefu lasebusika), zakha futhi zibuyise lapho kudingeka. Izilwane ezidla izidleke ezisogwini lomfula nolwandle zigcwele izihlahla (ngokwesibonelo, ama-oki, ama-birches, amaphayini noma iminyezane) noma ngqo emadwaleni nasemadwaleni omfula, lapho kungekho zimila ezifanelekile zokwakha izidleke.
Izinkozi zakha isidleke ngamahlumela awugqinsi, zifaka phansi izingcezu zamagxolo, amagatsha, utshani, izimpaphe bese zisibeka egatsheni noma kwimfoloko enkulu. Isimo esiyinhloko ukubeka isidleke phezulu ngangokunokwenzeka (15-25 m ukusuka emhlabathini) kusuka ezilwaneni ezidla umhlaba okungena kuso.
Kuyathakazelisa! Isidleke esisha akuvamile ukuba ngaphezu kwe-1 m ububanzi, kepha unyaka nonyaka siyanda ngesisindo, ukuphakama nobubanzi size siphinde kabili: izakhiwo ezinjalo zivame ukuwa, kanti izinkozi kufanele ziphinde zizakhele izidleke zazo.
Insikazi izalela amaqanda amhlophe amabili (kuyaqabukela 1 noma 3), kwesinye isikhathi anama-buffy specks. Iqanda ngalinye lingu-7-7.8 cm * 5.7-6.2 cm ngosayizi.I-Incubation ihlala cishe amasonto ama-5, namachwane achamisela ngoMeyi, adinga ukunakekelwa ngabazali cishe izinyanga ezintathu. Ekuqaleni kuka-Agasti, izinyoni ziyandiza, futhi kusukela engxenyeni yesibili kaSepthemba nango-Okthoba, amaphuphu ashiya izidleke zabazali.
Izitha zemvelo
Ngenxa yobukhulu bayo obumangalisayo noqhwaku lwayo olunamandla, ukhozi olunomsila omhlophe cishe alunazo izitha zemvelo. Kuliqiniso, lokhu kusebenza kubantu abadala kuphela, futhi amaqanda namachwane ezinkozi ahlala engaphansi kwengcindezi evela ezilwaneni ezidlayo ezikwazi ukugibela ezihlahleni. Izazi zezinyoni sezitholile ukuthi izidleke eziningi ezakhiwe izinkozi enyakatho-mpumalanga yeSakhalin zicekelwa phansi ngamabhere ansundu, njengoba kufakazelwa imihuzuko yesici esikhonkwaneni. Ngakho-ke, ngo-2005, amabhere amancane abhubhisa cishe isigamu sezidleke ngamachwane okhozi anomsila omhlophe ngezigaba ezahlukene zokukhula kwawo.
Kuyathakazelisa! Maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule, indoda yaba yisitha esikhulu sezinkozi, eyanquma ukuthi badla izinhlanzi eziningi kakhulu futhi babambe inani elingamukeleki lama-muskrats, amnikeza ngoboya obubalulekile.
Umphumela wokubulawa, lapho kungadutshulwa izinyoni ezindala kuphela, kepha futhi kwaqothulwa ngenhloso izinduku namachwane, kwaba ngukufa kwengxenye enkulu yemfuyo. Kulezi zinsuku, izinkozi ezinomsila omhlophe zamukelwa njengabangane babantu nezilwane, kepha manje izinyoni zinezizathu ezintsha zokucindezeleka, ngokwesibonelo, ukungena kwabazingeli nabavakashi, okuholela ekuguqukeni ezindaweni zokwakha izidleke.
Izinkozi eziningi zifa ngezicupho ezibekwe ezilwaneni zasehlathini: cishe izinyoni ezingama-35 zifa minyaka yonke ngenxa yalesi sizathu.... Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukhozi, ngemuva kokuvakashelwa ngokunganaki ngumuntu, luphonsa ibhande lalo elichanyuselwe ngaphandle kokuzisola, kepha alusoze lwahlasela abantu, noma ngabe lonakalisa isidleke salo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
INorway neRussia (lapho kufika khona isidleke esingamabhangqa ayizinkulungwane eziyisi-7) okungaphezu kwama-55% wabantu bokhozi abamhlophe abanomsila omhlophe, yize ukusatshalaliswa kwezinhlobo eYurophu kunalokho okungajwayelekile. IHaliaeetus albicilla ibhalwe kuRed Data Books yaseRussian Federation nase-IUCN, kanti kowesibili ibhalwe ukuthi "ayikhathazi kangako" ngenxa yobubanzi bayo bezindawo zokuhlala.
EYurophu, inani lokhozi olunemisila emhlophe lingama-9-12.3 ayizinkulungwane ezizalanayo ezizwana, elingana nezinyoni ezindala eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-17.9-24.5 Abantu base-Europe, ngokusho kokulinganisela kwe-IUCN, cishe bangama-50-74% omphakathi womhlaba, okukhombisa ukuthi inani eliphelele lokhozi lwasolwandle liseduze nezinyoni ezivuthiwe eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-24.2-49.
Naphezu kokukhula kancane komphakathi womhlaba, ukhozi olunomsila omhlophe luhlushwa yizici eziningi ze-anthropogenic:
- ukwehliswa nokunyamalala kwamaxhaphozi;
- ukwakhiwa kwama-wind turbines;
- ukungcoliswa kwemvelo;
- ukungafinyeleleki kwezindawo zokwakha izidleke (ngenxa yezindlela zesimanje ezisetshenziswa emahlathini);
- ukushushiswa ngumuntu;
- ukuthuthukiswa komkhakha kawoyela;
- ukusetshenziswa kwezinsimbi ezisindayo kanye ne-organochlorine pesticides.
Okubalulekile! Izinyoni zishiya izindawo zazo zendabuko zokwakha izindlu ngenxa yokugawulwa okukhulu kwezihlahla ezindala ezinemiqhele ethuthukile, kanye nangenxa yokuntuleka kokuphakelwa kokudla okubangelwe ukuzingelwa ngokungemthetho nokudutshulwa kwezilwane.
Ngaphandle kokuthanda kwabo okubanzi kwe-gastronomic, izinkozi zidinga izindawo ezicebile zomdlalo / izinhlanzi ukondla inzalo yazo. Kwezinye izifunda, inani lezinkozi, empeleni, liyanda kancane, kepha, njengomthetho, lezi yizindawo ezivikelwe lapho cishe kungekho bantu khona.
