Ama-Chameleons (Chamaeleonidae) angabamele abafundwe kahle bomndeni wesibankwa, abaguqulwa ngokuphelele ekuholeni impilo yasebukhosini, futhi bayakwazi nokushintsha umbala womzimba wabo.
Incazelo ye-Chameleon
Amankentshane aziwa kabanzi ngenxa yekhono lawo lokushintsha umbala nephethini yomzimba, okuchazwa ezinye zezinto ezakhiwe ngesikhumba... Ingqimba engaphandle enemicu futhi ejulile yesikhumba ihlukaniswa ngokuba khona kwamaseli akhethekile anamagatsha anombala onsundu onsundu, omnyama, ophuzi nobomvu.
Kuyathakazelisa! Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi imibala eluhlaza okombala wama chameleon ivela ngokungeziwe njengomphumela wokuphinda kukhanye imisebe yokukhanya ungqimba lwesikhumba olukha phezulu ngamakristalu we-guanine.
Njengomphumela wokusikwa kwezinqubo zama-chromatophores, ukwabiwa kabusha kwezinhlamvu zombala kanye noshintsho kumbala wesikhumba. Ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kwezingulube kulezi zingqimba zombili, kuvela imibala ehlukahlukene yembala.
Ukubukeka
Izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane ezinwabuzelayo ezinama-scaly zinobude bomzimba ngaphakathi kuka-30 cm, kepha lezo ezinkulu kunazo zonke zifinyelela ku-50-60 cm ngosayizi.Ubude bomzimba wamankentshane amancane abudluli ku-3-5 cm.Ikhanda limise okwekhanda, linengxenye ephakanyisiwe ye-occipital. Kwabanye balaba bameleli bomndeni wezibankwa, ukutholakala kwemikhawulo engaphezulu noma encane ye-convex, izindunduma noma ezinde, izimpondo ezicijile kuyisici. Imvamisa ukwakheka okunjalo kuthuthukiswa kuphela kwabesilisa, kanti kwabesifazane bamelwe yizinhlobo ezijwayelekile.
Imilenze yesirhubuluzi esinamakhasi inde, ilungiselelwe kahle ukukhuphuka. Iminwe yesilwane ikhula ndawonye emaqenjini amabili aphikisanayo amabili nantathu, ngenxa yalokho anokuvela kohlobo lwe "pincers" olukwazi ukubamba ngokuqinile amagatsha ezihlahla. Umsila ujiyile esisekelweni, kancane kancane ubheke ngasekugcineni, kwesinye isikhathi wehlela phansi bese ujikeleza uzungeze amagatsha. Leli khono lomsila livamile emalungwini amaningi omndeni, kepha onogwaja abazi ukuthi bazowubuyisa kanjani umsila olahlekile.
Amankentshane anezitho zombono ezingavamile. Amajwabu amehlo e-reptile reptaly ayabonakala futhi amboza unomphela amehlo, kepha ngokuvulelwa umfundi. Kulesi simo, amehlo angakwesokudla nangakwesobunxele angenza ukunyakaza okungahambelani.
Kuyathakazelisa! Indawo ebizwa ngokuthi "engasebenzi" yolimi ihambisana nokuyibamba emihlathini engezansi ngosizo lwethambo elikhethekile, futhi isisulu esisindayo noma esikhulu kakhulu sithathwa ngomlomo.
Ngesikhathi sokuzingela, izilwane ezinjalo ziyakwazi ukuhlala zinganyakazi emagatsheni ezihlahla isikhathi eside, zilandelela inyamazane ngamehlo kuphela. Lesi silwane sibamba izinambuzane ngolimi lwazo ezifakwe ngomshini wokuzingela. Izidalwa ezinjalo azinazo izindlebe zangaphandle neziphakathi, kepha ukuzwa kukwazi ukuthatha ngokuzwakalayo amagagasi e-acoustic ngaphakathi kobubanzi bomsindo ka-250-650 Hz.
Indlela yokuphila, isimilo
Cishe yonke impilo yamankentshane yenzeka emagatsheni ezihlahlana zezihlahla eziminyene noma emagatsheni ezihlahla, kanti isilwane esihuquzelayo esine-scaly sincamela ukwehlela ngokweqile kakhulu ebusweni bomhlaba. Isilwane esinjalo ungasithola emhlabathini, njengomthetho, ngesikhathi sokukhwelana noma ngenkathi uzingela inyamazane ethile emnandi kakhulu.
Ebusweni benhlabathi, onwabu bahamba ngezidladla ezinesimo esinjengesomuntu esingajwayelekile. Yilesi sakhiwo semilenze, esengezwe ngomsila wangaphambi kokudla, esifanelekile ukuhlala emiqhele yezihlahla. Izilwane ezinwabuzelayo ezinama-Scaly ezingenasayizi amakhulu kakhulu ziyavilapha futhi zi-phlegmatic, zihola impilo yokuhlala futhi zikhetha ukuhamba hamba kancane ngangokunokwenzeka, isikhathi esiningi zihleli nje endaweni ekhethiwe.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngaphandle kokuthi ingxenye ebalulekile yalezi zinhlobo ihlala emagatsheni, ezinye ziyakwazi ukuhlala ezimweni eziwugwadule, zimba imigodi yobumba noma zibalekele emaqabungeni awile.
Noma kunjalo, uma kunesidingo futhi kuvela ingozi yangempela, isilwane siyakwazi ukugijima ngokushesha futhi sigxumele ngobungcweti emagatsheni.... Inani eliphakeme lesikhathi somsebenzi wonwabu luwela esikhathini esikhanyayo sosuku, futhi ngokuqala kobusuku isilwane sithanda ukulala. Ngesikhathi sokulala, isirhubuluzi asikwazi ukulawula ushintsho kumbala womzimba waso, ngakho-ke singaba yisisulu esilula kakhulu kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane ezizingelayo.
Ahlala isikhathi esingakanani amankentshane?
Isikhathi esiphilwa ngamanwabu ezimweni zemvelo cishe siyiminyaka emine, kepha phakathi kwamalungu omndeni kukhona nababizwa ngekhulu leminyaka. Isibonelo, ama-chameleon amakhulu angaphila emvelweni iminyaka engaba yishumi nanhlanu, futhi isici somjikelezo wempilo sabanye abamele uhlobo lweFurcifer luvame ukuba ngaphezu kwezinyanga ezinhlanu.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
Ukunquma ubulili benyoni eseyikhulile akunzima kakhulu, ngisho nakubantu abavamile. Uma i-scaly reptile ikwazi ukuthatha umbala wokufihla, kuzofanela ukuthi kuhlolwe izinqubo ze-tarsal, eziyizicucu eduze kwemilenze yesilwane.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ubulili besilwane bungacaciswa ngosuku lwe-14 ngombala, kanye nesisekelo esijiyile se-caudal esukela eminyakeni emibili yezinyanga ezimbili.
Abesilisa baneziqu ezincane ngemuva kwemilenze. Ukungabikho kokuqhuma okunjalo kuyisici sabesifazane kuphela. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, abesilisa bahlukaniswa umbala ogqamile nosayizi abakhulu bomzimba.
Izinhlobo zamanoni
Inani eliphelele lezinhlobo zamankentshane liyashintsha ngenxa yokutholakala kwama-subspecies amasha, kanye nokuxhuma kwe-taxonomy yesimanje engazinzile. Umndeni uhlanganisa izinhlobo ezi-2-4 nezinhlobo ezingama-80 zezibankwa ezibukeka ngendlela eyinqaba, phakathi kwazo okudume kakhulu:
- Unembeza wase-Yemeni (Chamaeleo calyptratus) - ingenye yamalungu amakhulu emndenini. Abesilisa banombala ongemuva oluhlaza okotshani onamachashaza aphuzi nabomvu ezinhlangothini. Ikhanda lihlotshiswe ngomgogodla omkhulu we-chic, futhi umsila umbozwe ngemivimbo ephuzi ngokuluhlaza okotshani. Umzimba uthanjisiwe kamuva, kanti umhlane uhlotshiswe nge-crest futhi u-arched ngokuphawulekayo;
- I-Panther chameleon (UFurcifer pardalisIsilwane esihuquzelayo esihle ngendlela emangalisayo, umbala waso uthonywe izici zesimo sezulu nezinye izici zendawo esihlala kuyo. Ubude bomuntu omdala buyahlukahluka phakathi kwamasentimitha angama-30 kuya kwengama-40. Abesifazane bamba izidleke babeka amaqanda;
- Ukhaphethi unonwabu - olunye lwezinhlobo zamankentshane ezitholakala esiqhingini saseMadagascar nasensimini yeziqhingi ezingomakhelwane. Isilwane sinomlingiswa ophilayo nombala omuhle onemibala ehlukahlukene. Iphethini engavamile emzimbeni imelwe yimivimbo ye-longitudinal, kanye namabala e-oval lateral;
- Unwabu olunezimpondo ezine - umnikazi wezimpondo zezimpawu ezintathu noma ezine ezisezindaweni eziyinhloko. Lesi silwane singumhlali ojwayelekile wezindawo ezisehlathini elisezintabeni eCameroon, lapho sithanda ukuhlala khona ezindaweni ezingafinyeleleki kakhulu. Ubude bomuntu omdala buyahluka phakathi kuka-25-37cm. Abamele lolu hlobo bahlukaniswa yisidumbu eside esiswini nesikhulu esikhulu se-dorsal;
- UChameleon jackson (Trioceros jacksonii) Ingabe uhlobo oluthokozisayo, abesilisa abagada imingcele yensimu yabo ngomona, bahlukaniswa ngumlingiswa onolaka kakhulu, futhi ngesikhathi sokulwa noma sokulwa balumana kabuhlungu komunye nomunye. Eziduna zinezimpondo ezintathu nomsila osengaphambili, kanti ezinsikazi zinophondo olulodwa lwamakhala. Isikhumba sifana nesikhumba se-dinosaur, sinokhahlo futhi sifana nesihlahla, kepha sithambile futhi siyathandeka ekuthintweni. Umbala uyehluka kusuka kokusephuzi noluhlaza okotshani nokumnyama kube mnyama;
- Unwabu Ovamile (Chamaeleo chamaeleon) Ingabe izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu ezihlala ezingwadule nasemahlathini ezisendaweni esenyakatho ne-Afrika, eNdiya, eSyria, eSri Lanka nase-Arabia. Ubude bomzimba bufinyelela ku-28-30 cm, futhi umbala wesikhumba ungaba nebala noma ube yisidina;
- Buka I-Calumma tarzan - kungokwesigaba esingajwayelekile. Kutholwe engxenyeni esenyakatho-mpumalanga yeMadagascar eduze nedolobhana laseTarzanville. Ubude bomuntu omdala, kanye nomsila, buhluka phakathi kuka-11.9-15.0 cm;
- Buka Furcifer labordi ihlukile ngohlobo lwayo, futhi amawundlu asanda kuzalwa akwazi ukukhula ngosayizi kahlanu ezinyangeni ezimbalwa, ngakho-ke, angabanikazi bohlobo lwamarekhodi ngokwezinga lokukhula;
- Unwele olukhulu (UFurcifer oustaleti) - ingenye yezinambuzane ezinkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Isilinganiso sobude bomzimba womuntu omdala singama-50-68 cm.Ngemuva lomzimba onsundu, kunamabala aphuzi, aluhlaza nobomvu.
Kanye nezinye izibankwa, ingxenye ebalulekile yezinhlobo ezaziwa zamankentshane zizalela amaqanda phakathi nenkathi yokuzalanisa, kodwa kukhona nezinye izinhlobo ezihlukene ezizala amawundlu aphilayo emasakeni amise okokokhunathi.
Kuyathakazelisa! Okuncane kunakho konke ngunwabu olunamaqabunga, olungabekwa ekhanda lomentshisi, ngoba ubukhulu bomuntu omncane onjalo abudluli isentimitha elilodwa nohhafu.
Indawo yokuhlala
Indawo yokusatshalaliswa kwe-chameleon yase-Yemeni kwakuyisifundazwe sase-Yemen, izintaba eziphakeme ze-Peninsula yase-Arabia kanye nezindawo ezishisayo zengxenye esempumalanga yeSaudi Arabia. Ama-Panther chameleon yizakhamuzi ezijwayelekile zaseMadagascar naseziqhingini ezingomakhelwane, lapho athanda khona izindawo ezifudumele nezinomswakama, izimo zezulu ezishisayo.
Unwabu lukaJackson luhlala endaweni esempumalanga ye-Afrika, lutholakala ezingxenyeni zehlathi laseNairobi endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-1600-2200 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. Isirhubuluzi esikaliwe kaningi sihlala phezulu ngaphezu komhlaba, sihlala emiqhele yezihlahla noma izihlahlana. Amankentshane angahlala kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezindawo ezingamahlathi ashisayo, ama-savanna, amanye ama-steppes nezingwadule. Abantu basendle batholakala eHawaii, Florida naseCalifornia.
Kuyathakazelisa! Kaningi, ushintsho kumbala wonwabu lungaba uhlobo lokukhombisa usongo, oluhlose ukwethusa izitha, futhi nezinguquko zemibala ezisheshayo ziyabonakala kwabesilisa abavuthiwe ngokobulili esigabeni sokuzalela.
Esidlangalaleni esiqhingini saseMadagascar kunonwabu abakhulu abahlala emahlathini aswakeme futhi aminyene, lapho izilwane ezinwabuzelayo ezinjengalezi zidla ngokuzithandela izilwane ezincelisayo, izinyoni eziphakathi nendawo, izibankwa nezinambuzane. I-Brookesia micra encane yatholwa eNosu Hara Island ngo-2007. Izinyamazane zasogwadule zihlala e-Angola naseNamibia kuphela.
Ukudla kwe-chameleon
Impela wonke amankentshane akhona namuhla, kufaka phakathi iMellery enkulu ngosayizi kanye neBrookesia encane, ehlala ngaphansi kokuvikelwa kwamaqabunga awile, yizilwane ezivamile, kepha ezinye izinhlobo ziyakwazi ukumunca ukudla okususelwa ezitshalweni. Iningi lokudla kwezitshalo limelelwa ngamaqabunga ezitshalo anolaka, izithelo, amajikijolo, ngisho namagxolo ezinye izihlahla.
Ukudla okuyinhloko kwazo zonke izinhlwathi kubhekwa njengezinhlobo zonke zezinambuzane ezindizayo nezinwabuzelayo, kanye nesigaba sazo sokuba yisibungu.... Ngokunokwenzeka, onogwaja bangadla noma yiziphi izinambuzane ezingekho ezinobuthi ngendlela yezicabucabu, amabhungane, izimvemvane, izimpukane nojekamanzi. Selokhu kwazalwa izilwane ezinwabuzelayo ezinamabala, ziyakwazi ukuhlukanisa izinambuzane ezidliwayo kunalezo ezinobuthi, ngakho-ke, amacala okudla iminyovu noma izinyosi awakaqoshwa. Ngisho no-chameleon abalambile abakunaki okunjalo "ukudla" okungadliwayo.
Izinhlobo eziningi zikanwabu ezinkulu kwesinye isikhathi zidla izibankwa ezincane, kufaka phakathi izihlobo ezincane, amagundane, ngisho nezinyoni ezincane. Eqinisweni, into abayinakayo imelwe yinoma isiphi "isidalwa esiphilayo" esingabanjwa ngolimi olude bese sigwinywa. Ukudla kwe-chameleon yase-Yemeni kufanele kufakwe ngokudla kwezitshalo. Endaweni yasekhaya, izilwane ezinwabuzelayo zingondliwa:
- amagilebhisi;
- okusamathunduluka;
- ama-tangerines;
- amawolintshi;
- ikiwi;
- i-persimmon;
- ubhanana;
- ama-apula;
- ulethisi nekhanda ulethisi;
- amaqabunga edandelion;
- hhayi imifino enzima kakhulu.
Ukudla kwezitshalo nakho kudliwa ngenkuthalo yi-Panther Chameleon, iParsoni neSmall, ngenxa yesidingo sokugcwalisa umswakama futhi uthole inani elidingekayo lamavithamini.
Kuyathakazelisa! Amankentshane avame ukunikeza umbono wezilwane ezizacile futhi ezilambile njalo, kepha izibankwa ezinjalo azinamandla kakhulu ngokwemvelo, ngakho-ke, uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izilwane ezinwabuzelayo eziningi, ukudla okuncane kungangena.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Iningi lezinhlobo zamankentshane ezihlala emhlabeni wethu manje ziyi-oviparous futhi zimelwe yizinhlobo ezaziwa kakhulu njenge-Yemen, i-Panther, i-Small ne-Parsoni. Njengomthetho, ngemuva kokukhwelana, insikazi ichamisela amaqanda inyanga eyodwa noma ezimbili. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokulaliswa, abesifazane baqala ukwenqaba ukudla, kepha basebenzisa amanzi amancane. Ngalesi sikhathi, isilwane esihuquzelayo esinobudlova siba nolaka ngokweqile futhi singazoli, singathatha umbala ogqamile ocindezelayo futhi sikwazi ukusabela ngokwesaba ngisho nangendlela elula yowesilisa ovuthiwe ngokocansi.
Ekupheleni kokukhulelwa, abesifazane abaningi banamaqanda azwakala kalula esiswini. Kwezinye izinhlobo, ukukhulelwa kubonakala ngeso lenyama. Eduze nesikhathi sokubekwa kweqanda, isilwane kaningi sehlela phansi ukuze sithole indawo efaneleke kakhulu yokuhlela umgodi. Abesifazane bavame ukubeka amaqanda ayisikhumba ayishumi kuya kwayisithupha, kuya ngohlobo lwawo. Inani eliphelele lama-clutch ngokuvamile lifinyelela kwamathathu kungakapheli unyaka owodwa, kepha ukukhulelwa kaningi kakhulu kuyayilimaza kakhulu impilo yowesifazane, ngakho-ke, izilwane ezinjalo ziphila isigamu samadoda.
Izinsikazi zezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene, noma kungabikho owesilisa ovuthiwe ngokocansi, zizalela amaqanda okuthiwa "anonile" minyaka yonke. Amantshontsho avela emaqandeni anjalo awaveli, futhi ukuntuleka kokukhulelwa kubangela ukuba bachitheke ngesonto ngisho nangaphambi kwalokho.
Phakathi kwezinye izinto, ngokuya ngezinhlobo zezinhlobo zezinhlungu zonwabu, ubude bokukhula kwemibungu ngaphakathi kweqanda bungahluka ngokuphawulekayo, kuthatha izinyanga ezinhlanu kuya eminyakeni embalwa. Amawundlu azelwe akhule kahle, futhi ngemuva kokukhululwa egobolondweni leqanda abalekela ngokushesha ezihlahleni eziminyene eziseduze, ezisiza ukucasha ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye.
Imvamisa, abantwana bezinyoni baqala ukudla ngosuku lwabo lokuzalwa noma ngosuku olulandelayo kuphela. Ngaphezu kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezingama-oviparous, kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa kakhulu ezingama-viviparous chameleon. Ngokuyinhloko esigabeni sabo kunezinhlobo zezintaba zezilwane ezinwabuzelayo ezinamabala, kufaka phakathi onjiniyela abanamaphondo baseJeson naseVerneri. Kodwa-ke, onobuhle abanjalo abakwazi ukubizwa ngokuphelele njenge-viviparous. Imibungu, njengasekukhiqizweni kwezinhlobo ze-oviparous, ikhula ngaphakathi kweqanda, kepha u-chameleon wesifazane akayimbeli i-clutch ngaphansi komhlaba, kepha kuze kube ngumzuzu wokuzalwa agqoke ngaphakathi esibelethweni.
Ngenqubo yokubeletha, abesifazane bavame ukulahla izingane ezizalwe kusuka ekuphakameni okuncane kuya ebusweni bomhlaba. Igalelo elinamandla kakhulu, njengomthetho, lisebenza njengophawu olukhethekile lwezinsana zokuthola indawo yokuhlala ethembekile nokudla. Imvamisa, izilwane ezinwabuzelayo ezinjenge- "viviparous" zizala amawundlu ayishumi kuya kumashumi amabili, futhi azikho ngaphezu kwezimbili izingane ezizalwayo phakathi nonyaka.
Kuyathakazelisa! Amankentshane angabazali ababi kakhulu, ngakho-ke, ngokushesha nje emva kokuzalwa, izilwane ezinwabuzelayo ezincane zishiywa zizenzele zona zize zibe nenzalo noma zibe yizisulu zezilwane ezizingelayo.
Umbala omnyama wonwabu uyakwazi ukwethusa ezinye izitha, kepha umbala onjalo wokulila utholwa ngabesilisa, abenqatshwa ngabesifazane, kanye nalabo abahluliwe noma abaphoqeleke ukuthi bathathe umhlalaphansi ngehlazo.
Izitha zemvelo
Izitha ezingaba khona zamanwabu ezimweni zemvelo yizinyoka ezinkulu kakhulu, izilwane ezidlayo nezinyoni. Lapho kuvela izitha, isibankwa sizama ukwethusa isitha saso, sifuthele, sishintshe umbala bese sishaya umsindo kakhulu.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Ama-chameleon angamakhosi wokuzifihla afanele, kepha leli khono alikwazi ukubasindisa ekuqothulweni okuphelele. Eningizimu yeSpain, izilwane ezinwabuzelayo ezinamaxolo zisetshenziswa njengezakhamizi ezivamile nezingenabungozi, eziwusizo kakhulu empilweni yansuku zonke. Izilwane ezikhethekile ezinjalo zidla izimpukane, ezicasula kakhulu emazweni amaningi ashisayo.
Kuzothakazelisa futhi:
- Izikhumba
- I-Axolotl
- I-Chinese Trionix
- AmaSalamanders
Isizathu esiyinhloko sokuqothulwa kwaba ukunwetshwa kwazo zonke izinhlobo zomhlaba wezolimo, kanye nokugawulwa kwamahlathi okusebenza kakhulu... Kuze kube manje, izinhlobo eziyishumi kakade zalezi zilwane ezinwabuzelayo zinesimo "Sokushabalala", cishe izinhlobo ezingamashumi amane seziseduze nokuthola lesi simo, kanti ezingamashumi amabili zinganyamalala maduzane.
