Enye yezinto ezidla uhlaza ezinkulu ezijwayelene nempilo kuma-arctic latitudes. Ngaphezu kwenkomo ye-musk (musk ox), kuphela ama-reindeer ahlala lapho njalo.
Incazelo ye-musk ox
I-Ovibos moschatus, noma i-musk ox, iyilungu le-artiodactyl oda futhi ukuphela kwayo, ngaphandle kwezinhlobo ezimbili zezinsalela, omele uhlobo lwe-Ovibos (musk ox) lomndeni wama-bovid. Uhlobo lwe-Ovibos lungolomndeni omncane waseCaprinae (izimbuzi), okubandakanya nezimvu nezimbuzi ezisezintabeni..
Kuyathakazelisa!I-Takin yaziwa njengesihlobo esiseduze kakhulu se-musk ox.
Kodwa-ke, i-musk ox ifana nenkunzi kunembuzi ngomzimba wayo: lesi siphetho senziwa ngemuva kokutadisha umzimba nezitho zangaphakathi zenkomo yemusk. Ukusondelana kwezimvu kungalandelwa ekuphenduleni kwe-anatomy ne-serological, nakwezinkunzi - ngesakhiwo samazinyo nokhakhayi.
Ukubukeka
Ngenxa yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, i-musk ox ithole ingaphandle lesici elenziwe yizimo zokuphila ezinzima. Ngakho-ke, ayinazo izingxenye zomzimba ezivelayo zokunciphisa ukushisa kwesithwathwa, kepha inoboya obude obukhulu obukhulu, obunezinto zokufudumeza ezishisayo ezinikezwa yi-giviot (ijazi elincane elishisa kakhulu kasishiyagalombili kunoboya bezimvu). Inkabi ye-musk iyisilwane esiqinile esinekhanda elikhulu nentamo emfushane, egcwele izinwele eziningi, okwenza ibonakale inkulu kunalokho eyiyo.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ukukhula kwenkunzi endala yemiski ekubuneni kuyisilinganiso esingu-1.3-1.4 m ngesisindo esingu-260 kuya ku-650 kg. I-musk ox ithuthukise imisipha, lapho ingqikithi yemisipha ifinyelela cishe ku-20% wesisindo sayo somzimba.
Ingaphambili lesifonyo alinqunu, njengelezinkunzi, kepha limbozwe ngezinwele ezimfishane. Izindlebe ezingunxantathu ezikhonjiwe azihlali zihlukaniswa njalo nezinwele ezihlanganisiwe. Imilenze eqinile imbozwe ngoboya kuze kufike ezinsikeni, kuthi izinselo zangemuva zincane kunalezo zangaphambili. Umsila ofushanisiwe ulahlekile engubeni futhi imvamisa awubonakali.
Imvelo inikeze inkabi yemiski izimpondo ezimise okwe isikela, zibanzi futhi zishwabene phansi (ebunzini), lapho zihlukaniswa khona nomsele omncane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uphondo ngalunye luba mncane kancane kancane, luye phansi, luguqe luzungeze indawo eseduze kwamehlo futhi selivele luvela ezihlathini luphuthuma ngaphandle lunemikhawulo egobile. Izimpondo ezibushelelezi neziyindilinga ezingxenyeni ezinqamulelayo (ngaphandle kwengxenye yazo engaphambili) zingaba mpunga, zibe beige noma zibe nsundu, zibe mnyama kube mnyama ezeluleko zazo.
Umbala wenkabi yemusk ubuswa ubunsundu obumnyama (phezulu) nonsundu omnyama (ezansi) onendawo ekhanyayo maphakathi nommango. Ijazi elikhanyayo liyabonakala emilenzeni futhi kwesinye isikhathi esiphongweni. Ubude bejazi buyahluka kusuka ku-15 cm ngemuva kuya ku-0.6-0.9 m esiswini nasezinhlangothini. Uma ubheka i-musk ox, kubonakala sengathi kuphonselwe i-poncho enethezeka yoboya phezu kwayo, ilenga cishe phansi.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ekudalweni kwejazi, izinhlobo ezi-8 (!) Zezinwele ziyabandakanyeka, ngenxa yokuthi uboya benkomo ye-musk bunezici ezingenakuqhathaniswa zokufakwa kokushisa, okungcono kunanoma yisiphi esinye isilwane emhlabeni.
Ebusika, uboya bukhulu kakhulu futhi bude kakhulu, i-molting yenzeka ngenkathi efudumele futhi ihlala kusuka ngoMeyi kuya kuJulayi (kuhlanganisiwe).
Indlela yokuphila, isimilo
Inkabi ye-musk ivumelane namakhaza futhi izizwa inhle phakathi kwamahlane ase-polar kanye ne-arctic tundras. Ikhetha izindawo zokuhlala ngokuya ngesizini kanye nokutholakala kokudla okuthile: ebusika kuvame ukuya ezintabeni, lapho umoya ukhukhula khona iqhwa emithambekeni, kuthi ehlobo lehlele ezigodini zemifula nezindawo eziphansi ezisezingeni eliphakeme elisezindaweni eziphansi.
Indlela yokuphila ifana nezimvu, ezigoqana emihlambini emincane yobungqingili, ehlobo ngo-4-10, ebusika ngamakhanda ayi-12-50. Abesilisa ekwindla / ehlobo bakha amaqembu abobulili obufanayo noma bahlala bodwa (abondli abanjalo bakha u-9% wabantu bendawo).
Indawo yedlelo lasebusika lomhlambi ayidluli i-50 km² ngokwesilinganiso, kepha ngokuhlangana neziza zasehlobo zifinyelela kuma-200 km²... Ekufuneni ukudla, umhlambi uholwa ngumholi noma inkomo endala, kepha esimeni esibucayi, inkunzi yomhlambi kuphela ethatha umthwalo wamaqabane.Izinkabi zeMusk zihamba kancane, zigijimela ku-40 km / h uma kunesidingo futhi zimboza amabanga amade. Izinkabi zeMusk zinobuchule obukhulu ekukhuphukeni emadwaleni. Ngokungafani ne-reindeer, azenzi ukunyakaza okude kwesizini, kepha zifuduka ukusuka ngoSepthemba ziye kuMeyi, zihlala endaweni yasendaweni. Ngenkathi efudumele, ukondla nokuphumula kufakwa izikhathi ezingu-6-9 ngosuku.
Okubalulekile! Ebusika, izilwane ngokuyinhloko ziyaphumula noma zilale, zigaya izimila ezitholakala ngaphansi kokuxegayo, kuze kube isigamu semitha ukujula, iqhwa. Lapho kuqala isiphepho sase-Arctic, izinkabi ze-musk zazilele zifulathele emoyeni. Azesabi isithwathwa, kepha iqhwa eliphakeme liyingozi, ikakhulukazi eliboshwe yiqhwa.
Inkabi yemusk inamehlo amakhulu ngokuqhathaniswa asiza ekuboneni izinto ngobusuku obusezindaweni ezibandayo, futhi zonke izinzwa zithuthuke kahle. Kuyiqiniso, i-musk ox ayinayo iphunga elinjengelo lomakhelwane wayo kwi-tundra (i-reindeer), kodwa ngenxa yayo izilwane ziyakuzwa ukusondela kwezilwane ezizingelayo futhi zithole izitshalo ngaphansi kweqhwa. Ukusayinwa kwezwi kulula: abantu abadala bayakhwifa / banciphise lapho bethukile, abesilisa babhonga empini yokukhwelana, amathole ayakhala, abize unina.
Ihlala isikhathi esingakanani inkabi yemiski
Abamele lezi zinhlobo baphila ngokwesilinganiso iminyaka eyi-11-14, ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle, cishe iphindwe kabili lesi sikhathi futhi baphila kuze kube yiminyaka engama-23-24.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
Umehluko, kufaka phakathi owokwakheka, phakathi kowesilisa nowesifazane musk ox ubaluleke kakhulu. Endle, abesilisa bathola ama-350-400 kg ngobude obufinyelela ku-1.5 m nobude bomzimba obungu-2.1-2.6 m, kuyilapho abesifazane behla ngokusobala lapho kubuna (kufika ku-1.2 m) futhi bufushane ngobude (1 , 9-2.4 m) ngesisindo esilingana no-60% wesisindo esimaphakathi sowesilisa. Ekuthunjweni, inani lezilwane landa kakhulu: kowesilisa kuze kufike ku-650-700 kg, kowesifazane kuze kufike kuma-300 kg nangaphezulu.
Kuyathakazelisa! Abamele ubulili bobabili bahlotshiswe ngezimpondo, kepha, izimpondo zesilisa zihlala zikhulu ngokwengeziwe futhi zinde, zifinyelela kuma-73 cm, kanti izimpondo zesifazane zicishe ziphindwe kabili (kufika ku-40 cm).
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimpondo zabesifazane azinawo ukuqina okushwabene okuthile eduze kwesisekelo, kepha zinendawo yesikhumba phakathi kwezimpondo lapho kukhula khona umhlophe omhlophe. Futhi, abesifazane banombele omncane onezingono ezibhangqiwe (ubude obungu-3.5-4.5 cm), ogcwele izinwele ezilula.
Umehluko phakathi kobulili ubonakala ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa kokuzala. Inkabi yamaski yesifazane ithola ukuzala ineminyaka yobudala emi-2, kepha ngokudla okunomsoco ilungele ukuvundiswa nangaphambi kwalokho, ezinyangeni eziyi-15-17. Abesilisa bavuthwa ngokocansi bengakabi neminyaka engu-2-3 ubudala.
Indawo yokuhlala
Ububanzi bokuqala benkomo yemiski bumboze izindawo ezingenamkhawulo ze-Arctic zase-Eurasia, lapho, ngapha kweBering Isthmus (eyake yaxhuma iChukotka ne-Alaska), izilwane zathuthela eNyakatho Melika futhi kamuva zaya eGreenland. Izinsalela zezinsalela zezinkabi ze-musk zitholakala kusukela eSiberia kuya ebangeni laseKiev (eningizimu), kanye naseFrance, eJalimane naseGreat Britain.
Okubalulekile! Isici esiyinhloko ekwehleni kobubanzi nenani lezinkabi ze-musk kwaba ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke, okwaholela ekuncibilikeni kwePolar Basin, ukukhuphuka kokuphakama / kokuminyana kwesembozo seqhwa nokugcwala kwe-tundra steppe.
Kulezi zinsuku, izinkabi ze-musk zihlala eNyakatho Melika (enyakatho ka-60 ° N), eGreenel Land naseParry Land, entshonalanga / empumalanga yeGreenland nasogwini olusenyakatho lweGreenland (83 ° N). Kuze kube ngo-1865, izilwane zazihlala enyakatho ye-Alaska, lapho zaziqothulwa khona ngokuphelele. Ngo-1930, balethwa e-Alaska, ngo-1936 - cishe. INunivak, ngo-1969 - cishe. UNelson oLwandle iBering kanye nolunye lwezinqolobane e-Alaska.
I-musk ox igxile kahle kulezi zindawo, okungeke kushiwo nge-Iceland, Norway neSweden, lapho ukwethulwa kohlobo lwezinhlobo kuhlulekile.... Ukuvuselelwa kwezinkunzi ze-musk nakho kwaqalwa eRussia: eminyakeni eminingana edlule, cishe izilwane eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-8 zazihlala eTaimyr tundra, amakhanda angama-850 abalwa cishe. I-Wrangel, engaphezu kwenkulungwane - e-Yakutia, ngaphezulu kwama-30 - esifundeni saseMagadan futhi cishe ngamashumi ayisishiyagalombili - e-Yamal.
Ukudla kwenkomo yemiski
Lesi yisidleke semfuyo esivamile esikwazile ukuzivumelanisa nezindlala eziyindlala ze-Arctic ebandayo. Ihlobo lase-Arctic lihlala kuphela amasonto ambalwa, yingakho izinkabi ze-musk kufanele zixazulule uhlaza olomile ngaphansi kweqhwa cishe unyaka wonke.
Ukudla kwenkabi yemiski kwenziwa ngezitshalo ezinjenge:
- i-shrubby birch / willow;
- ubulembu (kufaka phakathi ubulembu) nobulembu;
- sedge, kufaka phakathi utshani bekotini;
- i-astragalus ne-mytnik;
- i-arctagrostis ne-arctophila;
- utshani be-partridge (owomile);
- i-bluegrass (utshani bomhlanga, utshani bezimila kanye ne-foxtail).
Ehlobo, kuze kwehle iqhwa futhi kuqale inkambo esebenzayo, izinkabi ze-musk zifika ekukhothweni kasawoti wemvelo ukwenzela ukungabi bikho kwama-macro- kanye nama-microelements.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Umvuthwandaba uvame ukuhlala ngasekupheleni kukaJulayi kuya maphakathi no-Okthoba, kepha kwesinye isikhathi kuyashintsha ngenxa yesimo sezulu kuye kuSepthemba-Disemba... Zonke izinsikazi zomhlambi, ezilungele ukukhwelwa, zimbozwe iduna elilodwa elibusayo.
Futhi kuphela emihlambini eminingi, indima yabalandela bohlobo nayo ithathwa yizinkunzi ezilodwa / eziningana ezingaphansi. Empini yabesifazane, abaphikisi bavame ukulinganiselwa ekuboniseni izinsongo, kufaka phakathi ukugoba ikhanda, ukubhuqa, ukubhonga kanye nezinselo ezishaya phansi.
Uma umphikisi engadikibali, kuqala ukulwa kwangempela - izinkunzi, zisakazeka ngamamitha angama-30-50, zigijimelana, zingqongqoza amakhanda ndawonye (kwesinye isikhathi kuze kube izikhathi ezingama-40). Ohluliwe uyathatha umhlalaphansi, kepha kwezinye izimo aze afe nasempini. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinyanga eziyi-8-8.5, kufinyelela umvuthwandaba ngokubonakala kwethole elilodwa (kuyaqabukela amawele) anesisindo esingu-7-8 kg. Emahoreni ambalwa emva kokuzalwa, inkonyane lingalandela unina. Ezinsukwini ezi-2 zokuqala, owesifazane wondla ingane yakhe izikhathi eziyi-8-18, enikeza le nqubo ingqikithi yemizuzu engama-35-50. Ithole elinamasonto amabili ubudala lisetshenziswa emibeleni izikhathi ezi-4-8 ngosuku, inkonyane nyangazonke izikhathi eziyi-1-6.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngenxa yamafutha aphezulu (11%) obisi, amathole akhula ngokushesha, athola ama-40-45 kg ngezinyanga ezi-2 zawo. Lapho zinezinyanga ezine ubudala, zinesisindo esifinyelela ku-70-75 kg, ezinyangeni eziyisithupha kuya onyakeni zinesisindo esingaba ngama-80-95 kg, bese kuthi lapho zineminyaka emi-2 ubudala okungenani zibe ngu-140-180 kg.
Ukuncelisa ubisi kuthatha izinyanga ezine, kepha kwesinye isikhathi kuhlala unyaka owodwa noma ngaphezulu, ngokwesibonelo, kwabesifazane ababelethe sekwedlule isikhathi. Kakade selineminyaka eviki, ithole lizama ubulembu nezidwedwe zotshani, kuthi ngemuva kwenyanga lishintshele otshanini, longezwe ubisi lukamama.
Inkomo inakekela ithole izinyanga ezifika kwezili-12. Amathole omhlambi ahlangene ukudlala, okuhlangana ngokuzenzakalela abesifazane futhi kuholele ekwakhiweni kweqembu lezinkomo ezinezilwane ezincane. Ezindaweni zokudla okunothile, inzalo ivela minyaka yonke, ezindaweni eziphakelwa kancane - isigamu kaningi, ngemuva konyaka. Ngaphandle kwenani elilinganayo labesilisa / abesifazane phakathi kwezinsana ezisanda kuzalwa, kuhlale kunezinkunzi eziningi kunezinkomo kubantu abadala.
Izitha zemvelo
Izinkabi zeMusk ziqine ngokwanele futhi ziqine ngokwanele ukulwa nezitha zazo zemvelo, okubandakanya:
- izimpisi;
- amabhere (ansundu nomhlophe);
- ama-wolverines;
- umuntu.
Zibona ingozi, izinkabi ezihamba kancane zingena egijima zibaleke, kodwa uma lokhu kwehluleka, abadala bakha isiyingi, bafihle amathole ngemuva kwemhlane. Lapho kufika umhlaseli, enye yezinkunzi iyamhlanza bese ibuyela emhlambini futhi. Ukuzivikela okuzungezile kuyasebenza ezilwaneni, kodwa akusizi ngalutho futhi kuyingozi uma umhlambi uhlangana nabazingeli, abakhululeke ngokwengeziwe ukushaya umgomo omkhulu omile.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
I-musk ox ibhalwe ku-IUCN Red Data Book ngaphansi kwesimo "sokukhathazeka okuncane", kepha noma kunjalo, kuthiwa iyinhlobo evikelekile e-Arctic.... Ngokusho kwe-IUCN, inani lomhlaba le-musk ox lisondela ezi-134-137,000 zezilwane ezindala. I-Alaska (2001-2005) yayiyikhaya lezinkabi ezingama-3,714 ezibonwa zivela eziteshini zomoya nezomhlaba. Ngokusho kwe-IUCN ukulinganisela, inani lemfuyo eGreenland (ngo-1991) kwakuyizilwane eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-9.5-12.5. ENunavut, kwakukhona izinkabi ezingama-musk eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-45.3, zazo eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-35 ezazihlala eziqhingini zase-Arctic kuphela.
Ezifundeni ezisenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeCanada kusuka ngo-1991 kuya ku-2005, bekukhona izinkulungwane ezingama-75.4 zama-musk oxen, iningi lawo (93%) elihlala eziqhingini ezinkulu zase-Arctic.
Izinsongo eziyinhloko ezinhlotsheni ziyabonakala:
- ukuzingela ngokungemthetho
- uqweqwe lweqhwa;
- ukudliwa kwamabhere nezimpisi (i-America esenyakatho);
- ukufudumala kwesimo sezulu.
Kuyathakazelisa! Abazingeli abangekho emthethweni bazingela izinkabi zemisipha zenyama efana nenyama yenkomo namafutha (kufika ku-30% wesisindo somzimba), okuyizilwane ezidla ubusika. Ngaphezu kwalokho, cishe i-3 kg ye-fluff efudumele igundwe kusuka kunkabi eyodwa ye-musk.
Izazi ze-Zoologists zibala ukuthi ngenxa yokukhithika kweqhwa, okungakuvumeli ukuthi kudlulele otshanini, imfuyo efinyelela ku-40% ifela kwezinye iziqhingi zase-Arctic ebusika. EGreenland, iningi lezilwane ligcinwa ngaphakathi kwemingcele yeNational Park, lapho zivikeleke khona ekuzingelweni. Izinkabi zeMusk ezihlala eningizimu yepaki zidutshulwa kuphela ngokwesilinganiso.
