Uma kukhulunywa ngokulinganiswa kokuthandwa kwama-dinosaurs, iTriceratops itholwa kuphela yiTyrannosaurus esikalini. Futhi yize kuboniswa kaningi ezincwadini zezingane nezama-encyclopedic, imvelaphi yayo nokubukeka okuqondile kusagxila ezimfihlakalweni eziningi.
Incazelo yeTriceratops
I-Triceratops ingenye yama-dinosaurs ambalwa ukubukeka kwawo kujwayelekile, ngokoqobo, kuwo wonke umuntu... Yisilwane esithandekayo, kodwa esikhulu, esinemilenze emine esinokhakhayi olukhulu ngokungenakulinganiswa maqondana nobukhulu bomzimba waso jikelele. Inhloko yeTriceratops okungenani yayiyingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zobude bayo bonke. Ukhakhayi ludlulele entanyeni emfushane ehlanganiswe ngemuva. Izimpondo zazitholakala ekhanda leTriceratops. Lezi zazizikhulu ezimbili, ngaphezulu kwamehlo esilwane nenye encane emakhaleni. Izinqubo ezinde zamathambo zafinyelela cishe kumitha ukuphakama, encane yayincane izikhathi eziningana.
Kuyathakazelisa!Ukwakheka kwethambo elimise okwe-fan kwehluka kakhulu kusuka kukho konke okwaziwayo kuze kube namuhla. Iningi labalandeli be-dinosaur lalinamafasitela angenalutho, kuyilapho umlandeli weTriceratops emelwe yithambo elilodwa eliminyene, elingenathemba.
Njengamanye ama-dinosaurs amaningi, kube khona ukudideka ngokuthi isilwane sihambe kanjani. Ukwakhiwa kabusha kokuqala, kucatshangelwa izici zogebhezi olukhulu nolusindayo lwedayinaso, kuphakanyiswe ukuthi imilenze yangaphambili kuzodingeka ibekwe emaphethelweni angaphambili kwesifuba ukuze kuhlinzekwe leli khanda ngokusekelwa okufanele. Abanye basikisela ukuthi izingalo zangaphambili zazime mpo. Kodwa-ke, izifundo eziningi nokwakhiwa kabusha kwesimanje, kufaka phakathi ukulingisa kwekhompyutha, kukhombisile ukuthi imilenze yangaphambili ibimile mpo, iqinisekisa inguqulo yesibili, ibheke kulayini womzimba, kepha izindololwane zigobile kancane emaceleni.
Esinye isici esithandekayo ukuthi imilenze yangaphambili (elingana nezingalo zethu) ibihlala phansi kanjani. Ngokungafani neTokophores (ama-stegosaurs nama-ankylosaurs) nama-sauropods (ama-dinosaurs anemilenze emide enemilenze emine), iminwe yeTriceratops ikhombe ezindaweni ezihlukile, kunokuba ibheke phambili. Yize umbono wokuqala wokuvela kokuqala kwama-dinosaurs alolu hlobo ukhombisa ukuthi okhokho abaqondile bezinhlobo ezinkulu zeLate Cretaceous Keratopsian empeleni babeyi-bipedal (behamba ngemilenze emibili), futhi izandla zabo zisebenzela kakhulu ukubamba nokulinganisa esikhaleni, kepha azange zenze umsebenzi osekelayo.
Enye yezinto ezithokozisa kakhulu iTriceratops ukutholakala kwesikhumba sayo. Kuvela ukuthi, ukwahlulela ngemibhalo ethile yezinsalela, kwakukhona ama-bristles amancane ebusweni bayo. Lokhu kungabonakala kungajwayelekile, ikakhulukazi kulabo asebeke babona izithombe zakhe enesikhumba esibushelelezi. Kodwa-ke, kufakazelwe ngokwesayensi ukuthi izinhlobo zangaphambili zazinama-bristles esikhunjeni, ikakhulukazi endaweni yomsila. Le mbono iye yasekelwa ezinye izinsalela ezivela eChina. Yilapha lapho izibankwakazi zakudala zeKeratopsian zavela okokuqala ngasekupheleni kwesikhathi seJurassic.
I-Triceratops yayinesifo esinamandla... Izitho ezine eziqinile zimsekele. Imilenze yangemuva yayimide kancane kunaleyo yangaphambili futhi yayinezinzwane ezine, eyangaphambili yayinemithathu kuphela. Ngezindinganiso ezamukelekayo zama-dinosaurs angaleso sikhathi, iTriceratops yayincane, yize kwakubonakala sengathi ikhuluphele kakhulu futhi inomsila. Inhloko yeTriceratops ibonakale inkulu. Ngomlomo ohlukile otholakala ekugcineni kwesifonyo, idle ngokuthula izimila. Ngemuva kwekhanda bekukhona ithambo eliphakeme elithi "frill", inhloso yalo okuxoxiswana ngalo. I-Triceratops yayingamamitha ayisishiyagalolunye ubude futhi icishe ibe ngamamitha amathathu ukuphakama. Ubude bekhanda nama-frills bafinyelela kumamitha amathathu. Umsila wawuyingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zobude bomzimba besilwane. I-Triceratops yayinesisindo esingamathani ayi-6 kuye kwayi-12.
Ukubukeka
Ngamathani ayi-6-12, le dinosaur yayinkulu kakhulu. I-Triceratops ingenye yama-dinosaurs athandwa kakhulu emhlabeni. Isici sayo esivelele kunazo zonke ugebhezi lwayo olukhulu. AmaTriceratops ahamba ngezitho ezine, ezazibukeka njengobhejane banamuhla ohlangothini. Izinhlobo ezimbili zeTriceratops zikhonjwe: iTriceratopshorridus neTrriceratopsproorus. Ukungafani kwabo kwakungabalulekile. Isibonelo, uT.Horridus wayenophondo oluncane lwamakhala. Kodwa-ke, abanye bakholelwa ukuthi lo mehluko bekungowobulili obuhlukile beTriceratops, kunokuba kube yizinhlobo zezilwane, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi kube luphawu lokufiphala kocansi.
Kuyathakazelisa!Ukusetshenziswa kwe-occipital frill nezimpondo sekuyisikhathi eside kuphikiswa ososayensi emhlabeni jikelele, futhi kunemibono eminingi. Izimpondo mhlawumbe zazisetshenziselwa ukuzivikela. Lokhu kufakazelwa iqiniso lokuthi lapho kutholakala le ngxenye yomzimba, ukulimala komshini bekuvame ukuqashelwa.
Kungenzeka ukuthi i-frill isetshenziswe njengesixhumanisi sokuxhuma ukuze unamathisele imisipha yomhlathi, uyiqinise. Ingasetshenziselwa ukwandisa indawo yomzimba edingekayo ukulawula ukushisa. Abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi umlandeli ubesetshenziswa njengohlobo oluthile lokukhonjiswa kwezocansi noma isenzo sesexwayiso kumenzi wobubi, lapho igazi ligijimela emithanjeni egudle lona uqobo. Ngalesi sizathu, abaculi abaningi baveza iTriceratops ngomklamo ohlotshisiwe ovezwe kuyo.
Ubukhulu beTriceratops
I-Triceratops ilinganiselwa ngabavubukuli ukuthi icishe ibe ngamamitha ayi-9 ubude futhi ibe ngamamitha amathathu ukuphakama. Ukhakhayi olukhulu kunalo lonke lungahlanganisa ingxenye yesithathu yomzimba womnikazi walo futhi lukalwe ngaphezu kwamamitha angu-2.8 ubude. ITriceratops yayinemilenze eqinile nezimpondo zobuso ezintathu ezicijile, enkulu kunazo zonke ezinde ngemitha. Le dinosaur kukholakala ukuthi ibinomhlangano onamandla ofana nomnsalo. I-dinosaur emhlophe enkulu kunazo zonke ilinganiselwa ukuthi ingaba ngamathani ayi-4.5, kuyilapho obhejane abamnyama abakhulu kunabo bonke sebekhula baba cishe amathani ayi-1.7. Ngokuqhathanisa, iTriceratops ibingakhula iye kumathani ayi-11 700.
Indlela yokuphila, isimilo
Baphila cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-68-65 edlule - esikhathini seCretaceous. Kwakungesikhathi esifanayo lapho kwakukhona khona ama-dinosaurs athandwayo adlayo uTyrannosaurus Rex, Albertosaurus noSpinosaurus. I-Triceratops yayingeyodwa yama-dinosaurs ajwayelekile kakhulu wesikhathi sayo. Kutholakale izinsalela eziningi zamathambo. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akusho ngamathuba angamaphesenti ayikhulu ukuthi bahlala ngamaqembu. Iningi lokuthola kweTriceratops kwakuvame ukutholwa ngakunye. Futhi kanye kuphela ngaphambi kwesikhathi sethu kwaba nokungcwatshwa kwabantu abathathu, okungenzeka ukuthi kwakungavuthiwe iTriceratops.
Ukuboniswa okujwayelekile kokunyakaza kweTriceratops sekuxoxiswane ngakho isikhathi eside. Abanye bathi wahamba kancane imilenze yakhe ihlukene eceleni kwakhe. Ucwaningo lwesimanje, ikakhulukazi olwaqoqwa ekuhlaziyweni kwemibhalo yalo, luthole ukuthi iTriceratops kungenzeka ukuthi ihambe ngemilenze emile, igobeke kancane emadolweni ezinhlangothini. Izici ezaziwa kakhulu zokubukeka kweTriceratops - ama-frill nezimpondo, kungenzeka ukuthi zazisetshenziswa nguye ukuzivikela nokuhlasela.
Lokhu kusho ukuthi isikhali esinjalo senzelwe ijubane lokuhamba kancane le-dinosaur. Ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, uma bekungeke kwenzeke ukubaleka, angahlasela ngesibindi ngaphandle kokushiya indawo ayikhethile. Ngalesi sikhathi, phakathi kwama-paleontologists amaningi, lesi yisona sizathu kuphela esivumelekile. Inkinga ukuthi wonke ama-diner ceratopsia ayenama-frill entanyeni yawo, kepha wonke ayenesimo nesakhiwo esihlukile. Futhi umqondo uphakamisa ukuthi ukube behloselwe ukulwa nezilwane ezidla ezinye kuphela, imiklamo ibizolungiswa ibe yifomu elisebenza kahle kakhulu.
Kunombono owodwa kuphela ochaza umehluko ezimo zama-frills nezimpondo: ukubonakalisa. Ngokuba nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zalezi zici ezihlukile, uhlobo oluthile lwama-dinosaurs e-ceratopsian lungakhomba abanye abantu bezinhlobo zabo ukuze bangadideki ngokuhlangana nezinye izinhlobo. Izimbobo zazivame ukutholakala kubalandeli bamasampuli asembiwe. Kungacatshangwa ukuthi zitholwe empini nomunye umuntu walolu hlobo. Kodwa-ke, kukhona futhi umbono mayelana nokuba khona kokutheleleka okuyisinanakazana kwamasampula angawodwa. Ngakho-ke, naphezu kokuthi amandla ezimpondo angahle aphenduke umhlaseli, kodwa ayesenamathuba amaningi okusetshenziselwa ukukhombisa ukulwa nokulwa nezimbangi.
I-Triceratops kukholakala ukuthi yayihlala ikakhulukazi emihlambini.... Yize namuhla bungekho ubufakazi obunokwethenjelwa baleli qiniso. Ngaphandle kwamaTriceratops amathathu wezingane atholakala endaweni eyodwa. Kodwa-ke, zonke ezinye izinsalela zibonakala zivela kubantu abanesizungu. Enye into okufanele uyikhumbule ngokumelene nomqondo omkhulu womhlambi iqiniso lokuthi iTriceratops yayingeyona encane nhlobo futhi yayidinga ukudla okuningi kwezitshalo nsuku zonke. Uma izidingo ezinjalo beziphindaphindwe kaningana (kubalwa ngesabelo somhlambi), iqembu elinjalo lezilwane belingaletha ukulahleka okukhulu esimisweni semvelo saseNyakatho Melika ngaleso sikhathi.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ukuqaphela ukuthi ama-dinosaurs amakhulu adla njenge-Tyrannosaurus ayekwazi ukuqeda abantu abadala, abesilisa abavuthiwe ngokocansi iTriceratops. Kodwa babengeke babe nethuba elincane lokuhlasela iqembu lalezi dinosaurs, elalihlangene ndawonye ukuze livikeleke. Ngakho-ke, kungenzeka ukuthi kube namaqembu amancane adalelwe ukuvikela abesifazane ababuthakathaka nezinsana, eholwa yindoda endala eyodwa ebusayo.
Kodwa-ke, umbono wokuthi iTriceratops, ephila impilo eyedwa kakhulu, nawo awunakwenzeka, lapho kwenziwa ucwaningo oluningiliziwe ngesimo semvelo sisonke. Okokuqala, le dinosaur ibonakale iyizinhlobo eziningi kakhulu zeKeratopsian futhi mhlawumbe idayinaso enkulu edla kakhulu kunazo zonke eNyakatho Melika ngalesi sikhathi. Ngakho-ke, kungacatshangwa ukuthi ngezikhathi ezithile wazithela phezu kwezihlobo zakhe, akha amaqembu amancane. Okwesibili, izilwane ezidla utshani ezinkulu kakhulu namuhla, njengezindlovu, zingahamba kuwo womabili amaqembu, kungaba emihlambini yabomama nezingane, noma zodwa.
Ngezikhathi ezithile, abanye besilisa kungenzeka babemphonsela inselelo yokuthi athathe isikhundla sakhe. Kungenzeka bakhombise izimpondo zabo nomlandeli wabo njengethuluzi elesabekayo, mhlawumbe baze balwa. Ngenxa yalokhu, owesilisa ophethe kakhulu uzuze ilungelo lokukhwelana nabesifazane besifazane, ngenkathi olahlekile kufanele azulazule yedwa, lapho esengozini enkulu yokuhlaselwa yizilwane ezizingelayo. Mhlawumbe le datha ayi-100% ayithembekile, kepha izinhlelo ezifanayo zingabonwa phakathi kwezinye izilwane namuhla.
Isikhathi sokuphila
Isikhathi sokuqothulwa sisethwe ngumngcele we-Cretaceous Paleogene ocebise i-iridium. Lo mngcele uhlukanisa iCretaceous neCenozoic futhi uvela ngaphezulu nangaphakathi kokwakheka. Ukuhlelwa kabusha kwezinhlobo ezihlobene zakamuva ngabaxhasi bemibono emisha ye-ongenic kungashintsha ukuhumusha kwesikhathi esizayo kokuqothulwa kwedayinaso enkulu yaseNyakatho Melika. Ukuchichima kwezinsalela zeTriceratops kufakazela ukuthi zazifanele indawo yazo ethile, yize, njengabanye, azange zisinde ekuqothulweni okuphelele.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
Abaphenyi bathole izinhlobo ezimbili zezinsalela. Kwezinye, uphondo oluphakathi lwalufushane kancane, kolunye lude. Kunombono wokuthi lezi yizimpawu zokuqina kocansi phakathi kwabantu beTriceratops dinosaur.
Umlando wokutholwa
I-Triceratops yatholwa okokuqala ngo-1887. Ngalesi sikhathi, kutholakale izingcezu zokhakhayi nezimpondo kuphela. Ekuqaleni kwakhonjwa njengohlobo lwenyathi engajwayelekile yomlando. Ngemuva konyaka, kwatholakala ukwakheka okuphelele kakhudlwana kogebhezi. UJohn Bell Hatcher uqhamuke nobunye ubufakazi ngemvelaphi nangokhakhayi lwangempela. Ngenxa yalokhu, abafakizicelo bokuqala baphoqeleka ukuthi bashintshe imiqondo yabo, babiza izinhlobo zezinsalela zamandulo ngokuthi iTriceratops.
I-Triceratops iyisihloko semibono ebalulekile yokuthuthuka neyentela. I-hypothesis yamanje ifaka umbono wokuthi njengoba isilwane sikhula, izicubu ezisuka esifundeni esiphakathi nommango zaphinde zasatshalaliswa zaya ngase-frill. Umphumela waleli qiniso uzoba yimigodi emmangweni, uyenze ibe nkulu, ngaphandle kokuqhubeka nokuwuthwalisa.
Izingcezwana zezithombe zenethiwekhi yemithambo esikhunjeni, ezimboze igebe, zingaphenduka uhlobo lokukhangisa lobuntu... Ezinye izazi zithi ukubonakaliswa okunjalo kungaba umhlobiso okhangayo we-crest, okwenze kube yinto ebalulekile yokubonakaliswa kocansi noma ukukhonjwa. Lesi simo njengamanje sisacatshangelwa njengoba ososayensi babelana ngobufakazi obukhombisa ukuthi izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezinhlobo zemikhakha kanye nezinhlobo ze-fiestra zimelela izigaba ezahlukene zokukhula zezinhlobo ezifanayo zeTriceratops.
UJack Horner waseMontana State University waphawula ukuthi ama-ceratopsia anethambo le-metaplastic ezingongolweni zawo. Lokhu kuvumela izicubu ukuthi zilungise ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, zikhulise futhi zihlele kabusha ukuze kuqhubeke ukwakheka kabusha.
Kuyathakazelisa!Imiphumela yezinguquko ezinjalo zentela iyamangalisa. Ukube izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zeCretaceous dinosaur bezizinguqulo ezingavuthiwe zezinye izinhlobo zabantu abadala, ukwehla kokuhlukahluka bekuzokwenzeka ngaphambi kwesikhathi kunalokho okushiwo. I-Triceratops isivele ibhekwe njengenye yezinsalela zokugcina zezilo ezinkulu. Kwakungahlukile ngokuya ngobuningi bemivubukulo yayo emlandweni.
Izinhlobo eziningi zama-dinosaur njengamanje ziyahlolwa kabusha ngenxa yesimo esingenzeka seTriceratops. I-Triceratops ridge sheathing iqukethe i-fibroblasts ephulukisayo. Lokhu kuyinzuzo ebalulekile ewusizo kuma-punctures avela kubaphikisi abaphikisayo noma kuma-carnivores amakhulu. Ososayensi abakakatholi ngokuphelele ukuthi ngabe lelo thuluzi liyadingeka yini ukubonisa amandla, ubuhlanga, ilungelo, noma zombili ngasikhathi sinye.
Indawo yokuhlala
I-Triceratops 'Hellscream Formation ifaka izingxenye zeMontana, North Dakota, South Dakota, neWyoming. Lolu uchungechunge lwezindawo ezinobumba, amatshe odaka namatshe esihlabathi, agudliswe yimigudu yemifula kanye ne-deltas, eyayikhona ekugcineni kweCretaceous nasekuqaleni kwePaleogene. Isifunda esiphansi sasisesiphethweni esisempumalanga yolwandle olusentshonalanga maphakathi nezwe. Isimo sezulu ngalesi sikhathi besimnene futhi singaphansi komhlaba.
Ukudla kweTriceratops
I-Triceratops kwakuyi-herbivore enamazinyo angama-432 kuya ku-800 emlonyeni ofana nomlomo. Ukuvalwa kwemihlathi namazinyo akhe kusikisela ukuthi wayenamazinyo angamakhulu ngenxa yokushintshwa ngokulandelana. Ama-Triceratops mhlawumbe ahlafuna ama-fern nama-cicadas. Amazinyo akhe ayekulungele ukukha izitshalo ezinemicu.
Kuzothakazelisa futhi:
- IVelociraptor (lat. Velociraptor)
- I-Stegosaurus (isi-Latin Stegosaurus)
- I-Tarbosaurus (lat. Tarbosaurus)
- I-Pterodactyl (isiLatin Pterodactylus)
- I-Megalodon (lat. Carcharodon megalodon)
Ngasohlangothini ngalunye lomhlathi kwakukhona "amabhethri" wezinsika zamazinyo ezingama-36-40. Ikholomu ngayinye iqukethe izingcezu ezi-3 kuye kwezi-5. Izinhlobo ezinkulu zazinamazinyo amaningi. Ngokusobala ukubaluleka kokuzifaka esikhundleni futhi ukugcizelelwa kobuningi kusho ukuthi iTriceratops kwakudingeka idle inani elikhulu kakhulu lezimila ezinzima.
Izitha zemvelo
Kuze kube manje, imininingwane enembile yezitha zemvelo zama-dinosaurs e-Triceratops ayikaziwa.
