Le artiodactyl enomusa ibukeka njengesithelo sothando phakathi kwendlulamithi nensephe, ekhonjiswa egameni - indlulamithi yendlulamithi, noma i-gerenuk (elihunyushwe lisuselwa eSomalia ngokuthi "intamo yendlulamithi").
Incazelo yegerenouk
Eqinisweni, inhlwathi encane yase-Afrika enegama lesiLatini elithi Litocranius walleri (gerenuch) ayihlobene nendlulamithi, kepha imele umndeni wezinhlwathi zangempela nohlobo oluhlukile iLitocranius. Unegama elilodwa futhi - insephe kaWaller.
Ukubukeka
IGerenuch inokubukeka kwezicukuthwane - umzimba ofaniswe kahle, imilenze emincane nekhanda eliqhoshayo elibekwe entanyeni ende.... Umbono ophelele awonakalisiwe ngisho nezindlebe ezinkulu ze-oval, indawo yangaphakathi ehlotshiswe ngomhlobiso omnyama omhlophe nomhlophe. Ngezindlebe ezibanzi futhi ngamehlo amakhulu aqaphelayo, kubonakala sengathi i-gerenuk ilalela njalo. Ubude besilwane esidala kusuka ekhanda kuye emsileni kungamamitha ayi-1.4-1.5, ngokukhula kubuna cishe imitha elilodwa (plus - minus 10 cm) futhi enesisindo esifinyelela ku-50 kg. Intamo yensikazi yendlulamithi, ethweswe umqhele ngekhanda elincane, yinde kuneyezinye izinhlwathi.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngokuphikisana nomlando ovinjelwe womzimba, ikhanda libukeka njengembali evelele nezindlebe zayo ezisabalele kanye nesifonyo esidwetshiwe, lapho amehlo, ibunzi nekhala kuchazwe ngokusobala khona okumhlophe. Ngokuvamile, umbala we-gerenuch ufihlekile (emuva onsundu nezitho), okuwusiza ukuthi uhlangane ne-steppe landscape, futhi umbala omhlophe, ngaphandle kwekhanda, umboza konke okungaphansi nobuso bangaphakathi bemilenze.
"Isihlalo" esinsundu ngokubomvu sihlukaniswe ulayini okhanyayo nombala oyisisekelo, onesihlabathi somzimba, othatha intamo nezitho zomzimba zegerenuch. Izindawo zezinwele ezimnyama zibonwa emsileni, ezingubeni, eduze kwamehlo, ngaphezu kwezindlebe nasebunzini. Izimpondo, ukuziqhenya kwabesilisa abavuthiwe ngokobulili, zinezimo eziyinqaba kakhulu - kusukela ekubambeni kokuqala kuya ekuhlelweni okumise okwe-S, lapho amathiphu ezimpondo ezibuyela emuva esonteka futhi / noma egijimela kolunye uhlangothi.
Indlela yokuphila, isimilo
UGerenuka akakwazi ukubizwa ngesilwane senhlalo, ngoba lezi zinhlwathi aziphambukeli emihlambini emikhulu futhi azibonwa ekuzihlanganiseni ngokweqile. Amaqembu omndeni amakhulu kakhulu, kuze kufike ezilwaneni eziyishumi, akha abesifazane namathole, futhi abesilisa abavuthiwe bavame ukuhlala ngokwehlukana, banamathele emingceleni yendawo yabo. Imingcele imakwe ngemfihlo ekhiqizwa yindlala yangaphambi kokubeletha: izihlahla nezihlahlana ezikhula eceleni komugqa zifuthwa ngoketshezi olunephunga.
Ukungena akuvunyelwe nakancane kwabanye abesilisa, kepha abesifazane abanezilwane ezincane bazulazula ngokukhululeka e-savannah, behamba besuka kwesinye isayithi baya kwesinye. Izinsizwa ezisencane, eziphambukile kunina, kepha ezingakakhuli ekukhiqizeni okuzimele, zakha amaqembu ahlukene obulili obufanayo, lapho ahlangana khona aze avuthwe ngokuphelele.
Ngokufuna ukudla, ama-gerenuk aphuma emakhazeni, imvamisa ekuseni nakusihlwa, aphumule emini ngaphansi komthunzi wezihlahla ezingandile.
Kuyathakazelisa! UGerenuk, ngokungafani nezinye izinyamazane, uyakwazi ukuma ngemilenze emibili, aqonde ekuphakameni okugcwele futhi achithe usuku lonke kulesi sikhundla. Isakhiwo esikhethekile samajoyini we-hip sisiza ukugcina ibhalansi isikhathi eside.
Ngesikhathi sesomiso esihlala isikhathi eside nasezindaweni ezinesomiso, ama-gerenuk awaphathwa nakancane ukoma.... Ukuze kube nokuphila okujwayelekile, banomswakama owanele ezitsheni namaqabunga anamanzi. Kungakho ama-gerenuks angavamile ukushiya izifunda ezomile, noma ngabe ezinye izilwane ziphoqeleka ukuthi ziyofuna amanzi anikeza impilo.
Mangaki amagrenuk ahlala
Imininingwane mayelana nesikhathi sempilo yezindlulamithi iyahlukahluka: eminye imithombo ibiza inombolo "10", eminye ithi cishe iminyaka eyi-12-14. Ngokusho kokubona kwezazi zezinto eziphilayo, izilwane ezihlala emapaki ezilwane zinempilo ende.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
Abesilisa bahlala bakhulu futhi bade kunabesifazane. Ukuphakama okumaphakathi komuntu wesilisa kungu-0.9-1.05 m ngobunzima obungu-45-52 kg, kuyilapho abesifazane bengakhuli ngaphezu kuka-0.8-1 m lapho bebuna ngesisindo esingama-30 kg. Ngaphezu kwalokho, owesilisa ovuthiwe ngokobulili uyabonakala buqamama ngenxa yezimpondo zayo ezijiyile (kuze kufike ku-30 ​​cm ubude): kwabesifazane le mininingwane yangaphandle ayikho.
Izinhlobo zeGerenuque
Inkabi yendlulamithi yakha izinhlobo ezi-2 ezingaphansi.
Okusanda kufakwa kwizazi ezithile zezilwane njengezilwane ezizimele:
- eningizimu gerenouk (I-Litocranius walleri walleri) i-subspecies eqokiwe esatshalaliswa eKenya, enyakatho-mpumalanga yeTanzania naseningizimu yeSomalia (kuze kufike emfuleni iWebi-Shabelle);
- enyakatho gerenuk (Litocranius walleri sclateri) - uhlala eningizimu ye-Djibouti, eningizimu nasempumalanga ye-Ethiopia, enyakatho nasenkabeni yeSomalia (empumalanga yoMfula iWebi-Shabelle).
Indawo yokuhlala
Uhla lwe-gerenuka luhlanganisa amathafa asemaqeleni namagquma asuka e-Ethiopia naseSomalia kuya emaphethelweni asenyakatho eTanzania.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka edlule, izinsephe zezindlulamithi, ezathanjiswa ngokuzimisela ngabaseGibhithe lasendulo, zazihlala eSudan naseGibhithe, njengoba kufakazelwa yimidwebo yamatshe etholakala eWadi Sab (ebhange elingakwesokudla loMfula iNayile) futhi yabhalwa ngo-4000–2900. BC e.
Njengamanje, ama-gerenuk atholakala ezindaweni eziphakeme ezomile nezomile, kanye nasezintabeni ezomile noma ezinomswakama, emathafeni, emagqumeni noma ezintabeni ezingekho ngaphezu kwe-1.6 km. IGerenuk ayithandi amahlathi aminyene nezindawo ezivuleke ngokweqile ezinotshani obuningi, ikhetha izikhala ezigcwele uhlaza lwezihlahla.
Ukudla kukaGerenuch
UGerenuk usezivumelanise nempilo esimisweni semvelo esiyinkimbinkimbi, lapho izinhlobo eziningi zincintisana ngokudla okufanayo noma ngokutholakala kwamanzi.
Izinsephe zezindlulamithi zifunde ukusinda ngenxa yekhono lazo elingandile lokulinganisa emilenzeni yazo yangemuva, zifinyelela ezingxenyeni eziphakeme kakhulu - izimbali, amaqabunga, amahlumela namahlumela akhula eziqongweni zezihlahlana, lapho izinhlwathi ezimfushane nezingenangqondo zingafinyeleli khona.
Ngenxa yalokhu, ama-gerenuk akhuphule kakhulu ubude bezitho nemilenze, futhi athola nolimi olunjengolukhuni (njengendlulamithi), izindebe ezinwetshiwe nezizwela kancane, ezivumela ukuba zibambe amagatsha anameva. Ikhanda elincane, elincanyana, elikhama kalula ngamahlumela anameva omtholo, nalo liyasiza ukuvika ameva abukhali.
Ukufinyelela emagatsheni aphakeme kakhulu, i-gerenuk iphakama ezingalweni zayo zangemuva, ibambe ikhanda layo emuva ibuyele esidlweni, ikha wonke amaqabunga akhona. Ukwelula (ngesikhathi esifanele) kwentamo ende nakho kunomthelela ekukhuleni kokukhula, ngenxa yokuthi i-gerenuk ingadla amaqabunga angenakufinyelelwa yimbangi yayo yokudla - inhlwathi emnyama.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Ukuzingelwa ngokocansi kwama-gerenuk kubhalwe ukuthi, njengomthetho, kuya enkathini yemvula, kepha kukonke kuncike kuningi lesisekelo sokudla... Izimila ezilungele ukudla kakhulu, imidlalo yothando iba namandla ngokwengeziwe. Abesilisa bahlelelwe ukufaka umanyolo kwinani eliphezulu labalingani, yingakho bezama ukungavumeli abesifazane bashiye insimu yabo phakathi nesikhathi se-rutting.
Kuyathakazelisa! Lapho owesifazane ehlangana nowesilisa othokozile, ucindezela izindlebe zakhe ekhanda, bese emaka okhalweni ngemfihlo yakhe. Uma umakoti esesimweni sokuya ocansini, uchama ngokushesha ukuze isoka lizoqonda ngokulungela kwalo ngephunga elingachazeki lomchamo. Uma umchamo ukhipha iphunga elifanele, owesilisa umboza owesifazane, kepha akahlanganyeli nobunzima bokuthwala, eyofuna izenzakalo ezintsha zothando.
Ukukhulelwa kwegerenuch kuthatha cishe izinyanga eziyisithupha, kugcina ngokuzalwa okukodwa, kuyaqabukela - amawundlu amabili. Ngaphambi kokuqala kokusebenza, insikazi izama ukusuka eqenjini, ifuna indawo ethule, imvamisa phakathi kotshani obude. Ngokushesha nje lapho ingane (enesisindo esingaba ngu-3 kg) izalwa, umama uyayikhotha futhi ngasikhathi sinye udla ukubeletha, ukuze angahehi izilwane ezizingelayo.
Amaviki amabili okuqala inkonyane lilele endaweni eyodwa, futhi umama uza kuye izikhathi 3-4 ngosuku ukuzondla nokuhlanza. Kubizwa inkonyane, insikazi iyopha ngokuthula. Ngemuva kwalokho uzama ukukhuphuka (akhuphule kancane imvamisa yemizamo yakhe) bese elandela unina. Ngonyaka wezinyanga ezintathu, intsha isivele ihlafuna ukudla okuqinile, inika ubisi lukamama kancane.
Ukuzala ezilwaneni ezisencane kwenzeka ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene: amandla okuzala abesifazane avuleka cishe unyaka owodwa, kwabesilisa - ngeminyaka eyi-1.5. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaduna asekhulile ajwayele ukuhlala nonina aze acishe abe neminyaka emibili ubudala, kanti abesifazane bathola ukuzimela okuphelele kanye nokuzala.
Izitha zemvelo
I-antelope endala ibalekela kalula abaxoshayo ngenxa yesivinini sayo (kufika ku-70 km / h) nokuhamba kwayo. Okuwukuphela kwesilwane esingahlangana kalula nensele yendlulamithi ingulule.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngokushesha uGerenuk ukhathele ukugijima ezungeza (ngemuva kwamakhilomitha ambalwa) bese ephumela ngaphandle ngebanga elingamakhilomitha ama-5, okusetshenziswa hhayi njenge-frisky njenge-cheetah, kodwa inenkani ebonakalayo enenkani nenja yempisi. Lezi zidlakela ezinamandla zilandela inhlwathi ize ikhathale ngokuphelele.
Ezinye izitha ze-gerenuke, amabhubesi nezingwe, zisebenzisa amaqhinga okulinda nokubona, zilinde isisulu siqamekele. Ibona ubungozi, insephe yendlulamithi iqanda bese izama ukuhlangana nemvelo. Uma kungenakwenzeka ukuzenza isihlahla, i-gerenuk iyashesha ibaleke, yelule intamo yayo ifane nomhlabathi. Amathole kaGerenuch anezitha eziningi kakhulu, ezingakakwazi ukugijima ngokushesha futhi zibalekele, uma kungenzeka, otshanini obude. Bazimisele ngokudla bonke abantu abadla kubazali babo, kanye nezidliwayo ezincane, kufaka phakathi amanqe ase-Afrika, izinkozi zempi, izimfene nezimpungushe.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
ILitocranius walleri (gerenuk) ifakiwe kuhlu olubomvu lwe-IUCN njengohlobo oluseduze nokufinyelela emngceleni wokuba sengozini... Ngokusho kwe-IUCN, inani lomhlaba wonke lamazimba endlulamithi lehla kusukela ngo-2002 kuya ku-2016 (ngaphezu kwezizukulwane ezintathu) okungenani ngama-25%.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukwehla kuye kwaqhubeka, okusizwa ikakhulukazi yizici ze-anthropogenic:
- ukugawulwa kwezihlahla (kulungiswa izinkuni namalahle);
- ukunwetshwa kwamadlelo emfuyo;
- ukonakaliswa kwemvelo;
- ukuzingela.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimpi eziningi kanye nezimpi zombango ezenzeka ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezilwane e-Ogaden naseSomalia yizo ezisola ngokunyamalala kwamaGerenuk. Ama-Antelopes asinda lapha noma ngabe azikho ngokuphelele izindlela zokuzivikela eziphathimandla, kepha abantu abaningi manje bahlala eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Ethiopia, nasenyakatho nasempumalanga yeKenya. Izinsephe zezindlulamithi zisabalele eNtshonalanga Kilimanjaro futhi zivamile ezindaweni eziseduze neLake Natron, eTanzania.
Okubalulekile! Ngokusho kwe-IUCN ukulinganisela, namuhla kuphela i-10% yabantu be-gerenuch abasezindaweni ezivikelwe. Kulapha lapho inani lezinhlwathi belingazinziswa, uma kungengenxa yokuphazamiseka kwemvelo okucasulayo. Ngakho-ke, ngenxa yesomiso kanye ne-rinderpest, inani labantu baseTsavo National Park (Kenya) lisanda kwehla.
Abalondolozi bemvelo babikezela ukuthi uma izitayela ezimbi ziqhubeka, i-gerenuk izonyamalala ebangeni layo eliningi... Izilwane azigcini ngokufa kancane kancane, kodwa futhi kunzima ukubalwa kwabantu. Kunzima ukuzibala zombili kusukela phansi kanye nasemoyeni ngenxa yokuhamba kanye nenani elincane lamaqembu emindeni, izihlahlana eziminyene nombala wokulingisa. Kusukela ngo-2017, inani eliphelele lalezi zinhlobo lingabantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-95.
