Ama-Tarbosaurs angabameleli bohlobo lwezidlakela ezinkulu, ama-dinosaurs afana nesibankwa avela emndenini weTyrannosaurid, owayehlala enkathini ephezulu ye-Cretaceous ezindaweni zanamuhla zaseChina naseMongolia. Ama-Tarbosaurs akhona, ngokusho kososayensi, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-71-65 edlule. Uhlobo lweTarbosaurus lungolweqembu elifana ne-Lizard-like, the class Reptiles, the superorder Dinosaurs, kanye ne-suborder Theropods kanye ne-superfamily Tyrannosaurus.
Incazelo yeTarbosaurus
Zonke izinsalela ezimbalwa ezitholwe kusukela ngo-1946, ezingabantu abayishumi nambili beTarbosaurus, zenze kwaba lula ukuphinda kuvele lesi sibankwa esikhulu futhi zithathe iziphetho ezithile mayelana nendlela yaso yokuphila nezinguquko enqubweni yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ukuletha ngosayizi kuma-tyrannosaurs, ama-tarbosaurs ayengamanye ama-tyrannosaurids amakhulu ngaleso sikhathi.
Ukubukeka, ubukhulu
Ama-Tarbosaurs asondele kuma-tyrannosaurs ekubukekeni kwawo kune-Albertosaurus noma iGorgosaurus... Isibankwa esikhulu sasihlukaniswa ngumthethosisekelo omkhulu kakhulu, ugebhezi olukhulu ngokulingana futhi olinganayo, olude ngokwanele, uma kuqhathaniswa nabamele igatsha lesibili lomndeni oguqukayo, kubandakanya iGorgosaurus ne-Albertosaurus. Abanye abacwaningi babheka i-T. bataar njengenye yezinhlobo zama-tyrannosaurs. Leli phuzu lenzeke ngokushesha ngemuva kokutholakala, kanye nakwezinye izifundo zakamuva.
Kuyathakazelisa! Kwakungokutholakala kuphela kwesethi yesibili yezinsalela zemivubukulo ezibangelwa uhlobo olusha lwe-Alioramus lapho i-Alioramus yaqinisekiswa khona ukuthi yayiwuhlobo oluyingqayizivele oluhluke ngokuphelele kuTarbosaurus.
Isakhiwo samathambo seTarbosaurus ngokuvamile sasinamandla impela. Umbala wesikhumba onamaxolo, kanye nama-tyrannosaurs, ayehluka kancane ngokuya ngezimo nemvelo. Ubukhulu besibankwa babuhlaba umxhwele. Ubude bomuntu omdala bufinyelela kumamitha ayishumi nambili, kepha ngokwesilinganiso, izilwane ezinjengalezi zazingadluli ku-9.5 m ubude. Ukuphakama kwama-tarbosaurs kufinyelele kuma-580 cm ngesisindo somzimba esingamathani ayi-4.5-6.0. , ngobukhulu obukhulu, kuze kufike ku-125-130 cm ubude.
Izilwane ezinjalo zazinomqondo othuthukile wokulinganisela, kepha isibankwa sasinokuzwa okuhle nephunga, okwakwenza kube ngumzingeli ongenakuqhathaniswa. Isilwane esikhulu sasinemihlathi eqinile futhi enamandla, ifakwe inombolo enkulu yamazinyo abukhali kakhulu. I-Tarbosaurus yayibonakala ngokuba khona kwemilenze emibili emifushane engaphambili, eyayiphela ngababili bezinzwane ezinamazipho. Imilenze emibili yangemuva enamandla futhi enamandla kakhulu yomzingeli yaphela ngeminwe emithathu yokusekela. Ibhalansi lapho ihamba futhi igijima yanikezwa ngomsila omude ngokwanele.
Uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila
Ama-tarbosaurs ase-Asia, kanye nama-tyrannosaurs ahlobene, ngazo zonke izici zawo eziyinhloko kwakungokwesigaba sabadli bendawo abahlala bodwa. Kodwa-ke, ngokusho kwabanye ososayensi, ezigabeni ezithile zempilo yabo, izibankwa ezinkulu zazikwazi ukuzingela kanye nemvelo yazo eseduze.
Ngokuvamile, izidalwa ezindala zazizingela ngazimbili nowesilisa noma owesifazane, kanye namazinyane asekhulile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakucatshangwa ukuthi isizukulwane esisha kungenzeka ukuthi sasondla futhi sifunda emaqenjini anjalo ezinye zezisekelo zokudla okunomsoco nezindlela zokusinda isikhathi eside impela.
Isikhathi sokuphila
Ngo-2003, kwaqhamuka ifilimu eyisiqeshana esihloko sithi "In the Land of Giants" esiteshini se-BBC. Ama-Tarbosaurs avele futhi acatshangelwa engxenyeni yawo yesibili - "The Giant Claw", lapho ososayensi bezwakalise ukucabanga mayelana nobude besikhathi sokuphila bezilwane ezinjalo. Ngokubona kwabo, izibankwa ezinkulu zazihlala cishe iminyaka engamashumi amabili nanhlanu, ubuningi beminyaka engamashumi amathathu.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
Izinkinga zobukhona be-dimorphism yezocansi kuma-dinosaurs bezinentshisekelo kososayensi basekhaya nabangaphandle iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi ayisikhombisa, kepha namuhla akukho kuvunyelwana ngezici ezenza ukuthi kube lula ukuhlukanisa owesilisa nowesilisa ngemininingwane yangaphandle.
Umlando wokutholwa
Kulezi zinsuku, okuwukuphela kohlobo olwaziwa kakhulu yiTarbosaurus bataar, futhi okokuqala ngqa amaTarbosaurs atholakala ngesikhathi sohambo lweSoviet-Mongolian oluya enjongweni ye-Umnegov nokwakheka kweNemegt. Ukutholakala kwalesosikhathi, okwakumelwe ugebhezi namathambo omgogodla ambalwa, kwaletha ukudla kokucabanga. I-paleontologist eyaziwayo yaseRussia u-Yevgeny Maleev ekuqaleni wakhomba lokho okutholakele ngesisekelo semininingwane ethile njengezinhlobo ezintsha zeNyakatho Melika iTyrannosaurus - iTyrannnosaurus bataar, ngenxa yenani elikhulu lezici ezivamile. Le holotype yanikezwa inombolo kamazisi - iPIN 551-1.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngo-1955, uMaleev wachaza ezinye izingebhezi ezintathu zikaTarbosaurus. Zonke zanezelwa ngezicucu zamathambo ezitholwe phakathi nohambo olufanayo lwesayensi. Ngasikhathi sinye, ubukhulu obuncane obuphawuleka buyisici salaba bantu abathathu.
I-specimen enenombolo yokukhomba i-PIN 551-2 ithole igama eliqondile elithi Tyrannosaurus efremovi, ukuhlonipha umbhali odumile waseRussia wezinganekwane kanye no-paleontologist u-Ivan Efremov. Amasampula anezinombolo zokuhlonza i-PIN 553-1 ne-PIN 552-2 anikezwe olunye uhlobo lwe-American tyrannosaurid Gorgosaurus aqanjwa njenge-Gorgosаurus lancinator ne-Gorgosаurus nоvojilovi, ngokulandelana.
Noma kunjalo, sekuvele ngo-1965, esinye isazi sezimbali saseRussia u-Anatoly Rozhdestvensky wabeka umbono wokuthi zonke izinhlobo ezichazwe nguMaleev zingezinhlobo ezifanayo, ezisezigabeni ezahlukene zokukhula nentuthuko. Ngalesi sizathu, ngokokuqala ngqa, ososayensi baphethe ngokuthi wonke ama-theropods, empeleni, awaziwa ngokuthi ama-tyrannosaurs wangempela.
Kwakuwuhlobo olusha lweRozhdestvensky olwabizwa ngeTarbosaurus, kepha igama langempela lalesi silwane lashiywa lingashintshiwe - iTarbosaurus bataar. Okwamanje, isitoko sesivele sigcwalisiwe ngokutholwa okusha okulethwe oGwadule lwaseGobi. Ababhali abaningi bakubonile ukunemba kweziphetho ezithathwe nguRozhdestvensky, kepha iphuzu lokuhlonza alikabekwa.
Ukuqhubeka kwendaba kwenzeka ngonyaka we-1992, lapho isazi se-paleontologist saseMelika uKenneth Carpenter, owacwaninga ngokucophelela zonke izinto eziqoqiwe, wanikeza isiphetho esingaqondakali sokuthi umehluko owanikezwa usosayensi uRozhdestvensky ngokusobala wawunganele ukuhlukanisa umhlaseli kuhlobo oluthile. KwakunguMelika uKenneth Carpenter owasekela zonke iziphetho zokuqala ezazithathwa nguMaleev.
Ngenxa yalokho, zonke izinhlobo zeTarbosaurus ezazitholakala ngaleso sikhathi kwadingeka zinikezwe iTyrannosaurus bataar futhi. Okuhlukile yilokho okwakungu-Gorgosaurus novojilovi wangaphambili, uMbazi owahlukanisa njengomuntu ozimele uMaleevosaurus (Maleevosaurus novojilovi).
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngaphandle kokuthi ama-Tarbosaurs okwamanje awaqondakali kahle, njenge-Tyrannosaurs, kuye kwaqoqwa isisekelo esihle eminyakeni edlule, esinezinhlobo ezingaba ngamashumi amathathu, kufaka phakathi izingebhezi eziyishumi nanhlanu namathambo amaningi we-postcranial.
Yize kunjalo, umsebenzi weminyaka eminingi woMbazi awutholanga ukwesekwa okusabalele kakhulu emibuthanweni yesayensi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, isazi sezimbali saseMelika uThomas Carr sathola iTarbosaurus esemncane eMaleevosaurus. Ngakho-ke, ochwepheshe abaningi okwamanje babona iTarbosaurus njengohlobo oluzimele ngokuphelele, ngakho-ke iTarbosaurus bataar ishiwo ezincazelweni ezintsha nasezincwadini eziningi zesayensi zakwamanye amazwe nezasekhaya.
Indawo yokuhlala
Ama-Tarbosaurs asephelile ayevamile ezindaweni manje ezihlala iChina neMongolia. Izibankwa ezinkulu ezinjalo ezidla kakhulu zivame ukuhlala emahlathini. Ngesikhathi esomile, ama-tarbosaurs, okwakudingeka aphazamise nganoma yiluphi uhlobo lokudla ngezikhathi ezinzima, kungenzeka ukuthi akwazi ukugibela ngisho nasemanzini amachibi angajulile, lapho kutholakala khona izimfudu, izingwenya, kanye nama-caenagnatids asheshayo.
Ukudla kweTarbosaurus
Emlonyeni wesibankwa se-tarbosaurus, kwakukhona amazinyo angaba yishumi nambili, ubude bawo okungenani babungu-80-85 mm... Ngokucabanga kwabanye ochwepheshe abaziwayo, imidondoshiya edla inyama yayingabagcobi abajwayelekile. Abakwazanga ukuzizingela bodwa, kepha badla izidumbu zezilwane esezivele zifile. Ososayensi bachaza leli qiniso ngesakhiwo esithile semizimba yabo. Ngokombono wesayensi, lolu hlobo lwezibankwa ezidla ezinye, njengabamele ama-theropods, babengazi ukuthi bangahamba kanjani ngokushesha okwanele ebusweni bomhlaba belandela inyamazane yabo.
Ama-Tarbosaurs ayenesisindo esikhulu somzimba, ngakho-ke, njengoba esethole ijubane elikhulu ekusebenzeni, isilwane esikhulu kangaka singawa futhi sithole ukulimala okubi kakhulu. Izazi eziningi ze-paleontologists zikholelwa ngokusobala ukuthi ijubane elikhulu elenziwe yilelizisi cishe lalingadluli kuma-30 km / h. Isivinini esinjalo ngokusobala besingeke sanele ukuba umhlaseli azingele ngempumelelo inyamazane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izibankwa zasendulo zazinamehlo angaboni kahle namathambo amafushane e-tibial. Lolu hlobo lwesakhiwo lukhombisa ngokusobala ukwephuza ngokweqile nokuvilapha kwamaTarbosaurs.
Kuyathakazelisa! Kucatshangwa ukuthi ama-tarbosaurs kungenzeka ukuthi azingele izilwane zasendulo ezinjenge-saurolophus, i-opistocelicaudia, i-protoceratops, i-therizinosaurus ne-erlansaurus.
Ngaphandle kokuthi abacwaningi abaningi bahlukanisa ama-tarbosaurs njengabaqaphi, umbono ojwayeleke kakhulu ukuthi izibankwa ezinjalo kwakuyizilwane ezivamile ezizingelayo, zihlala kwesinye sezikhundla eziphezulu ku-ecosystem, futhi zazingela ngempumelelo kakhulu izibankwakazi ezinkulu ezidla imifino abahlala emathafeni amanzi emifula.
Ukuzala nenzalo
UTarbosaurus wesifazane ovuthiwe ngokocansi wazalela amaqanda amaningana, abekwa esidlekeni esesilungisiwe futhi aqashwe kakhulu ngumzingeli omkhulu. Ngemuva kokuzalwa kwezinsikazi, insikazi kwadingeka izishiye zihambe ziyofuna inqwaba yokudla. Umama wazondla ngokuzimela inzalo yakhe, ephindaphinda inyama yama-dinosaurs asanda kubulala. Kucatshangwa ukuthi insikazi ingaphindisela kahle emuva cishe ngamakhilogremu angamashumi amathathu noma amane wokudla ngasikhathi.
Esidlekeni, amawundlu e-tarbosaurus nawo ayenezigaba ezihlukile.... Ngasikhathi sinye, izibankwa ezincane zazingasondeli ekudleni kuze kube yilapho abafowethu abadala sebenelisekile ngokuphelele. Njengoba amaTarbosaurs amadala ayexosha njalo ababuthakathaka nabancane kunabo bonke enzalweni ekudleni, inani eliphelele lamawundlu embhedeni lancipha kancane kancane ngokwemvelo. Enkambisweni yohlobo lokukhetha kwemvelo, kuphela ama-Tarbosaurs aphumelele kakhulu futhi anamandla kakhulu akhula futhi athola ukuzimela.
Izinyane lezinyanga ezimbili ubudala iTarbosaurus amawundlu selivele lifinyelele kubude obungamasentimitha angama-65-70, kepha bekungeyona ikhophi elincane labazali babo. Ukutholwa kokuqala kukhombise ngokusobala ukuthi ama-tyrannosaurids amancane kunawo wonke abe nokuhluka okuphawulekayo kubantu abadala. Kungenxa yokuthi kwatholakala amathambo acishe aphelele weTarbosaurus anokhakhayi olondolozwe kahle, ukuthi ososayensi bakwazi ukuhlola ngokunembile umehluko onjalo, kanye nokucabanga indlela yokuphila yama-tyrannosaurids amancane.
Kuzothakazelisa futhi:
- I-Pterodactyl
- UMegalodon
Isibonelo, kuze kube muva nje bekungacaci kahle ukuthi inani lamazinyo abukhali futhi anamandla kakhulu kuma-tarbosaurs lalihlala lihlala njalo empilweni yalawo ma-dinosaurs. Ezinye izazi ze-paleontologists ziye zacabanga ukuthi ngokuguga, inani eliphelele lamazinyo kuma-dinosaurs amakhulu kangaka lehla ngokwemvelo. Kodwa-ke, kwamanye amawundlu eTarbosaurus, inani lamazinyo lihambelana ngokuphelele nenani labo kubantu abadala nasezibankwaleni ezisakhula zalolu hlobo. Ababhali bezifundo zesayensi bakholelwa ukuthi leli qiniso liyakuphika ukucatshangelwa mayelana noshintsho enanini lamazinyo kubantu abamele i-tyrannosaurids.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ama-tarbosaurs amancane, okungenzeka ukuthi, abambe indawo okuthiwa yizilwane ezincane ezizingela izibankwa, ama-dinosaurs amancane kakhulu, futhi, mhlawumbe, nezilwane ezahlukahlukene ezincelisayo.
Ngokuphathelene nendlela yokuphila yama-tyrannosaurids amancane kunawo wonke, okwamanje kungashiwo ngokuzethemba okugcwele ukuthi ama-tarbosaurs amancane awazange alandele abazali bawo ngokusobala, kodwa ayethanda ukuhlala nokuthola ukudla kuphela eyedwa. Abanye ososayensi manje basikisela ukuthi ama-tarbosaurs amancane kungenzeka ukuthi awakaze ahlangane nabantu abadala, abamele izinhlobo zawo. Kwakungekho mncintiswano wokuphangwa kwabantu abadala nabancane. Njengezisulu, ama-tarbosaurs amancane nawo ayengenayo intshisekelo kwizibankwa ezivuthiwe zocansi.
Izitha zemvelo
Ama-dinosaurs adla ukudla nje ayemakhulu kakhulu, ngakho ezimweni zemvelo ama-tarbosaurs ayengenazo izitha... Kodwa-ke, kucatshangwa ukuthi kungenzeka kube nokulwa phakathi kwamathrophu angomakhelwane, afaka iVelociraptors, i-Oviraptors, neShuvuya.
