I-pike perch (i-Sander) ingabamele uhlobo lohlobo lwezinhlanzi ezenziwe ngemisebe zomndeni wesikhondlakhondla (Percidae). Izinhlanzi ezifakwe uRay ziyinto edumile yokudoba amateur, ukuhweba kanye nezemidlalo. Ngokombono wezinga lentela, kunezinhlobo eziningana eziseduze kakhulu ezinokufana kwangaphandle, imikhuba ejwayelekile, isikhathi sokuzala kanye nemikhuba yokudla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlanzi ezinjalo zingahluka ngendawo yokuhlala nezidingo eziyisisekelo zemvelo.
Incazelo ye-zander
Ukufundwa kwezinhlobo zasendulo zabamele izinhlanzi ezenzelwe imisebe ye-ray kuqinisekisile ukuthi i-pike perch yangempela yavela esikhathini sePliocene, futhi izwe lakubo liyinsimu yeSiberia. Izinsalela ezitholakele ziphinde ziqinisekise iqiniso lokuthi enqubweni yokuziphendukela kwemvelo isikhathi eside ukubukeka kwephekhi le-pike akuzange kube nezinguquko ezibonakalayo, kepha izindawo zokuhlala zishintshe kakhulu, ngakho-ke amanzi angenasawoti kanye nosawoti wamanzi kasawoti manje angatholakala emhlabeni wonke.
Kukhona iminyango ebukhali emihlathini yepiki, lapho izinhlanzi zibamba futhi zibambe ngokuthembekile isisulu... Usayizi wama-canine emadodeni amadala we-pike perch mkhulu kakhulu kunabesifazane, futhi leli iqiniso elibhekwa njengenye yezici eziyinhloko zocansi. Ngaphezu kwama-canines, imihlathi ye-ichthyophage yasendulo ibonakaliswa ngokuba khona kwamazinyo amancane, kepha abukhali.
Ukubukeka
Ngokuya ngezinhlobo zezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, izici zangaphandle zepiki perch ziyashintsha:
- I-pike perch perch ubude bomzimba obufinyelela ku-107 cm, nobunzima obungu-11.3 kg. Lezi zinhlobo zinomzimba ohlangene, omile okwe-spindle ohlanganiswe nezikali ze-ctenoid, ezithola ukucindezelwa kwe-lateral nokukhula. Umlomo omkhulu futhi ongapheli unamazinyo afana ne-canine emihlathini. Amaphiko ama-dorsal atholakala emzimbeni, kanti i-fin ye-caudal ayifakwanga. Umbala womzimba usukela kobunsundu bomnqumo uye kobunsundu begolide futhi uphuzi ngisho. Isisu simhlophe noma siphuzi. Umphetho we-caudal fin umhlophe;
- I-pike perch ejwayelekile iyinhlanzi enkulu impela. Ngokuya ngemininingwane esemthethweni, abantu sebetholakele ubude bomzimba wabo obedlula imitha futhi bunesisindo esifinyelela ku-10-15 kg, kepha kungenzeka ukuthi kukhona nezinhlobo ezinkulu. Kwabesilisa abadala, amazinyo amakhulu afana ne-canine atholakala emihlathini kunabesifazane abavuthiwe ngokocansi;
- I-zander yaseCanada inobude obukhulu bomzimba obufinyelela ku-50-76 cm, nobunzima obuphakathi kuka-3-4 kg. Lezi zinhlobo zinomzimba ovamile omile okokuphotha ombozwe izikali ze-ctenoid kanye namaphiko ama-dorsal. Amaphiko ezinqeni ayeluhlobo lwe-thoracic futhi atholakala ngaphansi kwama-pectorals. I-fin ye-caudal ayifakwanga. Umzimba omningi umnyama, ucishe ube mnyama. I-dorsal fin yokuqala inemigqa ye-oblique yamachashazi amnyama. Kukhona indawo emnyama eduze kwesisekelo se-pectoral fin, futhi akukho ndawo ekhanyayo ekugcineni kwe-caudal;
- IVolzhsky pike perch inosayizi omncane. Ubude bomzimba wenhlanzi endala bufinyelela ku-40-45 cm, ngesisindo ebangeni elingu-1.2-2.9 kg. Ngokubukeka, i-Volga pike perch ifana kakhulu nezinye izinhlobo, kepha ngokungafani nazo, inhlanzi enjalo ayinayo i-canine yesici. Abamele lezi zinhlobo batholakala emanzini omfula olwandle iCaspian, iBlack ne-Azov, futhi baphumela emanzini oLwandle iCaspian. Ama-burshes akhetha ukugcina amaphakethe;
- I-sea pike perch inobude bomzimba ebangeni elingama-50-62 cm, nobunzima obufinyelela ku-1.8-2.0 kg. Umzimba uvulekile futhi ucindezelwe kancane ngemuva. Umlomo omkhulu, kepha mncane ngokuqhathaniswa ne-pike perch ejwayelekile. Umhlathi ongaphezulu ngaphandle kokuya ngaphesheya kobubanzi bekhasi le-ocular engemuva. Amazinyo e-canine akhona emihlathini. Bonke abantu baseCaspian bahlukaniswa ngamaphiko okugcoba ahlukaniswe yigebe elincane.
Kwabamele oLwandle Olumnyama bezinhlobo, ukuthintana kwamaphiko emhlane kuyisici. Ulayini we-lateral nawo usondela ekugcineni kwe-caudal. Umehluko omkhulu kunesisekelo esivamile se-pike perch ubukhulu obuncane bamehlo, kanye nokungabikho kwesikali endaweni yesihlathi nenani elincane lemisebe ethambile esinqeni se-anal. Umzimba uphuzi ngokukhanyayo ngombala. Ezinhlangothini zezinhlanzi ezinjalo kunemivimbo engu-12-13 emnyama eguqukayo. Amabala amnyama amenyezelwe akhona kumaphiko we-caudal nelesibili le-dorsal.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngaphezu kwamaseli we-retina azwela ukukhanya, i-pike perch inikezwe ngokwemvelo ungqimba olukhethekile lwe-vascular - i-tapetum, emelwe amaseli ayizicaba agcwele amakristalu abonisa ukukhanya okuncane.
Indlela yokuphila, isimilo
Ngendlela yabo yokuphila, i-pike perch yizilwane ezidliwayo ezivamile. Abamele bazo zonke izinhlobo zondla kakhulu izinhlanzi, kepha abantu abancane kunabo bonke bangadla nezinambuzane ezingenamgogodla zasemanzini. Izinhlanzi ezihlanjululwe ngeRay zomndeni wamachweba zizwela kakhulu ekugxileni komoya-mpilo endaweni yasemanzini kanye nokuba khona kokumiswa okuthile, okutholakala ngqo emizimbeni yamanzi yemvelo egcwele amanzi.
Esikhathini esifudumele sonyaka, izinhlanzi zigcina ekujuleni kwamamitha ama-2-5. Abamele uhlobo lomsebenzi basebenza hhayi kuphela emini, kodwa nasebusuku. Ngenxa yobukhona besendlalelo esikhanyayo ngemuva kwe-retina, inhlanzi iyakwazi ukuzingela ngempumelelo ngisho nangokukhanya okuphansi kakhulu. Ebusuku, abameleli bohlobo bangena emanzini angajulile, futhi bayakwazi nokuzingela eduze kwamanzi. Ngalesi sikhathi, kuhlelwa lokho okuthiwa "yizimpi", kuhambisana nokugqashuka okuyisici futhi okunomsindo omkhulu.
Emini, i-pike perch ifudukela ezindaweni ezijulile zamanzi. Njengomthetho, izinhlanzi ezinjalo zithanda isanti noma itshe phansi, ikakhulukazi uma ezindaweni ezinjalo kunezinto ezinkulu ngesimo sezinkuni namatshe. Lezi zindawo zokuhlala zisetshenziselwa ukuqamekela, lapho kuzingelwa khona ukuzingela. I-pike perch imelana kakhulu nezifo ezahlukahlukene.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ukuba khona kwephekhi echibini emthonjeni wemvelo kuhlala kufakazela izici zamanzi ezisezingeni eliphakeme, ngoba izinhlanzi ezinjalo azibekezeleli ngisho nokungcola okuncane.
Kodwa-ke, kunokwehluka kokuziphatha kanye nendlela yokuphila. Isibonelo, i-pike perch perch ihlukaniswa njengenhlanzi yasemanzini angenasawoti. Abamele lolu hlobo bahlala hhayi emincane kuphela, kodwa nasemifuleni emikhulu impela. Kancane kancane, izinhlanzi ezinkulu kangaka ezinganele ngokwanele zitholakala emanzini amachibi nasezigodini. Ngokwengxenye ebalulekile yempilo yabo, i-pike perch perch ihola impilo yokuhlala yodwa, kepha ngesikhathi sokuzala, izinhlanzi ezinjalo zisuka kude ezindaweni zazo ziye ezindaweni zokuzalela. Ngemuva kokuzala, izinhlanzi zibuyela ezingxenyeni zazo zomdabu.
Uhlala isikhathi eside kangakanani u-zander
Isikhathi sokuphila esiphakeme sama-walleyes siyiminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalombili, kepha imvamisa kukhawulwa iminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu.
Izinhlobo ze-Zander
Njengamanje, izinhlobo eziyisihlanu kuphela zephike perch ezaziwayo:
- Uphaphe olukhanyayo noma ipiki pike perch (Sander vitreus);
- I-pike perch ejwayelekile (iSander lucioperca);
- I-sandy noma i-pike perch perch (iSander canadensis);
- IBersh, noma iVolga pike perch (iSander volgensis);
- I-sea pike perch (iSander marinus).
Emizimbeni yamanzi eRussia, manje kunezinhlobo ezimbili - lezi zivamile kanye ne-Volga pike perch, noma i-bersh. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ogwini lwase-Azov naseDon, igama lendawo le-pike perch laziwa kahle - i-sula.
Indawo yokuhlala
I-pike perch perched perch isabalele kakhulu eNyakatho Melika ukusuka eQuebec kuya engxenyeni esenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeCanada. I-pike perch yalezi zinhlobo manje isingeniswa emadamini emvelo kulo lonke elaseMelika. I-pike perch ejwayelekile ingummeleli ovelele wezinhlanzi zamanzi angenasawoti eMpumalanga Yurophu nase-Asia. I-pike perch enjalo itholakala emachibini emifula iBlack, iBaltic ne-Azov Seas, kanye naseCaspian nase-Aral Sea, eLake Balkhash nase-Issyk-Kul, kwamanye amanzi echibi nasezindaweni ezinamanzi.
I-pike perch yaseCanada ingenye yezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu futhi ezisabalele eNyakatho Melika. Abamele lolu hlobo batholakala ohlelweni lwechibi-emfuleni iSt. Lawrence kanye nezinqolobane zemvelo zohlelo lwezintaba i-Appalachian kuze kufike esifundazweni esisentshonalanga ye-Alberta.
I-sea pike perch isakazeke kakhulu emanzini oLwandle iCaspian nasendaweni esenyakatho-ntshonalanga yoLwandle Olumnyama. Izinhlanzi zasolwandle ezihlala oLwandle iCaspian zihlala zigwema izindawo ezinamachibi amaningi. Emanzini oLwandle Olumnyama, abameleli balezi zinhlobo bavame kakhulu endaweni yomfula iDnieper-Bug kanye nemifula.
Ukudla kwe-pike perch
I-pike perch perch ekhanyayo iyinhlanzi edlayo, futhi gazinga lalezi zinhlobo lushintshela ohlotsheni lwangaphandle lokondla ngobude bomzimba obungu-0,8-0.9 cm. Ngemuva kokuthi ubude bomzimba bezinsizwa bufinyelele ku-10-20 mm, inhlanzi ishintshela ekudleni kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezibungu ze-benthic zezinambuzane ezahlukahlukene, ezibandakanya i-chironomids, ama-amphipod nama-mayflies. Njengoba i-pike perch ikhula futhi ikhula, izinhlanzi ziqala ukubusa ekudleni kwe-zander yezander.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngenkathi yokuzingela izinhlanzi ezincane, ipiki perch ayinandaba kangako ukuthi kwesinye isikhathi iyakwazi ukundiza iphume emanzini iye ogwini, lapho ifela khona kamuva.
Isisekelo sokudla kwabamele izinhlobo zezinhlobo ze-pike perch ikakhulukazi izinhlanzi ezinomzimba omncane. Njengomthetho, inyamazane yalezi zinhlanzi ezihlanjululwe ngemisebe yi-gobies, emnyama noma i-tulka, kanye neminnows. Isizathu esiyinhloko salokhu kukhethwa kokudla umphimbo omncane ngokwemvelo. I-pike perch yaseCanada nayo iyisilwane esivamile esidla emanzini esondla kakhulu ngezinhlanzi ezincane. IVolga pike perch, kanye ne-pike perch ejwayelekile, imvamisa zondla izinhlanzi zezinhlanzi, futhi osayizi bezilwane ezijwayelekile bangaba kusuka ku-0.5-10 cm.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Iminyaka yokuvuthwa kwazo zonke izinhlobo iyahluka ngokuya ngengxenye yebanga. Isibonelo, ezifundeni eziningi ezisenyakatho, abamele uhlobo lwe-Light-feathery pike perch bavuthwa okokuqala ngqa beneminyaka engu-8-12, nasendaweni yezifunda eziseningizimu, abantu bavuthwa ngokocansi beneminyaka engu-2-4. Inhlanzi yaseningizimu izala minyaka yonke entwasahlobo, ngemuva kokuba iqhwa selincibilikile, eminyakeni eyishumi edlule kaJanuwari noFebhuwari. Enyakatho, ukuzala kwenzeka kuze kube nguJulayi.
Impumelelo yokwakhiwa kwama-gonads ngqo incike kumbuso othile wokushisa, ngakho-ke, izinga lokushisa kwamanzi ebusika akufanele libe ngaphezu kwe-10 ° C. Endaweni eseningizimu, ngesikhathi sobusika obufudumele, abakhiqizi beqa unyaka wokuzala. Abesifazane bazalela amaqanda ebusuku nasezingxenyeni ezimbalwa ezincane ngesikhathi esivamile semizuzu emihlanu. Izinkomba zokuzala okujwayelekile kwe-pike-perch ekhanyayo ekhanyayo ingenye yezindawo eziphakeme kakhulu kubo bonke abamele izinhlanzi zasemanzini angenasawoti.
Amaqanda amakwe nge-pike-perch yowesifazane mancane ngosayizi, ngobubanzi obungu-1.3-2.1 mm. Masinyane ngemuva kokuzala, i-caviar, enamathela kahle, izinamathela kalula enhlabathini engezansi. Lesi sici sinikela empumelelweni yokukhulelwa okulandelayo. Ngokushesha ngemuva kwenqubo yokufaka umquba, igobolondo leqanda liqina ngokushesha, futhi ukubambelela kulahleka ngemuva kwamahora angama-1-5. Abazali abayivikeli inzalo namaqanda uqobo, futhi ngenxa yalesi sizathu izinga lokusinda kwamaqanda, kanye nezingane ezingaphansi konyaka owodwa, alidluli iphesenti elilodwa.
Kuyathakazelisa!I-pike perch ejwayelekile izala entwasahlobo, lapho izinga lokushisa lamanzi lifinyelela kuma-degree ayi-11-12. Ezingxenyeni zoLwandle i-Azov, ukuzala kwenzeka ngo-Ephreli nasekuqaleni kukaMeyi. Izindawo zamanzi ezingajulile zikhethwa njengezindawo zokuzalela, njengomthetho, ngezihlahlana ezigcwele amanzi kanye nezinye izimila, kanye nemfucumfucu emikhulu engezansi. Ukuzalela kwenzeka ekujuleni kwesigamu semitha kuze kufike kumamitha amahlanu kuya kwayisithupha. I-caviar ye-pike perch ejwayelekile incane, iphuzi. Ama-juveniles adla kuqala kuma-invertebrate amancane.
Ngemuva kokuthi usayizi we-pike perch ojwayelekile ufinyelele ku-8-10 cm, gazinga licishe lishintshele ekusetshenzisweni kwefry yezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi, ezitholakala ngobuningi ehlobo. Ukudla okusebenzayo, izingane zikhula ngokushesha okukhulu. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezikahle zokudla okunempilo, inhlanzi ingafinyelela isisindo sama-gramu angama-500-800 asevele enyakeni wokuphila wesibili. Abamele lolu hlobo luzala ngonyaka wesithathu nowesine wokuphila. Ebusika, i-pike perch ejwayelekile ivame ukugcinwa emigodini, lapho ingahlangana khona nenhlanzi ye-carp, kufaka phakathi i-bream ne-carp.
Izitha zemvelo
Izimbangi zokudla eziyinhloko zephekhi lezindawo zazo zokuhlala yi-skygazers ne-auha. I-zander yabantu abadala emizimbeni yemvelo yemvelo, njengokujwayelekile, ayitholi ingcindezi enamandla yezemvelo, yokuzingela ngokungemthetho nokuzingela. Abamele izinhlobo eziningi bahlala behlala emhlambini noma emaqenjini okuthiwa amancane, okuvame ukuwasindisa ekuhlaselweni ezinye izidalwa.
Kuzothakazelisa futhi:
- I-fish tench
- Inhlanzi yePike
- Izinhlanzi zePollock
- I-Goldfish
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
I-sea pike perch yizinhlobo ezibalwe eRed Book endaweni yase-Ukraine. Zonke ezinye izinhlobo azikho engozini.
Inani lokuhweba
I-pike perch izinhlanzi eziwusizo kakhulu futhi ezithandwayo zokuhweba, futhi ziyinto yokuzingela ezemidlalo. Inyama yeZander ibhekwa njengomkhiqizo wokudla okumnandi futhi onempilo onamafutha amancane. Kwamanye amazwe, namuhla ukubanjwa ngobuningi kwabamele izinhlobo eziningi zezinhlanzi ezi-ray ezenziwe ngomshini kukhawulelwe ngokwemvelo.
