Sekuyisikhathi eside amaBeaver edume ngobuhlakani bawo, ubuhlakani nokusebenza kanzima. Futhi, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi, lapho uthi nhlá, kubukeka njengesilwane esijwayelekile ngokuphelele, esijwayelekile kusukela ebuntwaneni, empeleni, i-beaver isekude nokuba lula njengoba kungabonakala. Futhi futhi kungesinye sempendulo, izilwane zasendulo ngempela: ngemuva kwakho konke, owokuqala kulawa magundane avele emhlabeni kuNkathi ye-Eocene, cishe iminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-34 kude nesikhathi sethu.
Incazelo yama-beavers
Ama-Beavers yizilwane ezinamanzi amancane... Bangabomndeni we-beaver, nawo, ongowokulandelana kwamagundane. Yigundane elikhulu kunawo wonke atholakala e-Old World futhi elesibili ngobukhulu emhlabeni ngemuva kwe-capybara, ebizwa nangokuthi i-capybara.
Ukubukeka
Ubude bomzimba we-beaver bungafinyelela kumamitha ayi-1.3, ukuphakama kwayo kungama-30 cm, kanti isisindo sayo sifinyelela kuma-32 kg. Lesi yisilwane esifuthelana, imilenze yaso ifinyeziwe, ngayinye yazo ineminwe emihlanu, kanti imilenze yangemuva, ethwala umthwalo omkhulu ngesikhathi sokubhukuda, ithuthukile kunaleyo yangaphambili. Izimbambo zitholakala phakathi kweminwe yalesi silwane, nazo ezithuthukiswe kangcono ezithweni zangemuva. Izipikili zijiyile, ziqine ngokwanele futhi ziqinile.
Kuyathakazelisa! Izinzipho zesibili ezithweni zangemuva zama-beaver zinokuma okuhlukanisiwe: isilwane sikusebenzisa ukucwenga uboya baso ngokukuxuba.
Esinye sezici ezihlukanisayo ze-beaver, lapho ingabonakala ngokusobala khona, umsila oyisicaba futhi obanzi ngendlela yesigwedlo: ubude bawo bungu-30 cm, nobubanzi bawo bufinyelela ku-13 cm. Umsila wonke, ngaphandle kwesisekelo sawo, esigcwele uboya, umbozwe ngokwanele ama-scute amakhulu ama-horny, phakathi kwawo kukhula khona izinwele ezimfishane nezincane, futhi ngasogwini lomsila kukhona i-keel ye-horny egijima isuka esihlokweni sayo iya phansi.
I-beaver, ngokungafani nenkolelo evamile yokuthi isebenzisa umsila wayo njengehala lokwakha, empeleni iwusebenzisa njengephini lokuqondisa lapho ibhukuda futhi icwila ngaphansi kwamanzi. Amehlo alesi silwane mancane, nezindlebe zawo ezibanzi nezimfishane azibonakali ngenxa yokuthi zicashe ngokuphelele ngaphansi koboya obukhulu be-beaver obukhulu. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukuvuleka kwezindlebe, njengamakhala alezi zilwane, kunesici esisodwa esimangazayo: zivalwa ngaphansi kwamanzi.
Amazinyo ala magundane abuye aguqulelwe indlela yokuphila yasemanzini: ama-incisors ahlukaniswa nomgodi womlomo ngamaphimbo akhethekile asezindebeni, avumela i-beaver ukuthi idle ngisho nangaphansi kwamanzi. Uboya be-beaver bakheka nge-awn enezinwele ezimahhadla futhi eziqinile noboya obuphansi obukhulu, obusilika. Umbala wawo ungaba yimuphi umthunzi kusuka ku-brown brown-chestnut kuya kokumnyama onsundu, kepha kwesinye isikhathi kukhona futhi emnyama, cishe abantu ababukeka mnyama. Umsila nezidladla ze-beavers zinombala omnyama.
Uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila
I-beaver izizwa izethemba kakhulu emanzini. Lapho, ubhukuda ngobuhlakani bese entywila, ngenkathi esemhlabeni ebukeka njengesilo esingajwayelekile. Emini, lezi zilwane azisebenzi, umsebenzi wazo womsebenzi uqala kusihlwa futhi, ngokuya ngesizini nesimo sezulu, kuyaqhubeka kuze kube ngu-4-6 ekuseni. Ekwindla, lapho kuqoqwa okuphakelayo, ama-beavers angasebenza kuze kube semini. Ebusika, ama-beaver ashintsha inqubo yawo yansuku zonke futhi okwesikhashana aphenduke izilwane ezihola indlela yokuphila yansuku zonke. Kepha uma izinga lokushisa lomoya lehla ngaphansi kwezinga -20 degrees, abashiyi amakhaya abo.
Ama-Beavers akhetha ukuhlala emindenini: owesilisa, owesifazane kanye nenzalo yabo kule minyaka emibili edlule - ngabantu aba-5-8 kuphela... Imvamisa lezi zilwane, zikhethe indawo ethile, "ziyidlulisela" ngefa ezizukulwaneni ezilandelayo. Uma ichibi lincane, umndeni owodwa kuphela wama-beavers noma isilwane esisodwa esingakatholi umbhangqwana esihlala kuwo. Emithonjeni emikhulu yamanzi, isiza somndeni we-beaver singanweba size sifike ku-2.9 km.
AmaBeaver azama ukuhlala eduze kwamanzi futhi, uma ephuma emhlabeni, awavamile ukuhamba ngaphezu kwamamitha angama-200 ukusuka echibini.
Indlu ye-beaver yindlwana noma idamu, umnyango ongena ngaphansi kwamanzi njalo. IBurrows imba emabhange amade nasemaweni futhi iyindlela ebambekile enezindawo zokuphuma ezi-4-5. Igumbi lokuhlala, elingajwayelekile ukwedlula imitha elilodwa ububanzi nobude obungu-40-50 cm, lihlaliswa ekujuleni okungekho ngaphezu kwemitha elilodwa, kanti phansi kuhlala kuphakama ama-20 cm ngaphezulu kwamanzi.
Kuyathakazelisa! Uma kwenzeka ukuthi amanzi aqala ukufika, ukuze iqhugwane lisongelwe yizikhukhula, khona-ke ama-beaver akhukhula umhlaba ophahleni futhi, ngemuva kokuwuthambisa, aphakamise kancane phansi emgodini wawo.
Kwesinye isikhathi amagundane aqeda ngokuphelele ophahleni emgodini, futhi esikhundleni salokho enza ukugcotshwa kwamagatsha, ngaleyo ndlela kwakhiwe uhlobo lohlobo lwesikhashana, olubizwa ngetende elincane. Uma, ngasizathu simbe, kuvela ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukumba umgodi, ngokwesibonelo, uma ibhange lomfula lingajulile kakhulu, khona-ke ama-beavers akha izindlu, eziyizinqwaba zezinkuni ezenziwe nge-brushwood eziboshwe ngodaka noma ngomhlabathi, izindonga zazo ziboshwe ngodaka lwesilwane nobumba ukuze kube namandla, ukuze isakhiwo kuphenduka inqaba engenakunqobeka.
Ngasikhathi sinye, phezulu kwendlu kukhona ukuvuleka komoya ongena endlini. Ngokuqala kweqhwa lokuqala, izilwane zifaka izingqimba ezengeziwe zobumba, ngaleyo ndlela zivimbela izindlu zazo ngokwedlulele, ngenxa yalokho izinga lokushisa elihle lihlala ngaphakathi. Lokhu kuvimbela amanzi ukuba angabi yiqhwa emigodini, evumela ama-beaver ukuba ashiye amakhaya abo noma ngabe kunesithwathwa.
Ama-Beaver yizilwane ezihlanzekile futhi ezihlanzekile. Abalokothi bangcolise imisele yabo nezindlwana zabo ngokudla okusele noma ngenye imfucuza yempilo yabo. Uma kwenzeka ukuthi izinga ledamu liqala ukushintsha liye phansi noma ekuqaleni lalilincane, imindeni yama-beaver yakha amadamu, abizwa nangokuthi amadamu, anyusa futhi alondoloze izinga lamanzi ukuze angaweli ngaphansi kweminyango yamadokodo noma emigodini. Imvamisa, basebenzisa izihlahla eziwile njengesisekelo sedamu elizayo, zimboze ngeziqu ezincanyana ezivela kuzo zonke izinhlangothi, kanye namagatsha nezinkuni futhi, kaningi, ngamatshe. Zonke lezi zinto zokwakha zigcinwe ndawonye ngobumba noma ngodaka.
Ukuze kwenziwe umsebenzi wokwakha nokulungisa ukudla, ama-beaver adla izihlahla ezansi, ngemuva kwalokho azidilize azinqume: azihlanze ngamagatsha, bese ehlukanisa isiqu sibe izingxenye ukuze kube lula ukusiyisa endaweni yokugcina noma yokwakha. Lapho i-beaver iququda isihlahla, amazinyo e-beaver asebenza esimisweni sesaha: isilwane siphumule ngokumelene namagxolo esihlahla ngezinsika zaso ezingenhla, bese sihamba ngokushesha sivela kolunye uhlangothi ngomhlathi waso ophansi, senza ukunyakaza okunjalo okuyisihlanu noma okuyisithupha ngomzuzwana.
Ngenxa yokuthi lezi zilwane iminyaka zihamba ziye ogwini ezindleleni esezivele zinyathelwe yizo, ekugcineni zigcwalisa amanzi bese zakha lokho okubizwa ngokuthi yimisele ye-beaver, lapho ama-beaver akhiqiza khona ingxubevange yokudla nezimpahla zokwakha. Lezi ziteshi zijulile - ezingekho ngaphezu kwe-1 m, futhi hhayi ububanzi - 40-50 cm, kepha ubude bazo bungafinyelela kumamitha angamakhulu ambalwa. Ngasikhathi sinye, ama-beavers azwela ngendlela efanayo nasekugcinweni kwenhlanzeko emiseleni, kanye noku-oda emgodini noma eqhugwaneni lawo. Indawo lapho lezi zilwane zihlala futhi zisebenze khona ibizwa nge-beaver landscape ngenxa yokubukeka kwayo.
Ama-beaver ahlala isikhathi esingakanani
Endaweni yazo engokwemvelo, ama-beavers angaphila kusuka eminyakeni eyi-12 kuya kwengu-17. Ekuthunjweni, isikhathi sabo sokuphila cishe siphindwe kabili futhi sisukela eminyakeni engama-24 kuye kwengama-34.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
Ngaphandle, abesifazane beaver behluka kwabesilisa ngosayizi othe ukuba mkhulu nje nokuthi kuba yibo abavelele emndenini walezi zilwane.
Izinhlobo ze-Beaver
Ngaphandle kokuthi imindeni emi-4 yangaphambilini nezinhlobo eziningi zangaphambilini kwakungezomndeni we-beaver, iningi lazo lanyamalala, ukuze kuze kube manje kuphela izilwane ezisuka kuhlobo lwe-beaver ezisindile: i-beaver ejwayelekile kanye ne-beaver yaseCanada. Kuze kube muva nje, owesibili wabo ubebhekwa njenge-subspecies yokuqala, kepha izifundo zofuzo zikhombisile ukuthi lezi zinhlobo ezihluke ngokuphelele.
Kuyathakazelisa! Zombili lezi zinhlobo zama-beaver anamuhla ziyefana kakhulu, ukuze umehluko wazo omkhulu ungabi wangaphandle, kepha ufuzo. Iqiniso ngukuthi i-beaver ejwayelekile inama-chromosomes angama-48 ku-karyotype yayo, kanti i-beaver yaseCanada inama-40 kuphela.
Kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi ukuzalanisa phakathi kwe-beaver ejwayelekile neyaseCanada kungenzeki ngisho nalapho kutholakala khona zombili lezi zinhlobo.
Indawo yokuhlala
Ngaphambi kwalokho, i-beaver ejwayelekile yayisakazeke kulo lonke elase-Asia naseYurophu, kwakungekhona eKamchatka naseSakhalin kuphela. Kepha ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ukuzingela okungalawuleki kanye nomsebenzi womnotho womuntu kuholele ekwehliseni okukhulu ebangeni lalezi zilwane e-Eurasia. Njengamanje, i-beaver ejwayelekile ihlala eScandinavia, ezindaweni ezisezansi eRhone eFrance, emigodini yemifula iVistula ePoland nase-Elbe eJalimane, ehlathini futhi, ngokwengxenye, izindawo ezinamahlathi asezindaweni zaseYurophu zaseRussia, eBelarus nase-Ukraine. Lezi zilwane zitholakala naseNyakatho Trans-Urals, kweminye imifula yaseSiberia, eKhabarovsk Territory naseKamchatka. E-Asia, itholakala eMongolia nasenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeChina.
Kuyathakazelisa! Kula magundane, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi kube nezihlahla ezinamaqabunga nezihlahlana ngasogwini lomfula, kanye nezimila zasemanzini nezasogwini eziqukethe izitshalo ezinobuthi.
Ububanzi be-beaver yaseCanada bubanzi kakhulu: cishe ikuyo yonke indawo eNyakatho Melika, ukusuka e-Alaska naseCanada kuya enyakatho yeMexico lapho umngcele wayo ne-United States udlula khona. Lolu hlobo lwethulwa eScandinavia, lapho lwafika khona eKarelia nasendaweni yaseLeningrad. Futhi, iBeaver yaseCanada yahlaliswa endaweni yaseAmur river, eSakhalin naseKamchatka.
AmaBeaver akhetha imifula ehamba kancane, izinkabi, amachibi, amachibi, amadamu, imisele yokunisela kanye nezinkwali njengezindawo zokuhlala. Lezi zilwane zizama ukugwema imifula esheshayo nebanzi, kanye namachibi amancane, afriza aze afike ezansi ebusika.
Ukudla kwe-Beaver
Ama-Beavers adla ukudla kokutshala kuphela... Badla kakhulu amagxolo namahlumela ezihlahla njenge-aspen, i-birch, i-willow ne-poplar, kanye nezitshalo ezinomuthi, phakathi kwazo kukhona iminduze yamanzi, iris, umhlanga kanye ne-cattail. Bangasebenzisa futhi amagxolo namahlumela e-linden, i-hazelnut, i-elm noma i-bird cherry ukudla. I-Alder ne-oki isetshenziswa ngama-beaver ezakhiweni, kepha ayisetshenziselwa ukudla. Lezi zilwane ngeke zenqabe ama-acorn, noma ngabe azidli amagxolo e-oki namagatsha. Ngokwesilinganiso, inani lokudla okudliwayo ngosuku yi-beaver lifinyelela ku-20% wesisindo salo.
Ngasikhathi sinye, iphesenti lamagxolo ezihlahla nezitshalo ezibusayo lincike enkathini: eyokuqala iyisisekelo sokudla kwama-beaver ebusika, kepha ehlobo adla utshani obuningi. Kusukela ekwindla, lezi zilwane bezilokhu zigcina izinqolobane zokudla okunamafutha, zikufaka ngaphansi kwamanzi, lapho zigcinwa khona kuze kuphele ubusika, ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yinani lokudla okunempilo. Ukuze kuvinjelwe ukudla kungabi yiqhwa eqhweni, izilwane zivame ukuzama ukukufaka, ukuze ukudla kugcine kungaphansi kwebhange eliphakeme elibasongayo. Lokhu kuvumela ama-beaver ukuthi awasebenzisele ukudla ngisho nangemva kokuba ichibi selimbozwe ungqimba lweqhwa.
Imvamisa, ama-beaver adla kuphela izinhlobo ezimbalwa zezinkuni ezitholakalayo, futhi uma kwenzeka edinga ukushintshela kokunye ukudla, angaba nezinkinga zempilo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukugaywa kwama-beavers kwenzeka ngokubamba iqhaza kwamagciwane ezintweni zawo zokugaya ukudla, eziqeqeshelwe ukudiliza kuphela ezinye zezinhlobo zezinkuni. Futhi ukuze bakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nohlobo olusha lokuphakelayo, kufanele kuthathe isikhathi.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Emindenini yama-beavers, abesifazane badlala indima enkulu futhi, njengomthetho, bakhulu kunabalingani babo. Isikhathi sokukhwelana salezi zilwane siqala engxenyeni yesibili kaJanuwari kuya ekupheleni kukaFebhuwari. Ukukhulelwa kukaBeaver kuhlala ezinsukwini eziyi-105 kuya kwezingu-107, okuholela ekubeni kube amawundlu ayi-1 kuye kwayi-6.
Kuyathakazelisa! Igama elijwayelekile lamazinyane alezi zinhlobo yi-beaver, kepha phakathi kwabantu babizwa nangokuthi amazinyane. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi imisindo eyenziwa ngama-beaver amancane ifana ncamashi nekati elithulisiwe.
Amantshontsho azalwa esevele enoboya futhi engaboni kahle, ekugcineni abuye abone emehlweni abo ezinsukwini zokuqala zokuphila, ngemuva kwalokho asengabona futhi azulazule emvelweni. Cishe usuku noma ezimbili ngemuva kokuzalwa, bafunda ukubhukuda: owesifazane ubakhipha emgodini ofudumele bangene ephasishi elingaphansi kwamanzi futhi afundise izingane amakhono ayisisekelo okuhamba emanzini.
Wondla izingane zakhe izinsuku ezingamashumi amabili, ngemuva kwalokho ama-beaver amancane aqala ukuzondla ngokudla kwezitshalo zawo: ikakhulukazi amaqabunga neziqu zezitshalo ezinobuthi. Kodwa insikazi isalokhu isondla amawundlu ngobisi kuze kufike ezinyangeni ezintathu.
Ama-beaver asebekhulile ahlala emgodini wabazali noma eqhugwaneni eminye iminyaka emibili, efunda amakhono adingekayo okuphila ngokuzimela, futhi ngasikhathi sinye esiza izihlobo zawo ezindala. Futhi kuphela ngemuva kokufinyelela ebusheni lapho beshiya "indlu yoyise" wabo bese beqala ukuphila impilo ezimele.
Izitha zemvelo
Yize iqiniso lokuthi ama-beaver akha izindlu ezingafinyeleleki ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye, lokhu akusho ukuthi azinazo izitha endaweni yazo yemvelo. Ingozi enkulu la magundane ahlangana nawo emhlabeni, lapho ashesha khona ukushesha futhi anobungcweti kunasemanzini. Kodwa-ke, izilwane ezidla ezinye azivamile ukuzingela ama-beaver amadala, kepha azibabukeli phansi abantu abasha. Phakathi kwezitha eziyinhloko zemvelo zama-beaver ajwayelekile kukhona izimpisi, izimpungushe, amabhere ansundu, ama-wolverine, ama-lynx kanye nama-otter. Ama-coyotes, ama-cougars, amabhere amnyama aseMelika, abizwa nangokuthi ama-barbals, i-fishing marten, noma i-ilka, nawo awaphikisani nokuzingela ama-beaver aseCanada.
Ezingxenyeni eziseningizimu zohlobo lwazo, ama-beaver aseCanada, yize kungenzeki njalo, angasongelwa ngama-alligator aseMelika, futhi ayingozi ngokulinganayo kubo bobabili ama-beavers nabazali bawo kanye nabafowabo nodadewabo abadala. Kungaba yingozi kuma-beaver amancane nezinyoni ezidla inyama, njengama-kites noma izinkozi.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Ngenxa yokuthi ama-beaver ajwayelekile kade abhekwa njengezilwane eziyigugu zemidlalo, inani lawo ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 lehle laba ngosayizi othusayo: kwasala kuphela abantu abahlanu noma abayisithupha emvelweni, benenani lezilwane ezingaba ngu-1200. Ababhontshisi baseCanada baba nenhlanhla enkulu: babengazingelwa kakhulu njengezihlobo zabo zaseYurophu, ngakho-ke imfuyo yabo yayiningi kakhulu.
Kodwa-ke, izinyathelo ezifika ngesikhathi zokuvikela nokwandisa inani, eyokuqala eyabuyiselwa emuva phakathi nekhulu le-19 eNorway, lapho ukuzingelwa kwalezi zilwane kwavinjelwa ngokuphelele, kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukulondolozwa kwama-beaver aseYurophu njengohlobo. Ngenxa yalokhu, ngo-1998, abantu abangu-430 000 babehlala eYurophu nasendaweni yaseRussia.
Okubalulekile! Kuze kube manje, zombili izinhlobo ze-beaver zesimanje zinesimo Sokukhathazeka Okuncane. Kepha ngasikhathi sinye, izinhlobo ezingaphansi kwe-West Siberian kanye ne-Tuvinian ze-beaver ezivamile zibaliwe ku-Red Book of Russia.
Ama-Beavers, ngenxa yekhono lawo lokuthonya izinga lamanzi emadamini, ayisixhumanisi esibalulekile emvelweni, futhi amadamu abo athuthukisa ikhwalithi yamanzi futhi ayihlanze ngothuli kanye nobunzima. Lezi zilwane zisazingelwa ngabazingeli njengemithombo yomsakazo obizayo kanye nomsinga we-beaver, okudala ukuthi abantu bathole ukuwusebenzisa kumakha nakumithi. Kepha kwezinye izindawo, ama-beavers nawo angasebenza njengezilokazane: kuyenzeka ukuthi amadamu awo aholele ekukhukhulekeni komhlaba wezolimo, imigwaqo, futhi kwesinye isikhathi izindawo zokuhlala.Kulokhu, amadamu avame ukucekelwa phansi ngabantu, kepha ama-beaver awabuyisa ngokushesha okukhulu, yingakho izinyathelo ezinjalo zingasebenzi ngokwanele futhi uma zisiza ukuthuthukisa isimo, okwesikhashana kuphela.
AmaBeaver yizilwane ezifanelwe ukuhlonishwa. Bazibonakalisa njengonjiniyela nabakhi abanekhono, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi kwakungokubheka ezindlini ze-beaver lapho abantu bakudala bake bakha indawo yokuqala yezindlu zabo ezenziwe ngobuciko... Ngenxa yenhlanzeko nobunono bayo, sekuyisikhathi eside ama-beavers ebhekwa njengezilwane ezihlanganisa ukuhleleka nokujwayeleka. Ngakho-ke, akumangazi ukuthi yimifanekiso yabo ehlobisa amajazi ezikhali namafulegi amadolobha amaningi, imiphakathi kanye nezifunda, kufaka phakathi iBevern, Bieberstadt, Bobrov, Donskoy, Lomzha, Manitoba, Omli ne-Oregon.
