Ama-Curlews (Numenius) angabameleli abakhanyayo futhi abanesithakazelo bezinyoni zomndeni wakwaSnipe kanye ne-oda leCharadriiformes. Izinyoni ezinjalo zingabonwa kalula ngomlomo wazo ogobile kancane nobude obude, okusiza ama-curlews ukuthola isisulu sawo phansi okuthambile nokumanzi.
Incazelo yama-curlews
Ubukhulu bomzimba nobude bomlomo, isisindo somzimba namaphiko, kanye nombala wezimpaphe nemilenze kubamele bomndeni wakwaSnipe kanye nokuhleleka kweCharadriiformes kuyahluka ngokuya ngohlobo.
Ukubukeka
I-curlew enkulu iyinyoni, ingu-50-60 cm ngosayizi futhi inesisindo esingu-600-1000 g, enamaphiko angama-80-100 cm... Lona ngummeli omkhulu futhi ovame kakhulu womndeni eYurophu. Isici sesici se-curlew ngumlomo omude futhi ogobile. Umbala we-curlew unesizotha, futhi umbala wezimpaphe uyehluka kusuka ku-beige-brown kuya ku-brown-brown shades ngemivimbo ehlukene noma amabala.
Ama-curlews aseMpumalanga Ekude yizona zinyoni ezinkulu kakhulu zezilwane eRussia. Amaphiko afinyelela imitha. Abamele lezi zinhlobo bahlukaniswa yimilenze emide, umhlane onsundu onsundu nokuluhlaza okombala obomvu ezimpapheni. Indawo yesisu ilula, ngobukhona be-ocher bloom kanye ne-longitudinal streaks emnyama. ILittle Curlew iyinyoni eyi-28-34 cm ubude, enamaphiko angama-57-63 cm nesisindo esingu-150-175 g.Izimpaphe ikakhulu zinsundu, kodwa indawo yesisu imhlophe. Umthethosivivinywa mfushane futhi ugobile ngokubonakalayo. Kunemivimbo elula futhi emnyama ekhanda, etholakala ekhakhayini nangaphezulu kwamashiya.
Ubude bomzimba we-curlew ojwayelekile abukho ngaphezu kuka-40-46 cm, enamaphiko angama-78-80 cm. Isisindo esimaphakathi sowesilisa osekhulile singama-268-550 g, kanti leso sowesifazane siphakathi kuka-315-600 g. umqhele -brown wokukhanya umugqa longitudinal kanye edging nge amashiya ukukhanya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abamele lolu hlobo banomlomo omfishane. Umbala ojwayelekile wezimpaphe ungwevu, unezinhlayiya emzimbeni wonke.
I-curlew yaseTahiti iyinyoni engu-40-44 cm ubude enamaphiko angama-80-90 cm nobunzima bomzimba obungu-300-350 kuya ku-500-550 g. Isisekelo somlomo omude sibomvana, kanti ingxenye yaso engenhla inombala omnyama. Le nyoni ibonakala ngemilenze empunga, i-beige ekhanyayo engaphansi komzimba nomsila okhanyayo onemigqa emnyama emnyama. Ingxenye engenhla yezimpaphe imnyama nsundu ngombala ompunga namachashazi anombala wesihlabathi. Ngaphansi kwamaphiko kubomvu ngokubomvu kanti uhlangothi olungaphezulu luhlaza-mpunga ngokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Kuyathakazelisa! I-Eskimo noma i-dwarf curlew iyinyoni enobude bomzimba ngaphakathi kuka-30 cm, enkulu kancane kune-curlew encane kunazo zonke ezaziwa njengamanje, kodwa incane ngokuphawulekayo kunezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni ezinjalo.
Ubude bomzimba we-curlew onamakhadi amancanyana angaba ngamasentimitha angama-40. Abamele lolu hlobo banemilenze emide noqhwaku olubukhali, okuyisici esigobele ezansi. Izimpaphe zihlukaniswa ngombala ompunga womhlaba ngobukhona bemivimbo eminyene kakhulu namachashazi. Kunemivimbo elula yesikhathi eside endaweni yekhanda. Umbala wabesilisa nabesifazane awunakho umehluko obonakalayo.
Uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila
Ama-curlews angabalandeli bendlela yokuphila yomphakathi, ngakho-ke, kuvame ukubonwa imihlambi eminingi yabamele uhlobo lohlobo. Ezindaweni zabo zokwakha izidleke, abantu abadala babuthana bodwa, ngababili, noma njengengxenye yomhlambi osuvele umile. Ensimini yeRussia emaphakathi, isikhathi esivamile sokudlela ama-curlews siqala, njengomthetho, ngo-Ephreli, nasezindaweni ze-steppe - ngoMashi. Isikhathi sokuzalisa ezifundeni ezisenyakatho siqala ngoMeyi.
Imvamisa, ngemuva nje kokufika, izinyoni ziqala inqubo yokukhwelana... Ngalesi sikhathi, owesilisa uphakama ubheke phezulu futhi ukhipha umlozi onomsindo kakhulu futhi ozwakalayo, emva kwalokho uqala ukundiza kalula phansi. Ukunyakaza okunjalo kwesimo kuyaphindwa inyoni izikhathi eziningi. Yona kanye inqubo yama-curlews yokwakha izidleke yenzeka eduze kwamanzi.
Ngaphandle kokuthi zonke izinhlobo zemijikelezo ekhona kulezi zinsuku ziyizinyoni ezinokuthula futhi zihola impilo yezenhlalo, abamele lezo zinyoni bayigada ngentshiseko enkulu imingcele yendawo abahlala kuyo. Ngokusho kososayensi, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi yi-nesting conservatism kuyisici kakhulu sabantu abadala abasontekile, ngakho-ke minyaka yonke babuyela ezindaweni abazithandayo.
Mangaki ama-curlews ahlala
Isikhathi esiphakathi sokuphila sama-curlews amakhulu ezimweni zemvelo sisukela eminyakeni eyishumi kuya kwengamashumi amabili, futhi isibalo esiphezulu (ngokusho kwedatha ekhalayo) amashumi amathathu eminyaka.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
Abesifazane bavame ukuba bakhulu kunabesilisa, futhi banomlomo omude futhi ogobile. Ngaphezu kwalesi sibonakaliso se-dimorphism yezocansi, akukho mehluko wangaphandle phakathi kobulili.
Izinhlobo zama-curlews
Njengamanje, kunemindeni eyisikhombisa kuphela yalezi zinyoni, futhi mihlanu kuphela manje etholakala eRussia.
Izinhlobo zama-curlews:
- I-curlew enhle (i-Numenius arquata) kufaka phakathi ama-subspecies Numenius arquata arquata ne-Numenius arquata orientalis;
- I-curlew ekhokhiswa isikhathi eside (Numenius amеriсanus);
- I-curlew yaseMpumalanga Ekude (Numenius mаdаgаssariensis);
- I-curlew emaphakathi (iNumenius phaeorus);
- Ingane uCurlew (Numenius minutus);
- I-curlew yesiTahiti (Numеnius tаhitiеnsis);
- I-curlew enezinhlawulo ezincane (Numеnius tеnuirоstris).
I-Eskimo noma i-pygmy curlew (iNumenius borealis) kungenzeka ukuthi yafa ngekhulu elidlule.
Indawo yokuhlala
Izidleke ezisongelwe ezindaweni ezingamaxhaphozi nasezindaweni ezinomswakama, kanti ebusika zihlala ngasogwini noma maphakathi nezwekazi, zikhetha izinkambu nezimfunda ezigcwele amanzi.
Indawo enkulu yokwabiwa imelwe yiNyakatho neYurophu Ephakathi, kanye nensimu yeBritish Isles. Ebusika, iGreat Curlews indizela ngasogwini lwaseningizimu nasentshonalanga yeYurophu.
Izidleke zase-Far Eastern zisesifundeni sase-Amur naseKamchatka, kanye nasePrimorsky Territory. Ehlobo, abamele lezi zinhlobo batholakala eVilyui, eKoryak Highlands naseNizhnyaya Tunguska, kanye nasesiqhingini saseBering, engxenyeni esenyakatho-mpumalanga yeChina naseNhlonhlweni YaseKorea. Izidleke zezingane iCurlew emahlathini nasezigodini zemifula engxenyeni esenyakatho yeSiberia. Abamele lezi zinhlobo bangabesigaba sezinyoni ezifudukayo, ngakho-ke baya ebusika eMalay Archipelago noma eNtshonalanga Yurophu.
Ama-curlews aphakathi nendawo ahlala emaxhaphozini nasogwini lolwandle olunamaxhaphozi, emasimini anezinkuni eduze kwamanzi. Abamele izidleke zezinhlobo eNtshonalanga Yurophu nasenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeNyakatho Melika, kanye naseRussia, kusukela eKola Peninsula kuya eKamchatka nase-Anadyr. Le nyoni efudukayo ifihla ubusika kusukela engxenyeni eseningizimu-mpumalanga yeChina naseLwandle iMedithera kuya eNew Zealand, eningizimu ye-Afrika, eTasmania naseNingizimu Melika.
Izidleke zaseTahiti esidlekeni se-Alaskan tundra eduze komfula iYukon nasenhlonhlweni yaseSeward. Abamele lezi zinhlobo yizinyoni ezifudukayo, ezifudukela eziqhingini zasolwandle ezishisayo zidabule eJapan ngokuqala kwekwindla. Izinyoni ezinjalo zivame ukutholakala eHawaii, eFiji noma eFrench Polynesia.
Indawo yokuhlala i-curlew enezinhlawulo ezincane yizindawo ezimanzi ezimanzi, izindawo ezinamaxhaphozi ezingxenyeni ze-aspecia zase-Asia, futhi ngesikhathi sezindiza izinyoni zihlala ogwini lolwandle. Ebusika, bonke abameleli balezi zinhlobo baya engxenyeni eseningizimu yeYurophu, endaweni yase-Asia Minor noma eNyakatho Afrika.
Ukudla kwe-Curlew
Ama-curlews aseMpumalanga Ekude abamba ama-bivalve nama-gastropods, adle i-gammarus, ama-oligochaetes, futhi kwesinye isikhathi izinkalankala nezinhlanzi ezincane. Ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa kwamajikijolo, izinyoni zigasela njalo emasimini amajikijolo asogwini futhi zondla ama-blueberries noma ama-crowberries.
Ama-curlews akhokhiswe kancane adla izilwane ezincane, kufaka phakathi izinambuzane nezibungu zazo, izibungu neminenke, futhi ogwini izinyoni ezinjalo zibamba ama-crustaceans amancane nama-molluscs.
Kuyathakazelisa! I-curlew yaseTahiti ine-spectrum engavamile yokudla, kufaka phakathi hhayi kuphela izinambuzane, izicabucabu, izithelo nezimbali, kodwa futhi nezibankwa, izidumbu, amaqanda nezilwane ezincelisayo ezincane. Izinyoni zivula igobolondo leqanda ngokulilahla phansi noma ematsheni.
I-curlew yengane isebenzisa izinambuzane ezingenamgogodla njengokudla, okuzingelwa ngabamele lolu hlobo odakeni oluthambile, kanti i-curlew ejwayelekile esikhathini sasehlobo iphakela kuphela amajikijolo kakhrimberry omnyama. Ebusika, ama-curlews aphakathi nendawo ahlala ezwekazini, lapho adla khona kakhulu izinambuzane nezibungu, iminenke noma izikelemu. Lapho zisogwini, izinyoni ezinjalo zidla izinkalankala, izimfanzi, ama-amphipods nezimfanzi zasolwandle.
Ukuzala nenzalo
I-curlew yaseMpumalanga Ekude ifinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi ineminyaka emibili... Ngesikhathi sokuzala, ihlala emakoloni amancane, ibeka isidleke sayo ekucindezelekeni phakathi kwezimila noma ku-hummock. I-clutch eyodwa imvamisa iqukethe amaqanda amane, futhi bobabili abazali basebenza ekufukameleni. Ezindaweni zokwakha izidleke, izinyoni ezinjalo zitholakala kusukela ekuqaleni kukaMeyi, futhi amaphuphu azalwa eminyakeni eyishumi edlule kaJuni.
I-clutch ye-curlew emaphakathi imelwe ngamaqanda amathathu noma amane we-fawn ephaphathekile, umbala onsundu noma omnyama womnqumo onamabala amnyama ahluke ngosayizi, ukuma, ubukhulu namandla. Owesilisa nowesilisa babamba iqhaza ekufukameleni, okushintshana ngamaviki amane. Amaphuphu avela ekupheleni kukaMeyi, futhi azimela ngoJulayi.
Isidleke se-curlew esinezinsimbi ezincane siyimbobo encane phansi, embozwe kancane ngohlaza. I-clutch ngayinye iqukethe, njengomthetho, amaqanda amane aluhlaza okomnqumo angenamachashazi amakhulu ansundu.
Izitha zemvelo
Izidleke, ezakhiwe yizinhlobo ezithile ezindaweni ezivulekile, zivame ukuhlaselwa izinja eziphambukayo, futhi kokunye, i-clutch ibulawa uzamcolo wasentwasahlobo. Amagwababa nezimpungushe, izidalwa ezinkulu zomhlaba kanye nezomoya nakho kungaba yingozi ezinganeni. Inani labantu lazo zonke izigaxa liyancipha ngesivinini esikhulu, ngenxa yokudonswa kwamanzi amaxhaphozi, amanzi amaningi ezindaweni eziphansi, ukuthuthukiswa kwezindawo ezinkulu zokulima noma imisebenzi yezolimo, kanye nokubhujiswa okusebenzayo kwendawo ejwayelekile yezinyoni.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Kusukela maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule, inani eliphelele labamele ezinye izinhlobo zama-curlews belilokhu lehla njalo. Ensimini yezifunda eziningi, ama-curlews abhalwe ku-Red Book, futhi isithombe se-curlew esinezinhlawulo ezincane singabonakala kusibonakaliso se-Russian Bird Conservation Union.
