Ama-Flounders, noma ama-flounders angakwesokudla (i-Pleuronectidae) angabamele umndeni ovela ekilasini lezinhlanzi ezikhishwe ngemisebe zohlelo lwama-flounders. Ukwakheka kwalo mndeni kufaka izinhlobo eziyishumi nambili zezinhlanzi ezinokubukeka kwesici.
Incazelo ye-Flounder
Isici sabamele umndeni wakwaFlounder indawo yamehlo ohlangothini lwesokunene sekhanda, ngenxa yokuthi izinhlanzi ezinjalo zibizwa ngokuthi ama-flounders angakwesokudla. Kodwa-ke, kwesinye isikhathi kunezinto ezibizwa ngokuthi ukuhlehliswa noma amafomu ohlangothini lwesobunxele we-flounder.... Amaphiko okhalweni ayalingana futhi anesisekelo esincane.
Izici ezijwayelekile zazo zonke izinhlobo zomndeni:
- umzimba oyisicaba;
- amaphiko amaphiko emhlane nangendunu anemisebe eminingi;
- ikhanda elingalingani;
- amehlo aqhamukayo futhi ahlukaniswe eduze asebenza ngokuzimela;
- ukutholakala komugqa ohlangothini phakathi kwamehlo;
- umlomo othambile namazinyo abukhali;
- i-peduncle emfushane ye-caudal;
- uhlangothi olungaboni, olukhanyayo embozwe isikhumba esimahhadla futhi esiqinile.
Amaqanda ashubile abonakala ngokungabikho kwethonsi lamafutha, ayantanta, futhi yonke inqubo yentuthuko yenzeka kukholamu lamanzi noma izingqimba zalo ezingaphezulu. Zonke izinhlobo ezinhlanu ezi-flounder zizalela amaqanda angaphansi.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngenxa yokulingisa, abamele abomndeni wakwaKambalov bayakwazi ukuzifihla ngekhono kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lwesizinda esiyinkimbinkimbi, hhayi phansi kuleli khono ngisho nakunembeza.
Ukubukeka
Kungakhathalekile itekisi, wonke ama-flounders akhetha indlela yokuphila ye-benthic, ahlala ekujuleni, futhi abonakala ngomzimba o-oval ocekeceke noma omise okwedayimane.
Ukugeleza komfula (Platichthys flesus) kufaka phakathi iStellate flounder, iBlack Sea kalkan ne-Arctic flounder:
- Inkanyezi ehamba phambili (Platichthys stellatus) - uhlobo olunokuhleleka okubuyela emuva kwesokunxele kwamehlo, umbala ohlaza okotshani noma onsundu, imivimbo emnyama ebanzi emaphikweni kanye namacwecwe e-stellate asohlangothini lweso. Isilinganiso sobude bomzimba singama-50-60 cm ngesisindo somzimba esingu-3-4 kg;
- ULwandle Olumnyama Kalkan (I-Scophthalmidae) Ingabe uhlobo oluthile olubonakala ngesimo se-ocular sobunxele, umzimba oyindilinga, nezinsipho eziningi eziyizigaxa ezihlakazeke ebusweni bohlangothi lomnqumo olunombala onsundu. Ubude benhlanzi endala bungaphezu kwemitha enesisindo esimaphakathi esingu-20 kg;
- I-polar flounder (Liopsetta glacialis) Ingabe uhlobo olungazweli emakhazeni olunomzimba ovundlile olweqanda wombala onsundu onemonochromatic onamaphiko anombala wezitini.
I-sea flounder izizwa ikhululekile emanzini anosawoti. Izinhlobo ezinjalo zibonakala ngokuhlukahluka okubanzi ngosayizi, ukuma komzimba, umbala ophelele, indawo yohlangothi olungaboni nolubonwayo:
- I-sea flounder (I-Pleuronectes platesa) Itekisi eyisisekelo enombala wesisekelo onsundu ngokuluhlaza kanye namabala abomvu noma awolintshi. Abamele izinhlobo zikhula zifike ku-6-7 kg ngosayizi omkhulu ngaphakathi kwemitha. Izinhlobo zingumnikazi wokulingisa okuthuthukile;
- Iningizimu enamabhande amhlophe futhi i-flounder esenyakatho kungokwenhlanzi engezansi kolwandle, evame ukukhula ize ibe ngamasentimitha angama-50. Isici sokubukeka kungukutholakala kolayini ohlanjululwe ohlanjululwe kahle, umbala wobisi ohlangothini oluyimpumputhe, ingxenye yamehlo insundu noma nsundu kakolweni;
- I-yellowfin flounder (Limanda aspera) luhlobo oluthanda ukubanda, olubonakala ngokuba khona kwezikali ezinezinsimbi nomzimba onsundu oyindilinga, onamaphenathi aphuzi ngokusagolide. Ubukhulu obukhulu bezinhlanzi ezindala cishe buba ngu-45-50 cm ngesisindo esimaphakathi esingu-0.9-1.0 kg;
- Ama-halibuts zimelwe yizinhlobo ezinhlanu, ezinkulu kunazo zonke ezikhula zifike kumamitha ayi-4,5 ngesisindo esilinganiselwe sama-330-350 kg, kanti omele okuncane kakhulu yi-halibut enamazinyo anomcibisholo, angavamile ukuzuza ngaphezu kwama-8 kg ngobude bomzimba obungu-70-80 cm.
I-Far Eastern flounder yigama elihlanganayo elihlanganisa i-taxa eyishumi nambili, okuthiwa inhlanzi eyisicaba. Lezi zinhlobo zifaka phakathi ama-yellowfin, ama-stellate nama-white-belied form, kanye nama-line-line amabili, ama-proboscis, amakhala amade, i-halibut, i-yellow-bellied, i-warty namanye ama-flounders.
Uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila
I-Flounder ihlala yodwa futhi i-benthic. Amalungu omndeni azifihla ngobuciko njengendawo ezungezile (ukulingisa). Izinhlanzi ezinjalo zichitha ingxenye enkulu yesikhathi zilele ngaphezulu kombhede wamanzi noma zizibhonge zize zifike emehlweni azo ezindaweni ezinaphansi ezahlukahlukene. Ngenxa yalokhu kufihlwa kwemvelo okunengqondo, i-flounder ayiphathi nje kuphela ukubamba inyamazane ngohlobo lokuqamekela, kodwa futhi nokuzifihla ezilwaneni ezidla emanzini ezinkudlwana.
Noma ngabe kuhamba kancane futhi kubonakala kungubudlabha, i-flounder isetshenziswa nje ukuhamba kancane phansi, okubangelwa ukunyakaza okungavuleki. Noma kunjalo, i-flounder iba yisiqubu esihle kakhulu lapho sidingeka. Inhlanzi enjalo iqala cishe khona manjalo, futhi emabangeni amafushane uma iqhathaniswa ingakhula kalula isivinini esisheshayo.
Ezimeni aphoqelelwe, i-flounder ngokoqobo "idubula" wonke umzimba wayo oyisicaba amamitha amaningana ohlangothini oludingekayo ngasikhathi sinye, idedela i-jet yamanzi enamandla kakhulu ezansi ngosizo lwekhava le-gill elisohlangothini lwekhanda elingaboni. Ngenkathi ukumiswa okujiyile kwesihlabathi nodaka kuhlala, inhlanzi enamandla iba nesikhathi sokubamba inyamazane yayo noma icashe ngokushesha kumzingeli.
I-flounder ihlala isikhathi esingakanani
Isikhathi esiphakathi sokuphila se-flounder ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle kakhulu zangaphandle cishe iminyaka engamashumi amathathu. Kepha empilweni yangempela, amalungu omndeni angavamile angaphila aze afike eminyakeni yobudala ehlonishwayo futhi imvamisa afele ngobuningi emanetheni ezimboni zokudoba.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
Abesilisa be-flounder bahlukile kwabesifazane ngosayizi wabo omncane, ibanga elibalulekile phakathi kwamehlo, kanye nasemisebeni emide yokuqala yamaphiko we-pectoral ne-dorsal.
Izinhlobo ze-Flounder
Izinhlobo ezingama-60 ezikhona njengamanje ezihlanganisiwe zihlanganiswe kwisigaba esiyinhloko samashumi amabili nantathu:
- I-Prickly plaice (i-Acanthopsetta), kufaka phakathi i-Prickly flounder (i-Acanthopsetta nadeshnyi) noma i-Coarse flounder;
- I-Arrowtooth halibuts (Atheresthes), kufaka phakathi i-Asian arrowtooth halibut (Atheresthes evermanni) kanye ne-American arrowtooth halibut (Atheresthes stomias);
- Ama-flounders anekhanda elibukhali (Cleisthenes), kufaka phakathi i-Herzenstein's flounder (Cleisthenes herzensteini) ne-Sharp-headed flounder (Cleisthenes pinetorum);
- I-Warty flounder (Clidoderma), kufaka phakathi iWarty flounder (Clidoderma asperrimum);
- I-Eopsetta, kufaka phakathi i-Eopsetta grigorjewi noma i-Far Eastern flounder, ne-Eopsetta jordani noma i-eopsetta yaseCalifornia;
- I-Long flounder (i-Glyptocephalus), kufaka phakathi i-Red flounder (Glyptocephalus cynoglossus), i-Far Eastern long flounder (Glyptocephalus stelleri), noma i-flounder encane ka-Steller;
- I-Halibut flounder (i-Hippoglossoides), kufaka phakathi i-halibut flounder yase-Japan (Hippoglossoides dubius) noma i-ruff flounder yase-Japan, i-Northern halibut flounder (i-Hippoglossoides elassodon) ne-European flounder (i-Hippoglossoides nayo i-platesoides)
- Ama-halibuts (Hippoglossus), noma ama-halibuts amhlophe, kufaka phakathi i-Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) ne-Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis);
- I-Bicolor flounder (Kareius) ne-Biline flounder (Lepidopsetta), efaka i-White-bellied flounder (Lepidopsetta mochigarei) neNyakatho flounder (Lepidopsetta polyxystra);
- ILimanda, kufaka phakathi i-Yellowfin flounder (Limanda aspera), i-Yellowtail limanda (iLimanda ferruginea) ne-Ershovatka (iLimanda limanda), i-limanda enezimpondo ezinde (iLimanda punctatissima) kanye ne-Sakhalin flounder (Limanda sakhalinensis);
- Ama-flounders ase-Arctic (Liopsetta), kufaka phakathi iBlackhead flounder (Liopsetta putnami);
- I-Oregon flounder (iLyopsetta);
- Ama-flounders amancane anomlomo (Microstomus), kufaka phakathi iMicrostomus achne, i-Small-headed flounder (Microstomus kitt), i-Pacific flounder neMicrostomus shuntovi;
- I-river flounder (i-Platichthys), kufaka phakathi i-Stellate flounder (Platichthys stellatus);
- I-Flounder (i-Pleuronectes), kufaka phakathi i-Yellow flounder (i-Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus);
- I-Flounder enekhanda eliqinile (i-Pleuronichthys), kufaka phakathi i-Pleuronichthys coenosus, i-Horned flounder (i-Pleuronichthys cornutus);
- Ama-flounders abonakele (Psettichthys);
- I-Winter flounder (i-Pseudopleuronectes), kufaka phakathi i-yellow-striped flounder (Pseudopleuronectes herzensteini), iSchrenk flounder (Pseudopleuronectes schrenki), ne-Japanese flounder (Pseudopleuronectes yokohamae).
Okunye okuvelele yi-genus Dexistes kanye ne-Embassichthys, emelwe yi-Embassichthys bathybius, i-genus Hypsopsetta ne-Isopsetta (Isopsetta), i-Verasper ne-Tanakius (Tanakius), i-Psammodiscus, i-Psamriella ) nama-halibuts amnyama (Reinhardtius).
Kuyathakazelisa! IHalibut ingummeli we-flounder enkulu ngosayizi futhi ihlala ekujuleni kolwandle lwasePacific nase-Atlantic, futhi isikhathi sokuphila kwale nhlanzi edlayo singaba yikhulu leminyaka.
Indawo yokuhlala
I-Platichthys stellatus yisakhamuzi esivamile samanzi asenyakatho oLwandlekazi iPacific, kufaka phakathi izilwandle zaseJapan neBering, Okhotsk neChukchi. Amafomu amanzi angenasawoti ahlala emachibini, ezindaweni eziphansi emfuleni nasemabhishi. Abamele bezinhlobo zeScophthalmidae batholakala engxenyeni esenyakatho ye-Atlantic, kanye nasemanzini oLwandle Olumnyama, iBaltic kanye neMedithera. Ngaphezu kwemvelo yasolwandle, ukuntengantenga kwalezi zinhlobo kuzwakala kukuhle ezindaweni ezisezansi zeSouthern Bug, Dnieper naseDniester.
Ukwanda kasawoti wamanzi oLwandle i-Azov nokujula kwemifula egelezela kulo kuvumele iBlack Sea flounder-kalkan ukuthi isabalale emlonyeni woMfula iDon. Abamele inhlobo ye-arctic engamakhaza kakhulu bahlala emanzini aseKara, eBarents, eWhite, eBering nase-Okhotsk Seas, futhi batholakala yonke indawo eYenisei, Ob, Kara naseTugur, lapho izinhlanzi ezinjalo zithanda inhlabathi ethambile enosilika.
Itekisi lasolwandle eliyisisekelo lihlala emanzini angenawo amandla futhi anosawoti omningi, enikeza ukujula ngaphakathi kwamamitha angama-30-200. Abamele lezi zinhlobo yizinto ezibalulekile zokudoba okuthengiswayo, futhi bahlala nasemanzini ase-East Atlantic, eMedithera naseBarents, olwandle olumhlophe nolweBaltic, nakwezinye izilwandle. I-flounder yaseningizimu enamhlophe emhlophe ihlala endaweni esogwini yasePrimorye futhi itholakala oLwandle lwaseJapan, kanti abantu abadala bezinhlana zasenyakatho bathanda amanzi oLwandle i-Okhotsk, iKamchatka neBering.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngenxa yokwehlukahlukana kwezinhlobo zazo ezicebile nokuguquguquka okungakholeki kwezinto eziphilayo, zonke izinhlanzi eziyizicaba ziye zazijwayeza ngempumelelo ezindaweni ezisogwini lonke lwase-Eurasia nasemanzini olwandle olungaphakathi nezwe.
I-yellowfin flounder okwamanje isabalele olwandle lwaseJapan, Okhotsk naseBering. Izinhlanzi ezinjalo ziningi impela ngaphakathi kweSakhalin nasogwini olusentshonalanga yeKamchatka, lapho bethanda ukuhlala endaweni engamamitha ayi-15-80 futhi banamathele enhlabathini enesihlabathi. AmaHalibuts ahlala e-Atlantic, ahlala emanzini aqatha e-Arctic nasePacific Ocean, kufaka phakathi iBarents, iBering, i-Okhotsk nezilwandle zaseJapan.
Ukudla okungapheli
Ngokuya ngezinhlobo zezinhlobo zetekisi, inani eliphakeme lomsebenzi wokudla lingavela kusihlwa, amahora asebusuku noma amahora emini.... Ukudla kwe-flounder kuvezwa ukudla okuvela ezilwaneni. Ama-flounders amancane adla ama-benthos, izibungu, ama-amphipods, kanye nezibungu, ama-crustaceans namaqanda. Ama-flounders amadala akhetha ukondla i-ophiura nezibungu, amanye ama-echinoderm amaningi, nezinhlanzi ezincane, amanye ama-invertebrate nama-crustaceans. Abamele umndeni bakhethe kakhulu izimfanzi hhayi i-capelin enkulu kakhulu.
Ngenxa yesikhundla sekhanda, i-flounder iququda impela emhlabathini izinhlanzi eziphakathi nendawo ezihlala ebunzimeni bolwandle noma ezansi nomfula. Amandla emihlathi ye-flounder makhulu kakhulu kangangokuba inhlanzi enjalo iqondisa kalula futhi ngokushesha amagobolondo anezindonga zama-cores, kanye namagobolondo enkalankala. Inani eliphakeme labamele abomndeni ikakhulu linqunywa ibhalansi yokudla okunomsoco ngokudla okuneprotheni ephezulu.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Isikhathi sokuzala setekisi ngayinye sisebenza ngazodwana, futhi sincike ngqo esifundeni lapho kuhlala khona, isikhathi sokuqala kwenkathi yasentwasahlobo, isilinganiso samanzi afudumele afike ezinkomba ezikahle kakhulu. Isikhathi esivamile sokuzalisa izinhlobo eziningi kusuka ezinsukwini eziyishumi zokuqala zikaFebhuwari kuya kuMeyi. Kukhona okuhlukile, okubandakanya, isibonelo, i-turbot noma iBig Diamond.
Abamele lolu hlobo baqala ukuzala emanzini aseBaltic naseNyakatho Yezilwandle kusukela ngo-Ephreli kuya ku-Agasti, kuyilapho i-polar flounder ithanda ukuzala emanzini ambozwe yiqhwa olwandle lwaseKara naseBarents kusukela ngoDisemba kuya kuJanuwari.
Abamele umndeni, njengomthetho, bafinyelela ebusheni ngonyaka wesithathu noma wesikhombisa wokuphila. Kwabesifazane bezinhlobo eziningi, amazinga aphezulu okuzala ayisici, ngakho-ke, i-clutch eyodwa ingaqukatha cishe amaqanda angu-0.5-2 wezigidi ze-pelagic. Esikhathini esiningi, isikhathi sokufukamela asithathi ngaphezu kwamasonto amabili. Njengendawo yokuzalela i-flounder, kukhethwa izindawo ezisogwini ezijule ngokwanele ezinaphansi kwesihlabathi.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ifry flounder Fry inesimo somzimba esiqondile esimile esinezinhlangothi ezimbili ezilinganayo, futhi ama-benthos amancane nenani elikhulu le-zooplankton asetshenziswa njengesisekelo sokudla sefry.
Ezinye izinhlobo zikwazi ngempumelelo ukuzala ngisho nasekujuleni kwamamitha angamashumi ayisihlanu, ngenxa yokuqina okuphezulu ngokweqile kwe-clutch nokungabikho kwesidingo sokunamathisela amaqanda kunoma iyiphi i-substrate eqinile.
Izitha zemvelo
I-flounder ingashintsha ngokushesha futhi kalula kalula umbala wendiza ephezulu yomzimba wayo, esiza izinhlanzi ezinjalo ukuba zizifihle ngaphansi kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwangaphansi futhi zivikele ekungenelweni yizilwane eziningi ezidla emanzini. Noma kunjalo, okuyingozi kakhulu kumalungu alo mndeni ezimweni zemvelo kubhekwa njenge-eel ne-halibut, kanye nabantu. Ngenxa yenyama emhlophe futhi emnandi kakhulu, emhlophe enempilo, i-flounder ibanjwa ngabadobi cishe kuwo wonke amagumbi omhlaba.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Izingqinamba zokudotshwa ngokweqile kwezinhlobo ezitholakala kalula nezinhlobo eziyindlala kakhulu ezimweni zokudoba ngemisinga yezimvu yizimo ezithile zenkinga ejwayelekile eye yathuthukiswa ezimweni zokudoba kwezinhlobo eziningi, futhi ayinaso isixazululo esisebenzayo okwamanje. Lapho behlonza izici zemvelo eziyisisekelo ezibaluleke kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwenani eliphelele le-flounder, abacwaningi bavame ukukhomba ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kube nokujikeleza okuningana ekwehleni nasekwandeni kwabantu.
Kuzothakazelisa futhi:
- Izinhlanzi ze-trout
- Izinhlanzi zeMackerel
- Inhlanzi eyi-Sterlet
- Izinhlanzi zePollock
Phakathi kokunye, abanye abantu abahlaselayo bahlala bathinteka kabi yimisebenzi yabantu noma bangaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu yokudoba. Isibonelo, uhlobo lwe-Arnoglos Mediterranean, noma i-Kessler flounder, njengamanje lusengcupheni yokuqothulwa ngokuphelele, futhi inani labantu bezinhlanzi ezinjalo ezidlayo lincane kakhulu.
Inani lokuhweba
I-Flounder iyinhlanzi yokuhweba ebalulekile, ebanjwa ikakhulukazi emanzini oLwandle Olumnyama neBaltic. I-Flounder-kalkan ne-turbot kuvunwa oLwandle iMedithera ngendlela ejwayelekile. Inhlanzi entsha inombala oluhlaza okotshani nenyama emhlophe. Cishe zonke izitsha ezi-flounder zimuncwa kahle ngumzimba womuntu, zisiza ukusheshisa izinqubo ze-metabolic futhi zivame ukusetshenziselwa ukudla okunomsoco.
