I-Trout igama elihlanganisa izinhlobo nezinhlobo zezinhlanzi zamanzi angenasawoti ngasikhathi sinye, okungezomndeni wakwaSalmonidae. I-Trout ifakiwe emikhakheni emithathu yomndeni yamanje eyisikhombisa: char (Salvelinus), salmon (Psalms) kanye ne-salmon yase-Pacific (Oncorhynchus).
Incazelo ye-Trout
I-Trout yabelana ngezici ezimbalwa ezivamile... Engxenyeni yeshumi yomzimba wabo omkhulu ngokuqhathaniswa, ongaphansi komugqa we-lateral nangaphambi kokuma mpo, owehliswa kusukela ekugcineni komgogodla, kunezikali eziyi-15-24. Inani eliphelele lesikali esingaphezulu kwesiphetho sendunu liyahlukahluka kusuka kweshumi nantathu kuya kweleshumi nesishiyagalolunye. Umzimba wezinhlanzi ucindezelwe kusuka ezinhlangothini kuye kumazinga ahlukahlukene, kanti impumulo emfushane inesinciphiso sesici. I-coulter inamazinyo amaningi.
Ukubukeka
Ukubonakala kwe-trout ngqo kuncike ekutheni le nhlanzi ingeyiphi inhlobo ethile:
- Umdanso onsundu - inhlanzi engakhula ngaphezu kwengxenye yemitha ubude, futhi eneminyaka eyishumi umuntu ufinyelela isisindo samakhilogremu ayishumi nambili. Ummeleli omkhulukazi womndeni ubonakala ngokuba khona komzimba onqenqemene ombozwe izikali ezincane kakhulu, kepha ezinesisindo. IBrook trout inamaphiko amancane nomlomo omkhulu onamazinyo amaningi;
- I-Lake trout - inhlanzi enomzimba oqinile uma iqhathaniswa ne-brook trout. Ikhanda licindezelwe, ngakho-ke ulayini we-lateral ubonakala kahle. Umbala uhlukaniswa ngomhlane onsundu ngokubomvu, kanye nohlangothi lwesiliva nesisu. Kwesinye isikhathi kuba nezinhlayiya eziningi ezimnyama esikalini se-lake trout;
- Uthingo lwenkosazana - inhlanzi yasemanzini angenasawoti ebonakala ngomzimba omude ngokwanele. Isisindo esimaphakathi senhlanzi endala cishe singamakhilogremu ayisithupha. Umzimba umbozwe izikali ezincane kakhulu futhi eziminyene kakhulu. Umehluko omkhulu kubazalwane uboniswa ubukhona bomugqa obomvana obomvana esiswini.
Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze-trout ziyehluka ngombala, kuya ngezimo zempilo, kepha i-classic ibhekwa njengombala omnyama womnqumo ongemuva onombala oluhlaza okotshani.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngokusho kokunye ukubonwa, i-trout eyondliwe kahle ihlala ifana ngombala nenani elincane lamabala, kepha ukuguqulwa kombala kungenzeka kakhulu kubangelwe ukuhamba kwezinhlanzi zisuka echibini lemvelo ziye emanzini okufakelwa noma okuphambene nalokho.
Uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila
Uhlobo ngalunye lwe-trout lunemikhuba yalo eyehlukile, kepha isimilo nokuziphatha kwale nhlanzi kuncike ngqo ezimweni zezulu, indawo yokuhlala, kanye nezici zesizini. Isibonelo, abamele abaningi bezinhlobo zama-trout okuthiwa "ansundu" asendaweni bayakwazi ukufuduka okusebenzayo. Izinhlanzi azihambi kakhulu emhlabeni uma ziqhathaniswa ne-trout yasolwandle, kepha zihlala zikhuphuka noma zehle ngomfutho ngesikhathi sokuzala, ukondla noma ukufuna indawo yokuhlala. I-Lake trout nayo ingenza ukufuduka okunjalo.
Ebusika, i-trout spoutning iya ezansi, futhi ikhetha ukuhlala eduze neziphethu noma ezindaweni ezijulile zemifula, eduze ngangokunokwenzeka phansi kwechibi. Amanzi entwasahlobo enodaka nezikhukhula zivame ukuphoqa izinhlanzi ezinjalo ukuba zihlale eduze kwamabhange amakhulu, kepha ngokuqala kwehlobo, i-trout ihamba ngenkuthalo ngaphansi kwezimpophoma, ingene kwizishingishane nasemigodini yemifula, lapho ama-whirlpools akhiwa khona manje. Ezindaweni ezinjalo, i-trout ihlala ihleli futhi inesizungu kuze kufike ekwindla.
Trout ihlala isikhathi esingakanani
Isikhathi sokuphila semfucumfucu esihlala emanzini echibi side kakhulu kunesanoma yimuphi omunye umfula. Njengomthetho, ichibi le-trout lihlala amashumi ambalwa eminyaka, futhi kubahlali bomfula inani eliyiminyaka eyisikhombisa kuphela.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ezikalini ze-trout, kunamasongo waminyaka yonke akha njengoba inhlanzi ikhula futhi ibukeka njengethishu entsha ekhula emaphethelweni. Lezi zindandatho zezihlahla zisetshenziselwa ukubala iminyaka ye-trout.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
Abesilisa abadala bayahluka kwezinye izici zangaphandle kwabesifazane abavuthiwe ngokocansi. Imvamisa, owesilisa unosayizi omncane womzimba, ikhanda elikhudlwana namazinyo amaningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugoba okuphezulu okuphezulu kuvame ukuba khona ekugcineni komhlathi ongezansi wamaduna amadala.
Izinhlobo ze-trout
Izinhlobo eziyinhloko nezinhlobonhlobo ze-trout ezingaphansi kohlobo oluthile lwabameli bomndeni wakwaSalmonidae:
- Uhlobo lwamaSumiso lufaka phakathi: i-Adriatic trout (iHubo obtusirostris); I-Brook, i-lake trout noma i-trout ensundu (i-Salmo trutta); I-trout yaseTurkey enamakhanda acabalele (i-Salmo platycephalus), i-trout yasehlobo (i-Salmo letnica); I-Marble trout (i-Salmo trutta marmoratus) ne-Amu Darya trout (i-Salmo trutta oxianus), kanye ne-Sevan trout (i-Salmo ischchan);
- Uhlobo lwe-Oncorhynchus lubandakanya: i-Arizona trout (i-Oncorhynchus apache); I-salmon kaClark (i-Oncorhynchus clarki); IBiwa Trout (Oncorhynchus masou rhodurus); UGil Trout (Oncorhynchus gilae); IGolden Trout (i-Oncorhynchus aguabonita) neMykiss (i-Oncorhynchus mykiss);
- Uhlobo loSalvelinus (Amalokhi) lubandakanya: Salvelinus fontinalis timagamiensis; I-pali American (Salvelinus fontinalis); I-char enamakhanda amakhulu (Salvelinus confluentus); Malmö (Salvelinus malma) kanye neChibi christivomer char (Salvelinus namaycush), kanye ne-Silver char (iSalvelinus fontinalis agassizi) engasekho.
Ngokombono wezakhi zofuzo, yi-trout echibini engafani kakhulu phakathi kwazo zonke izilwane ezinomgogodla. Isibonelo, inani le-trout yasendle yaseBrithani limelwe ngokuhlukahluka, inani eliphelele lalo ngokungenakuqhathaniswa kunelabo bonke abantu emhlabeni wethu elihlangene.
Kuyathakazelisa!I-Lake trout kanye ne-rainbow trout kungokomndeni wakwaSalmonidae, kepha bangabamele izinhlobo ezahlukene nezinhlobo ezinokhokho abafanayo, ezahlukana zaba ngamaqembu ambalwa eminyakeni eyizigidi ezimbalwa eyedlule.
Indawo yokuhlala
Indawo yokuhlala yezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze-trout ibanzi kakhulu... Abamele umndeni batholakala cishe yonke indawo, lapho kunamachibi anamanzi acwebile, imifula yezintaba noma imifudlana. Inani elibalulekile lihlala emizimbeni yamanzi amasha eMedithera naseNtshonalanga Yurophu. I-Trout yindawo yokudoba ezemidlalo ethandwa kakhulu eMelika naseNorway.
IChibi trout lihlala emanzini ahlanzeke futhi apholile ngokukhethekile, lapho evame ukwakha imihlambi futhi atholakala ekujuleni okukhulu. I-Brook trout ingeyesigaba sezinhlobo ze-anadromous, ngoba ayikwazi ukuhlala ngosawoti kuphela, kodwa nasemanzini ahlanzekile, lapho abantu abaningana behlangana khona emihlambini eminingi kakhulu. Lolu hlobo lwe-trout luthanda kakhulu izindawo ezinokuthutheleka okuningi okuhlanzekile futhi okunezinga elanele lamanzi e-oxygen.
Abamele uhlobo lwe-trout rainbow trout batholakala ngaphakathi kogu lwasePacific, futhi eduze nezwekazi laseNyakatho Melika emizimbeni yamanzi amasha. Muva nje, abamele lezi zinhlobo bathuthelwe emanzini ase-Australia, eJapane, eNew Zealand, eMadagascar naseNingizimu Afrika, lapho baqala khona ngempumelelo. I-rainbow trout ayikuthandi ukukhanya kwelanga okweqile, ngakho-ke bazama ukucasha phakathi kweziqubu noma ngamatshe ngesikhathi sasemini.
ERussia, abameleli bomndeni wakwaSalmon batholakala endaweni yaseKola Peninsula, emanzini amachibi aseBaltic, eCaspian, Azov, White and Black sea, kanye nasemifuleni yaseCrimea naseKuban, emanzini e-Onega, eLadoga, e-Ilmensky nasePeipsi. I-Trout futhi ithandwa ngendlela eyisimanga ekulimeni kwezinhlanzi zanamuhla futhi ikhule ngokuqanjwa ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu lezimboni.
Ukudla kwe-trout
I-Trout ingummeleli ojwayelekile wezilwane zasemanzini... Izinhlanzi ezinjalo zidla izinambuzane ezahlukahlukene kanye nezibungu zazo, futhi ziyakwazi ukushwabadela izihlobo noma amaqanda amancane, onoshobishobi, amabhungane, ama-molluscs kanye nama-crustaceans. Ngesikhathi sezikhukhula zasentwasahlobo, izinhlanzi zizama ukuhlala eduze nogu olusemaweni, lapho amanzi amakhulu agezwa khona ngenkuthalo evela enhlabathini yasogwini izibungu eziningi nezibungu ezisetshenziswa yizinhlanzi ekudleni.
Ehlobo, i-trout ikhetha amachibi ajulile noma ukujika kwemifula, kanye nezindawo zezimpophoma nezindawo lapho kwakhiwa khona ama-eddies amanzi, okuvumela izinhlanzi ukuthi zizingele kahle. I-Trout iphakela ekuseni noma ntambama. Ngesikhathi sokuduma kwezulu okukhulu, izikole zezinhlanzi ziyakwazi ukusondela eduze kwaso uqobo. Ngokuya ngokudla okunomsoco, i-trout yentsha yanoma yiluphi uhlobo ayihloniphi ngokuphelele, futhi ngenxa yalesi sizathu ikhula ngokushesha okukhulu. Entwasahlobo nasehlobo, izinhlanzi ezinjalo zidliwa "ngokudla" okundizayo, okuzivumela zikhule inani elanele lamafutha.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Isikhathi sokuzalela imfucumfucu ezindaweni ezihlukene zemvelo sehlukile, kuya ngobungako nobuso bamazinga okushisa emanzini, kanye nokuphakama ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle. Ukuzala ngaphambi kwesikhathi kwenzeka ezindaweni ezisenyakatho ngamanzi abandayo. Ensimini yaseNtshonalanga Yurophu, ukuzala kwesinye isikhathi kwenzeka ebusika, kuze kube yiminyaka eyishumi edlule kaJanuwari, nasemithanjeni yaseKuban - ngo-Okthoba. I-Yamburg trout iya kuzala ngoDisemba. Ngokusho kokunye okubhekwayo, izinhlanzi zivame ukukhetha ubusuku benyanga ukuze zizale, kepha isiqongo esikhulu sokuzala senzeka ngesikhathi sokuphuma kusukela ekushoneni kwelanga kuze kuphele ubumnyama, kanye nasemahoreni angaphambi kokusa.
I-Trout ifinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi cishe iminyaka emithathu, kepha ngisho nabesilisa abaneminyaka emibili ubudala bavame ukuba nobisi oluvuthiwe. I-trout yabantu abadala ayizali minyaka yonke, kepha ngemuva konyaka. Isibalo samaqanda kubantu abakhulu kakhulu siyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa. Njengomthetho, abesifazane abaneminyaka emine noma emihlanu ubudala baphatha amaqanda angaba yinkulungwane, kanti abantu abaneminyaka emithathu ubudala babonakala ngokuba khona kwamaqanda angama-500. Ngesikhathi sokuzala, i-trout ithola umbala ompunga ongcolile, futhi izindawo ezibomvu azikhanyi kakhulu noma zinyamalale ngokuphelele.
Okwe-trout spawning, kukhethwa izikhala ezinendawo enamadwala futhi ezinamachashazi amabi kakhulu. Kwesinye isikhathi inhlanzi iyakwazi ukuzala ematsheni amakhulu ngokwanele, ngaphansi kwesihlabathi esimanzi futhi esihle. Ngaphambi nje kokuzala, abesifazane basebenzisa umsila wabo ukumba umgodi oblong futhi ongajulile, besusa amatshe kulo ulwelwesi nasekungcoleni. Owesifazane oyedwa uvame ukulandela abesilisa abaningi ngasikhathi sinye, kepha amaqanda avundiswa owesilisa oyedwa onobisi oluvuthwe kakhulu.
Kuyathakazelisa! I-Trout iyakwazi ukukhetha umlingani ngokususelwa kuzici ezibukekayo nezibukwayo, ezivumela amalungu omndeni wakwaSalmonidae ukuthi athole inzalo enezici ezifunwayo, kufaka phakathi ukumelana nezifo nezinto ezimbi zemvelo.
ITrout caviar inkulu impela ngosayizi, iwolintshi noma umbala obomvu. Ukubonakala kokuthosa kwechibi trout kwenziwa ngokugeza amaqanda ngamanzi ahlanzekile nabandayo agcwele inani elanele lomoya-mpilo. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle zangaphandle, i-gazinga ikhula ngenkuthalo enkulu, futhi ukudla kwamafry kufaka i-daphnia, i-chironomids, ne-oligochaetes.
Izitha zemvelo
Izitha eziyingozi kakhulu zamaqanda asathuthuka zingama-pikes, ama-burbots kanye nokumpunga, kanye nabantu abadala uqobo, kepha hhayi i-trout evuthiwe ngokocansi. Iningi labantu lifa ngonyaka wokuqala wokuphila. Isilinganiso sokushona kwabantu ngalesi sikhathi singama-95% noma ngaphezulu. Eminyakeni elandelayo, lesi sibalo sehla saya ezingeni lika-40-60%. Izitha zokuqala ze-trout ensundu, ngaphezu kwe-pike, burbot ne-grayling, nazo ziyizimpawu namabhere.
Inani lokuhweba
I-Trout iyinhlanzi ebalulekile yokuhweba. Ukudoba ngenhloso yokuhweba bekuyisikhathi eside kuyimbangela yokwehla kwenani labantu bezinhlobo eziningi, kubandakanya naleyo yaseSevan.
Namuhla, amapulazi amaningi e-trout asebenzela ukuxazulula inkinga yokwanda kwenani lomndeni wezinhlanzi zomndeni wakwaSalmon, ukukhulisa abamele izinhlobo ezahlukene zamapulazi ezinkanjini nasemapulazini akhethekile ezinhlanzi. Ezinye izinhlobo zohlobo oluthile lwenhlanzi yasekhaya ezifuywayo sezivele zikwazile ukuhlala ezimweni ezenziwe ngokungezona izizukulwane ezingaphezu kwamashumi amathathu, kanti iNorway isibe umholi ekuzalelweni kwezinhlanzi salmon.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
I-Trout ibucayi kakhulu ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu kanye nokushisa komhlaba, okuchazwa ngokuthembela kwabantu ekutholakaleni kwamanzi abandayo nahlanzekile. Emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, kunomthelela omubi ezigabeni ezahlukene zempilo yalezi zinhlanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubanjwa kwabantu abasebenza ngokuzala kunomthelela omubi kubantu bezinhlanzi.
Kuzothakazelisa futhi:
- I-Mackerel
- Pollock
- Saika
- Kaluga
Ucwaningo olwenziwe ososayensi emachibini aseScotland lukhombise ngokuthembekile ukuthi ukwanda okwenziwe ngobuningi besibalo se-trout kungadala ukwehla ngosayizi omaphakathi nesisindo sabantu abadala, kanye nezithiyo ezahlukahlukene ezinjengama-gutters, ukweqa ngokweqile kanye namadamu okuvimba ukufinyelela kwe-trout ezindaweni ezizalela kuzo nasendaweni ezihlala kuyo. Njengamanje, i-trout inikezwe isimo sokongiwa esimaphakathi.
