Inyathi - yindlela abantu baseNyakatho Melika ababeyibiza ngayo inyathi. Le nkunzi enamandla yamukelwa ngokusemthethweni njengezilwane zasendle nezasekhaya emazweni amathathu - iMexico, i-USA kanye neCanada.
Incazelo yenyathi
Inyathi yaseMelika (iBison bison) ingeyomndeni wama-bovids kusukela ku-oda lama-artiodactyls futhi, kanye nenyathi yaseYurophu, ingeyehlobo lohlobo lweBison (inyathi).
Ukubukeka
Izinyathi zaseMelika bezingeke zehluke kule nyathi ukube bekungekhona okwenhloko ephansi kanye nomhlwenga ojiyile, othola amehlo ayo bese wenza intshebe ethandekayo esilevini (ngendlela yomphimbo). Uboya obude kakhulu bukhula ekhanda nasentanyeni, bufinyelela uhhafu wemitha: ijazi lifushane kancane, limboze i-hump, amahlombe futhi ngokwengxenye imilenze yangaphambili. Ngokuvamile, yonke ingaphambili lomzimba (ngokumelene ngemuva) limbozwe izinwele ezindeYu.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ukuma kwekhanda okuphansi ngokwedlulele, kuhambisana nomhlwenga onqenqemeni, kunika inyathi ubukhulu obukhulu, yize ubukhulu bayo bungadingekile - abesilisa abadala bakhula bafike ku-3 m (kusuka esifubeni kuya emsileni) ku-2 m ekubuneni, bathola isisindo esingamathani ayi-1.2-1.3.
Ngenxa yobuningi bezinwele ekhanda elikhulu elibanzi ebunzini, amehlo amakhulu amnyama nezindlebe ezincanyana akubonakali, kepha izimpondo ezijiyile ezifushane ziyabonakala, zijikela ezinhlangothini bese zijikisa phezulu. Inyathi ayinomzimba olinganiselwe impela, ngoba ingxenye yayo yangaphambili ikhule kakhulu kunaleyo engemuva. I-scruff iphela nge-hump, imilenze ayiphakeme, kodwa inamandla. Umsila mfushane kunowenyathi yaseYurophu, futhi uhlobiswe ekugcineni ngebhulashi elinoboya obukhulu.
Ijazi livame ukuba mpunga nsundu noma nsundu, kodwa ekhanda, entanyeni nasemilenzeni iba mnyama ngokugqamile, ifinyelele kokumnyama nsundu. Izilwane eziningi zinombala onsundu futhi onsundu ngokukhanyayo, kodwa ezinye izinyathi zibonisa imibala engajwayelekile.
Uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila
Njengoba inyathi yaseMelika yacekelwa phansi ngaphambi kokuba ifundwe, kunzima ukwahlulela indlela yayo yokuphila. Kuyaziwa, ngokwesibonelo, ukuthi inyathi yayijwayele ukubambisana emiphakathini emikhulu enamakhanda afinyelela ezinkulungwaneni ezingama-20. Izinyathi zesimanje zigcinwa emihlambini emincane, engeqi izilwane ezingama-20-30. Kunobufakazi bokuthi izinkunzi nezinkomo ezinamathole zakha amaqembu ahlukene, njengoba besho, ngobulili.
Imininingwane ephikisayo nayo iyatholwa mayelana nokulandelana komhlambi: ezinye izazi zezilwane zithi inkomo enolwazi kakhulu ilawula umhlambi, abanye banesiqiniseko sokuthi iqembu lingaphansi kokuvikelwa kwezinkunzi ezindala eziningana. Izinyathi, ikakhulukazi ezincane, zifuna ukwazi kakhulu: ukunaka kwazo kudonswa yiyo yonke into entsha noma engajwayelekile. Abantu abadala bavikela izilwane ezincane ngazo zonke izindlela, bathambekele kwimidlalo yangaphandle emoyeni omusha.
Kuyathakazelisa! Izinyathi, naphezu komthethosisekelo wazo onamandla, zikhombisa ukushesha okuphawulekayo engozini, zingena egijima ngesivinini esifinyelela ku-50 km / h. Ngokumangazayo, kodwa inyathi ibhukuda kahle kakhulu, futhi ikhipha ama-parasites kusuka eboyeni, ihambe ngezikhathi ezithile esihlabathini nasothulini.
Inyathi inomqondo othuthukile wokunuka, okusiza ukuzwa isitha kude no-2 km, nomzimba wamanzi - ebangeni elifinyelela ku-8 km... Ukuzwa nokubona akubukhali kangako, kepha bayayidlala indima yabo kulaba abane. Ukubheka inyathi eyodwa kwanele ukwazisa amandla ayo, okuba kabili lapho isilwane silimele noma sivalwe ikona.
Esimweni esinjalo, inyathi engeyona imvelo ngokushesha ayicasuki, ikhetha ukuhlaselwa ukubaleka. Umsila omile nephunga elibukhali, elinomusa kungabonakala njengophawu lwenjabulo enkulu. Izilwane zivame ukusebenzisa izwi lazo - zikhala ngokungatheni noma zihonqe ngamathoni ahlukene, ikakhulukazi lapho umhlambi uhamba.
Izinyathi zihlala isikhathi esingakanani
Emahlathini asendle naseNyakatho Melika, izinyathi ziphila ngokwesilinganiso seminyaka engama-20-25.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
Ngisho nangokubukeka, abesifazane baphansi kakhulu kunabesilisa ngosayizi, futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, abanaso isitho sangasese sangaphandle, esinikezwa zonke izinkunzi. Umehluko ophawuleka kakhulu ungalandelwa ku-anatomy nezici zejazi lama-subspecies amabili wenyathi yaseMelika, echazwe njengeBison bison bison (steppe bison) neBison bison athabascae (inyathi yehlathi).
Okubalulekile! Ama-subspecies wesibili atholakala ekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye. Ngokwabanye ososayensi bezilwane, inyathi yehlathi ayiyona nje into engaphansi kwezinyathi zasendulo (iBison priscus) esekhona nanamuhla.
Imininingwane yomthethosisekelo nejazi elibonwe endle ye-steppe:
- ilula futhi incane (ngaphakathi kobudala obufanayo / ubulili) kune-bison yokhuni;
- ikhanda elikhulu “linenhloko” eminyene yezimpondo phakathi kwezimpondo, futhi izimpondo ngokwazo azivamile ukuphuma ngaphezu kwalesi “cap”;
- ikapa loboya obaziwa kahle, futhi isudi ilula kakhulu kunaleyo yenyathi yehlathi;
- isiqongo se-hump singaphezu kwemilenze yangaphambili, intshebe enebusy kanye nomhlwenga obizwa ngomphimbo udlulela ngale kwe-ribcage.
Ama-nuances womzimba nejazi, aphawulwe inyathi yehlathi:
- inkulu futhi inzima (ngaphakathi kobudala obufanayo nobulili) kune-steppe bison;
- ikhanda elingenamandla kangako, kunemivimbo yemicu elengela ebunzini nasezimpondweni eziphuma ngaphezulu kwayo;
- i-fur cape ebizwa kancane, futhi uboya bumnyama kunaleyo yenyathi ye-steppe;
- umphezulu we-hump ufinyelela emilenzeni yangaphambili, intshebe izacile, futhi umhlwenga emphinjeni awusebenzi.
Njengamanje, inyathi yehlathi itholakala kuphela emahlathini ama-spruce anezithulu akhula emigodini yemifula iBuffalo, Peace neBirch (egeleza emachibini aseBolshoye Slavolnichye nase-Athabasca).
Indawo yokuhlala
Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka adlule, zombili izinhlobo ezingaphansi kwezinyathi, inani lazo labantu lafinyelela ezilwaneni eziyizigidi ezingama-60, zatholakala cishe kulo lonke elaseNyakatho Melika. Manje uhla, ngenxa yokuqothulwa okungenangqondo kwalezi zinhlobo (okuqedwe ngo-1891), selinciphile ezindaweni eziningi ezisentshonalanga nasenyakatho yeMissouri.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngaleso sikhathi, inani lezinyathi zasehlathini lase lehle laba nenani elibucayi: kwasinda izilwane ezingama-300 kuphela ezazihlala entshonalanga yoMfula iS Slave (eningizimu yeChibi Elikhulu Lezigqila).
Sekutholakele ukuthi kudala, inyathi yayihola impilo ejwayelekile yokuhambahamba, ngobusuku besimo sezulu esibandayo, iya eningizimu futhi ibuya lapho ngokuqala kwemfudumalo. Manje, ukufuduka kwezinyathi okuhamba amabanga amade akunakwenzeka, ngoba imingcele yalolu hlu incishiswe amapaki kazwelonke, azungezwe umhlaba wamapulazi. Izinyathi zikhetha izindawo zokuhlala ezahlukene, kufaka phakathi amahlathi, amathafa avulekile (inamagquma namafulethi), kanye namahlathi, avaliwe ngezinga elithile.
Ukudla kwezinyathi zaseMelika
Inyathi iklaba ekuseni nakusihlwa, kwesinye isikhathi idla emini noma nasebusuku... Ama-steppe ancike otshanini, akha ama-kg angama-25 ngosuku, kuthi ebusika ashintshele ezindwangu zotshani. Ihlathi, kanye notshani, kuguqula ukudla kwabo kanye nezinye izimila:
- amahlumela;
- amaqabunga;
- ubulembu;
- ubulembu;
- amagatsha ezihlahla / izihlahlana.
Okubalulekile! Ngenxa yoboya bawo obukhulu, inyathi ibekezelela amakhaza angama-30-degree kahle, izifunela iqhwa eliphakama kuze kufike ku-1 m. Ukuya kokondla, zibheka izindawo ezineqhwa elincane, lapho ziphonsa khona iqhwa ngamanqina azo, zijulise umgodi lapho ikhanda nesifonyo ziphenduka (njengoba kwenza inyathi).
Kanye ngosuku, izilwane ziya emgodini wokunisela, ziguqula lo mkhuba kuphela emakhazeni amakhulu, lapho amadamu egcinwe iqhwa futhi inyathi kufanele idle iqhwa.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Isiga lesi sithatha ukusuka kuNtulikazi ukuya kuSepthemba, lapho izinkunzi nezinkomo zihlelwe zaba imihlambi emikhulu ngokulandelana okucacile. Lapho inkathi yokuzala ifika esiphelweni, umhlambi omkhulu uphinde uhlukane ube ngamaqembu ahlakazekile. Izinyathi zinesithembu, futhi abesilisa abaqavile abaneliseki ngowesifazane oyedwa, kodwa baqoqa izidleke.
Ukuzingela ngezinkunzi kuhambisana nokubhonga okuzwakala phezulu, okungazwakala kusimo sezulu esicacile amakhilomitha ama-5-8. Izinkunzi eziningi, imisindo yazo yamakhorasi iyahlaba umxhwele. Ezingxabanweni zabantu besifazane, abafakizicelo abagcini ngokuvalwa kokuvuna, kepha kaningi bahlanganyela ezimpini ezinodlame, ezigcina zilimale kabi noma kufe omunye wabashayayo.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ukuzala kuthatha cishe izinyanga eziyi-9, emva kwalokho inkomo izala ithole elilodwa. Uma engenaso isikhathi sokuthola ikhoneni elifihlekile, usana olusanda kuzalwa luvela maphakathi nomhlambi. Kulokhu, zonke izilwane zifika etholeni, zihogela futhi zikhothe. Inkonyane lincela ubisi lwebele (kufika ku-12%) ubisi lwebele cishe unyaka.
Emapaki ezilwane, izinyathi azizwani nje kuphela nabamele izinhlobo zazo, kodwa futhi nezinyathi. Ubudlelwano obuhle bomakhelwane buvame ukuphela ngothando, ukukhwelana nokuvela kwezinyathi ezincane. Lezi zamuva zihluke ngokunenzuzo kuma-nzalo nemfuyo, njengoba enokuzala okuphezulu.
Izitha zemvelo
Kukholelwa ukuthi ayikho inyathi enjalo, uma ungacabangi ngezimpisi ezihlaba amathole noma abantu abadala kakhulu. Kuyiqiniso, inyathi yayisongelwa amaNdiya, indlela yawo yokuphila namasiko awo ayexhomeke kakhulu kulezi zilwane ezinamandla. Abomdabu baseMelika babezingela inyathi ngehhashi (kwesinye isikhathi eqhweni), behlome ngomkhonto, ngomnsalo noma ngesibhamu. Uma ihhashi lalingasetshenziselwa ukuzingela, izinyathi zazifakwa emaweni noma ezigodini.
Ulimi kanye ne-hump ecebile kakhulu yaziswa kakhulu, kanye nenyama eyomisiwe ne-minced (pemmican), amaNdiya ayigcina ebusika. Isikhumba sezinyathi ezisencane saba impahla yezingubo zangaphandle, izikhumba ezijiyile zaphenduka isikhumba esingahluziwe esiluhlaza nesishukiwe, lapho kwasikwa khona amathe.
AmaNdiya azamile ukusebenzisa zonke izingxenye nezicubu zezilwane, ukuthola:
- isikhumba senyathi - izihlalo, ama-teepees namabhande;
- kusuka kumathenda - intambo, intambo yokuningi nokunye;
- kusuka emathanjeni - imimese nezitsha;
- kusuka izinselo - iglu;
- kusuka ezinweleni - izintambo;
- kusuka kubulongwe - uphethiloli.
Okubalulekile! Kodwa-ke, kwaze kwaba ngu-1830, umuntu wayengesona isitha esikhulu senyathi. Inani lezinhlobo alithonywanga ukuzingelwa kwamaNdiya, noma ngokudutshulwa okukodwa kwezinyathi ngabakholoni abamhlophe ababephethe izibhamu.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Ubudlelwano phakathi komuntu nemvelo busibekelwe ngamakhasi amaningi adabukisayo, elinye lawo bekungukuphela kwenyathi... Ekuthomeni kwekhulu le-18, imihlambi engenakubalwa (cishe amakhanda ayizigidi ezingama-60) yazulazula ezinkangala ezingapheli zaseNyakatho Melika - zisuka emachibini asenyakatho e-Erie naseGreat Slave ziye eTexas, eLouisiana naseMexico (eningizimu), nasezintabeni ezisentshonalanga zamaRocky Mountains ziye ogwini olusempumalanga ye-Atlantic Ocean.
Ukubhujiswa kwezinyathi
Ukuqothulwa okukhulu kwezinyathi kwaqala ngeminyaka yama-30s yekhulu le-19, kwathola isikali esingakaze sibonwe eminyakeni yama-60s, ngenkathi kwethulwa ukwakhiwa kwesitimela esinqamula amazwekazi. Abagibeli bathenjiswa ukuheha okuhehayo - badubula inyathi bevela emawindini wesitimela esidlulayo, beshiya amakhulu ezilwane ezophayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, abasebenza emgwaqeni baphakelwa inyama yenyathi, nezikhumba bathunyelwa ukuyodayiswa. Kwakunezinyathi eziningi kangangokuba abazingeli babehlala bengayinaki inyama yabo, besika izilimi kuphela - izidumbu ezinjalo zazisakazeke yonke indawo.
Kuyathakazelisa! Imikhakha yabadubuli abaqeqeshiwe yaqhubeka nokulandela le nyathi, kwathi ngeminyaka yama-70 inani lezilwane ezazidutshulwa minyaka yonke leqa izigidi eziyizi-2,5.
Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, kwakudingeka namathambo ezinyathi, asakazeka ngamathani kuwo wonke amathafa: kwavela izinkampani ukuqoqa le nto eluhlaza, eyathunyelwa ekukhiqizeni upende omnyama nomanyolo. Kodwa inyathi ayibulawanga inyama kuphela yezinkomishi zabasebenzi, kodwa futhi nokwenza izizwe zaseNdiya zibulawe yindlala, eziphikisana kakhulu nekoloni. Umgomo wafezwa ebusika bango-1886/87, lapho izinkulungwane zamaNdiya zibulawa yindlala. Iphuzu lokugcina kwakungu-1889, lapho kwasinda kuphela ama-835 ezigidi zezinyathi (kufaka nezilwane ezingamakhulu amabili ezivela eYellowstone National Park).
Ukuvuselelwa kwenyathi
Iziphathimandla zaphuthuma ukuyonga izilwane lapho lezi zinhlobo zisengcupheni - ebusika bango-1905, i-American Bison Rescue Society yasungulwa. Ngamunye (e-Oklahoma, Montana, Dakota naseNebraska) kwasungulwa izindawo ezikhethekile zokuhlalisa izinyathi.
Kakade ngo-1910, imfuyo yaphindeka kabili, futhi ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi, inani layo lenyuka laba abantu abayizinkulungwane eziyi-9... Ukunyakaza kwayo ukonga inyathi kwaqala eCanada: ngo-1907, umbuso wathenga izilwane ezingama-709 kubanikazi abazimele, wazithuthela kuWayne Wright. Ngo-1915, iWood Buffalo National Park (phakathi kwamachibi amabili - i-Athabasca neGreat Slave) yadalwa, yenzelwe inyathi yehlathi esaphila.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngo-1925-1928. Izinyathi ezingaphezu kuka-6 000 zezintaba zilethwe lapho, ezithinte isifo sofuba sasehlathini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abafokazi bathandana nabazalwa ehlathini futhi bacishe "bagwinye" laba bokugcina, babaphuca isimo se-subspecies.
Inyathi yehlathi ehlanzekile yatholakala kulezi zindawo ngo-1957 - 200 wezilwane ezazidlile engxenyeni ekude yasenyakatho-ntshonalanga yepaki. Ngo-1963, kwasuswa izinyathi eziyi-18 emhlambini zathunyelwa esiqiwini esingaphesheya komfula. Mackenzie (eduze naseFort Providence). Izinyathi ezingamahlathi ezingama-43 ezingeziwe nazo zilethwe e-Elk Island National Park. Manje e-United States kunezinyathi zasendle ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyishumi, kanti naseCanada (izinqolobane namapaki kazwelonke) - ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-30, okungenani ezingama-400 zazo ezingamahlathi.
