Obhejane yizilwane ezincelisayo ezinezinyawo ezinomlinganiso womndeni wamaRhinoceros ovela emndenini omkhulu wamaRhinoceros. Namuhla, izinhlobo eziyisihlanu zesimanje zobhejane ziyaziwa, ezivamile e-Afrika nase-Asia.
Incazelo kabhejane
Isici esiyinhloko esihlukanisa obhejane banamuhla simelwe ukuba khona kophondo ekhaleni.... Ngokuya ngezimpawu zezinhlobo, inani lezimpondo lingahluka lifike kwababili, kepha kwesinye isikhathi kunabantu abanenani elikhulu lazo. Kulokhu, uphondo lwangaphakathi luyakhula kusuka ethanjeni lamakhala, kuthi oluya ngemuva lukhule luqhamuke engxenyeni engaphambili yogebhezi lwesilwane. Ukuphuma okunzima okunjalo akumelwe ngezicubu zethambo, kepha yi-keratin egxilile. Uphondo olukhulu kunazo zonke olwaziwayo lwalungamasentimitha ayi-158 ubude.
Kuyathakazelisa! Obhejane bavele eminyakeni eyizigidi ezimbalwa edlule, futhi izifundo eziningi zesayensi zifakazele ukuthi ezinye izinhlobo zobhejane bezinsalela zazingenalo nhlobo uphondo emakhaleni abo.
Obhejane bahlukaniswa ngomzimba wabo omkhulu nezitho zomzimba ezimfushane, eziwugqinsi. Esithombeni ngasinye kuneminwe emithathu, egcina ngezinselo ezibanzi. Isikhumba siwugqinsi, mpunga noma nsundu ngombala. Izinhlobo zase-Asia zihlukaniswa ngesikhumba, esisendaweni ehlangana entanyeni nasemilenzeni sibe amafolda angajwayelekile, afana nezikhali zangempela ngokubukeka. Onke amalungu omndeni abonakala ngamehlo abuthakathaka, kepha ukuntuleka okunjalo kwemvelo kunxeshezelwa ukuzwa okuhle kakhulu nokuzwa okucwengileko kwephunga.
Ukubukeka
Izici zangaphandle zesilwane esincelisayo esine-equid zixhomeke ngqo kuzimpawu zohlobo lwaso:
- Ubhejane Omnyama - isilwane esinamandla nesikhulu esinesisindo samathani ayi-2.0-2.2 ngobude bomzimba obufinyelela kumamitha amathathu nokuphakama kwemitha elilodwa nohhafu. Ekhanda, njengomthetho, kunezimpondo ezimbili, ezizungezwe phansi, ezingafika ku-60 cm ubude nangaphezulu;
- Ubhejane omhlophe - isilwane esincelisayo esikhulu, isisindo saso somzimba kwesinye isikhathi sifinyelela kumathani amahlanu ngobude bomzimba ngaphakathi kwamamitha amane namamitha amabili ukuphakama. Umbala wesikhumba umnyama, u-slate grey. Kunezimpondo ezimbili ekhanda. Umehluko omkhulu kwezinye izinhlobo ubukhona bendebe ephezulu ebanzi futhi eyisicaba, eyenzelwe ukudla izinhlobonhlobo zezimila zotshani;
- Ubhejane waseNdiya - isilwane esikhulu esinesisindo esingamathani amabili noma ngaphezulu. Ukuphakama kwendoda enkulu emahlombe ngamamitha amabili. Isikhumba siwuhlobo olulengayo, sinqunu, sinombala onsomi ngokugqamile, sihlukaniswe ngamafolda ezindaweni ezinkulu kakhulu. Kukhona ukuvuvukala okungama-knobby ezingcwecweni zesikhumba esinyene. Umsila nezindlebe zimbozwe izihlwathi ezincane zoboya obukhulu. Emahlombe kukhona ukugoba kwesikhumba okujulile futhi okugoqekile. Uphondo olulodwa kusuka kwikota yemitha kuya ku-60 cm ubude;
- Ubhejane waseSumatran - isilwane esinokuphakama ekubuneni kuka-112-145 cm, esinobude bomzimba kububanzi obungu-235-318 cm nobukhulu obungeqi ku-800-2000 kg. Abamele lezi zinhlobo banophondo lwamakhala olungadluli ikota yemitha kanye nophondo olufushane olungemuva cishe ngamasentimitha ayishumi ubude, mpunga omnyama noma omnyama ngombala. Kukhona amafolda esikhunjeni azungeze umzimba ngemuva kwemilenze yangaphambili futhi enweba afike emilenzeni yangemuva. Izikhumba ezincane zesikhumba nazo zikhona entanyeni. Kukhona isici se-hairball sezinhlobo ezizungeze izindlebe nasekupheleni komsila;
- Ubhejane waseJavan ngokubukeka icishe ifane nobhejane waseNdiya, kodwa ibonakale ingaphansi kwayo ngosayizi. Ubude obumaphakathi bomzimba nekhanda abungeqi kumamitha ayi-3.1-3.2, kanti ukuphakama kuyabuna ezingeni lamamitha ayi-1.4-1.7. Obhejane baseJavane banophondo olulodwa kuphela, ubude obukhulu kowesilisa osekhulile abukho ngaphezu kwekota yemitha. Abesifazane, njengomthetho, abanalo uphondo, noma lumelelwa yikhipha elincane likaphayini. Isikhumba sesilwane sihamba ze ngokuphelele, sinsundu ngokumpunga ngombala, sakha amafolda ngemuva, emahlombe nasesikhwameni.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ijazi likabhejane liyancipha, ngakho-ke, ngaphezu kwebhulashi ekugcineni kwomsila, ukukhula kwezinwele kubonakala kuphela emaphethelweni endlebe. Okuhlukile yilabo abamele izinhlobo zikabhejane baseSumatran, umzimba wabo wonke ogcwele izinwele ezinsundu ezingandile.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi obhejane abaMnyama nabamhlophe abanazinsimbi, kuyilapho obhejane baseNdiya nabaseSumatran benamazinyo e-canine. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zonke izinhlobo eziyisihlanu zibonakala ngokuba khona kwezinhlungu ezintathu ezinhlangothini zombili zomhlathi ongezansi nangaphezulu.
Uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila
Obhejane abaMnyama cishe abaze bakhombise ukuhlukumeza izihlobo zabo, futhi izimpi ezingavamile ziphela ngokulimala okuncane. Izimpawu zamazwi zabamele lolu hlobo lwezinhlobo azihlukile ngokuhlukahluka noma yinkimbinkimbi ethile. Isilwane esikhulile sishosholoza kakhulu, futhi lapho sesaba, sikhala impempe ebukhali nehlabayo.
Obhejane abamhlophe bavame ukwakha amaqembu amancane abantu abangaba yishumi kuya kwayishumi nanhlanu. Abesilisa abadala banolaka kakhulu komunye nomunye, futhi izimpi zivame ukudala ukufa kwesinye sezimbangi. Ezinduna ezindala zisebenzisa amamaki anamakha ukumaka izindawo ezidla kuzona. Ngezinsuku ezishisayo nezishisayo, izilwane zizama ukucasha emthunzini wezitshalo futhi ziye ezindaweni ezivulekile kusihlwa kuphela.
Ubuvila bobhejane baseNdiya buyakhohlisa, ngakho-ke abameleli bezinhlobo banokuphendula okuhle kakhulu nokuhamba. Ezimpawu zokuqala zengozi nokuzivikela, isilwane esinjalo sikwazi ukusheshisa size sifike ku-35-40 km / h. Ezimweni ezinhle zomoya, isilwane esincelisayo esikhulu esine-equid sizwa ubukhona bomuntu noma umhlaseli kude namamitha angamakhulu ambalwa.
Obhejane baseSumatran bahlala bodwa, futhi okuhlukile yisikhathi sokuzalwa nokukhuliswa okulandelayo kwamawundlu. Ngokusho kokubona kososayensi, lokhu kuyizinhlobo ezisebenza kakhulu kunabo bonke obhejane abakhona. Indawo ehlala abantu ibonwa ngokushiya indle futhi yephula izihlahla ezincane.
Kuyathakazelisa! Obhejane base-Afrika bahlukaniswa ngobudlelwano bokufanelana nezinyoni zezinyathi, ezidla izibungu ezivela esikhunjeni sesilwane esincelisayo futhi zixwayisa isilwane ngengozi ezayo, kanti ubhejane waseNdiya unobudlelwano obufanayo nezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni, kufaka phakathi imana.
Obhejane baseJava nabo bangabesigaba sezilwane ezizimele, ngakho-ke, ngazimbili kulezi zilwane ezincelisayo zakha kuphela ngesikhathi sokukhwelana. Abesilisa balolu hlobo, ngaphezu kwamamaki anuka kahle, bashiya imihuzuko eminingi eyenziwe izinselo ezihlahleni noma phansi. Amamaki anjalo avumela isilwane esincelisayo esine-equid ukumaka imingcele yendawo yaso.
Bangaki obhejane abahlala
Isikhathi sokuphila sobhejane endle asivamile ukudlula amashumi amathathu eminyaka, futhi ekuthunjweni izilwane ezinjalo ziyakwazi ukuphila isikhathi eside, kepha le pharamitha incike ngqo kuzimpawu zezinhlobo nasekufundweni kwesilwane esincelisayo.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
Obhejane besilisa banoma yiluphi uhlobo nezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu futhi bakhulu kunabesifazane. Ezimweni eziningi, izimpondo zabesilisa zinde futhi zikhulu kakhulu kunezabesifazane.
Izinhlobo zobhejane
Umndeni wobhejane (Rhinoserotidae) umelwe yimindeni emibili, okubandakanya izizwe eziyisikhombisa kanye nemikhakha engama-61 (imikhakha engama-57 yobhejane ayisekho). Kuze kube manje, izinhlobo ezinhlanu zobhejane zesimanje zifundwe kahle kakhulu:
- Ubhejane Omnyama (I-Diceros bicornis) Ingabe uhlobo lwase-Afrika olumelwe yizinhlotshana ezine: D. bicornis minor, D. bicornis bicornis, D. bicornis michaeli no D. bicornis longipes (abasekho ngokusemthethweni);
- Ubhejane omhlophe (I-Seratotherium simum) - lo ngummeleli omkhulu kunabo bonke wohlobo, ongowomndeni wobhejane kanye nesilwane sasemhlabeni sesine ngobukhulu emhlabeni wethu;
- Ubhejane waseNdiya (Obhejane unicornis) - omele omkhulu kunabo bonke obhejane base-Asia abakhona njengamanje;
- Ubhejane waseSumatran (I-Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) Nguye kuphela omele uhlobo lohlobo lukabhejane waseSumatran (Dicerorhinus) ovela emndenini kaRhinoceros. Lezi zinhlobo zifaka phakathi ama-subspecies D. sumatrensis sumatrensis (Ubhejane waseSumatran osentshonalanga), D. sumatrensis harrissoni (Ubhejane waseSumatran osempumalanga), noD. Sumatrensis lasiotis.
Kuyathakazelisa! Esikhathini esingaphansi kwengxenye yesine yekhulu leminyaka, izinhlobo eziningana zezilwane zanyamalala ngokuphelele emhlabeni wethu, kubandakanya nobhejane abamnyama basentshonalanga (Diceros bicornis longipes).
Uhlobo lukabhejane waseNdiya (iRhinoseros) lubandakanya nesilwane esincelisayo esilinganayo sezinhlobo zobhejane zaseJavan (Rhinoceros sondaicus), esimelwe yizinhlobo ezincane iRh. i-sondaicus sondaicus (uhlobo lwama-subspecies), i-Rh. I-sondaicus annamiticus (i-subspecies yaseVietnam) ne-Rh. i-sondaicus inermis (ama-subspecies ezwekazini).
Indawo yokuhlala
Obhejane abamnyama yizakhamizi ezijwayelekile zezindawo ezomile, eziboshwe endaweni ethile engashiyi impilo yonke. Ama-subspecies amaningi kakhulu D. bicornis amancane ahlala engxenyeni eseningizimu-mpumalanga yebanga, kufaka phakathi iTanzania, iZambia, iMozambique, kanye nenyakatho-mpumalanga yeNingizimu Afrika. Uhlobo lwe-subspecies D. bicornis bicornis lunamathela ezindaweni ezomile eziseningizimu-ntshonalanga nasenyakatho-mpumalanga yebanga laseNamibia, eNingizimu Afrika nase-Angola, kuyilapho ama-subspecies asempumalanga D. bicornis michaeli atholakala kakhulu eTanzania.
Indawo yokusabalalisa ubhejane omhlophe imelwe izifunda ezimbili ezikude. Eyokuqala (subspecies eseningizimu) ihlala eNingizimu Afrika, Namibia, Mozambique naseZimbabwe. Indawo yokuhlala yama-subspecies asenyakatho imelwe yizifunda ezisenyakatho nasenyakatho-mpumalanga yeDemocratic Republic of the Congo kanye neSouth Sudan.
Ubhejane waseNdiya uchitha isikhathi esiningi eyedwa, esizeni ngasinye. Njengamanje, itholakala kuphela eningizimu yePakistan, Nepal naseMpumalanga India, futhi isibalo esincane sezilwane sasinda ezindaweni ezisenyakatho yeBangladesh.
Yonke indawo, ngaphandle kokungajwayelekile, abameleli bezinhlobo bahlala ezindaweni ezivikelwe futhi ezanele. Ubhejane waseNdiya ubhukuda kahle kakhulu, ngakho-ke, kunezimo lapho isilwane esikhulu kangaka sibhukuda sinqamula iBrahmaputra ebanzi.
Phambilini, abamele izinhlobo zobhejane zaseSumatran bahlala emahlathini emvula asezindaweni ezishisayo nasezixhaphozini e-Assam, eBhutan, eBangladesh, eMyanmar, eLaos, eThailand, eMalaysia, futhi batholakala naseChina nase-Indonesia. Namuhla, obhejane baseSumatran basengcupheni yokuqothulwa, ngakho-ke kuphela abantu abayisithupha abasebenzayo abasele eSumatra, eBorneo naseNhlonhlweni yaseMalay.
Kuyathakazelisa! Obhejane abahlala bodwa ezindaweni zokunisela bangazibekezelela kahle izihlobo zabo, kepha endaweni eyodwa bahlala bebonisa ukungabekezelelani futhi bangene ezimpini. Kodwa-ke, obhejane bomhlambi ofanayo, kunalokho, bavikela amalungu omndeni futhi bakwazi nokusiza abafo abalimele.
Izindawo ezijwayelekile zobhejane baseJavan zingamahlathi aphansi asezindaweni ezishisayo kanye nezimfunda ezimanzi nezikhukhula zemifula. Esikhathini esithile esidlule, indawo yokusatshalaliswa kwalezi zinhlobo yayihlanganisa lonke izwe eliseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, insimu yeGreater Sunda Islands, ingxenye eseningizimu-mpumalanga yeNdiya kanye nezindawo ezimbi kakhulu zeningizimu yeChina. Namuhla, lesi silwane singabonakala kuphela ezimweni ze-Ujung-Kulon National Park.
Ukudla kobhejane
Obhejane abamnyama badla ikakhulu amahlumela ama-shrub amancane abanjwe udebe olungaphezulu... Isilwane asethuswa nakancane ngameva acijile nophuzo lwe-acrid lohlaza oludliwe. Obhejane abamnyama bondla ekuseni nakusihlwa, lapho umoya ubanda. Nsuku zonke baya emgodini wokunisela, kwesinye isikhathi otholakala ebangeni elifinyelela kumakhilomitha ayishumi.
Obhejane baseNdiya bayizilwane ezidla imifino ezondla emanzini, amahlumela amancane omhlanga notshani bezindlovu, ezikhiwa ngobuciko ngosizo lomlomo ongaphezulu onamalebe. Kanye nabanye obhejane, iJavanese iyindawo edla imifino kuphela, ukudla kwayo okumelwe yizo zonke izinhlobo zezihlahla noma izihlahla ezincane, ikakhulukazi ngamahlumela, amaqabunga amancane nezithelo eziwile.
Obhejane baziwa kakhulu ngokunqwabelanisa ezihlahleni ezincane, ukuziphula noma ukuzigoba phansi, ngemuva kwalokho ziqhephuze amahlamvu ngomlomo wazo ongashubile. Ngalesi sici, izindebe zobhejane zifana namabhere, izindlulamithi, amahhashi, ama-llamas, ama-moose nama-manatee. Ubhejane omdala othile udla cishe amakhilogremu angamashumi amahlanu wokudla okuluhlaza ngosuku.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Obhejane abamnyama abanayo inkathi ethile yokuzalanisa. Ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyishumi nesithupha zokukhulelwa, kuzalwa izinyane elilodwa kuphela, elondla ubisi eminyakeni emibili yokuqala yokuphila. Ukukhiqizwa kobhejane abamhlophe akuqondakali kahle. Isilwane sifinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi sineminyaka eyisikhombisa kuya kweyishumi. Isikhathi se-rutting ngokuvamile siwela phakathi kukaJulayi noSepthemba, kepha kukhona okuhlukile. Ukukhulelwa kobhejane omhlophe wesifazane kuthatha unyaka owodwa nohhafu, emva kwalokho kuzalwa izinyane elilodwa. Isikhathi sokuzalwa cishe siyiminyaka emithathu.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ingane ekhulela eduze kukanina ixhumana kakhulu nanoma iziphi ezinye izinsikazi namazinyane azo, futhi ubhejane wesilisa akayona ingxenye yeqembu lomphakathi elijwayelekile.
Obhejane besifazane baseJavan bafinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokobulili beneminyaka emithathu noma emine ubudala, kanti abesilisa bakwazi ukuzala kuphela ngonyaka wesithupha wokuphila. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinyanga eziyishumi nesithupha, emva kwalokho kuzalwa izinyane elilodwa. Insikazi yalolu hlobo lukabhejane iletha inzalo njalo eminyakeni emihlanu, kanti isikhathi sokuncelisa sihlala kuze kube yiminyaka emibili, lapho ithole lingamshiyi unina.
Izitha zemvelo
Izilwane ezisencane zanoma yiluphi uhlobo ezimweni ezingavamile ziba yizisulu zezilwane ezinkulu kakhulu zomndeni wakwaFelidae: amahlosi, amabhubesi, izingulule. Obhejane abadala abanazitha ngaphandle kwabantu. Kungumuntu oyisizathu esiyinhloko sokwehla okukhulu kwenani labantu bemvelo yalezi zilwane ezincelisayo ezine-equid.
E-Asia, kuze kube namuhla, kunesidingo esikhulu kakhulu sezimpondo zobhejane, ezisetshenziselwa ukwenza imikhiqizo eyigugu futhi esetshenziswa ngenkuthalo emithini yendabuko yamaShayina. Imithi eyenziwe ngophondo lukabhejane ayigcini ngokubaluleka kakhulu, kepha futhi ifakiwe kwizithako zokuthi "ukungafi" noma impilo ende. Ukuba khona kwale makethe kuholele engcupheni yokuqothulwa kobhejane, kanti nezimpondo ezomisiwe zisasetshenziswa ukuqeda:
- isifo samathambo;
- isifuba somoya;
- inqubulunjwana;
- ukuquleka;
- ukukhwehlela;
- ukuba namademoni nokuhlanya;
- udiptheria;
- ukulunywa yizinja, ofezela nezinyoka;
- uhudo;
- isithuthwane nokuquleka;
- imfiva;
- ukudla okunobuthi;
- ukusangana;
- ikhanda;
- ama-hemorrhoids nokopha kwamaraki;
- ukungabi namandla;
- i-laryngitis;
- umalaleveva;
- isimungumungwane;
- ukulahleka kwememori;
- ubumpumputhe be-myopia nobusuku;
- amaphupho amabi;
- isifo nesifo sepoliyo;
- ubuhlungu bamazinyo;
- izibungu nokuhlanza okungenakuqedwa.
Kuyathakazelisa! IWorld Wildlife Fund (WWF) yasungula iRhino Day ngo-2010, osekugujwa minyaka yonke ngomhlaka 22 Septhemba.
Ngaphezu kokuzingelwa ngokungemthetho okwandile emazweni amaningi, ukucekelwa phansi kwendawo yabo yemvelo ngenxa yomsebenzi wezolimo osebenzayo kunomthelela omkhulu ekuqothulweni ngokushesha kwalezi zilwane. Izilwane ezincelisayo ezinezinselo ziyasinda ezindaweni zazo zokusatshalaliswa futhi azikwazi ukuthola indawo efanelekayo yezindawo ezishiyiwe.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Ubhejane omnyama kwezinye izindawo usongelwa ngokuqothulwa... Njengamanje, inani labantu bezinhlobo lingamakhanda ayizinkulungwane ezingama-3.5. Inani eliphezulu kakhulu futhi elizinzile lobhejane abamnyama liyaziwa eNamibia, eMozambiki, eZimbabwe naseNingizimu Afrika, okuvumela ukuzingelwa kwabo. Kula mazwe, kunikezwa inani elithile lama-quota minyaka yonke, okubavumela ukuthi badubule ubhejane omnyama.Ukuzingela obhejane abamhlophe nakho kwenziwa ngaphansi kwesabelo esiqine kakhulu futhi ngaphansi kokulawulwa okuqinile.
Kuze kube manje, obhejane baseNdiya babelwe isikhundla se-VU nesigaba se-VU kwi-International Red Data Book. Inani eliphelele labamele lolu hlobo cishe lungezinkulungwane ezimbili nohhafu zabantu. Noma kunjalo, ngokujwayelekile, obhejane baseNdiya bayizinhlobo ezichumile uma kuqhathaniswa nezihlobo zaseJavanese naseSumatran.
Ubhejane waseJavan uyisilwane esingavamile ngokweqile, futhi inani eliphelele labamele lolu hlobo aludluli kubantu abayisithupha. Ukongiwa kwabamele izinhlobo zobhejane baseSumatran ekuthunjweni akunikezi imiphumela emihle ebonakalayo. Abantu abaningi bafa bengakafiki eminyakeni engamashumi amabili futhi bengazali. Lesi sici singenxa yolwazi olwanele lwendlela yokuphila yezinhlobo, engavumeli ukudala izimo ezikahle kakhulu zokugcina kahle ekuthunjweni.
