UMackerel (Scomber) ungummeleli wohlobo lwezinhlanzi ezisuka emndenini wama-mackerel, izinhlanzi ezihlungwe nge-Ray kanye ne-oda iMackerel. Inhlanzi yePelagic, umjikelezo wayo wokuphila ongaxhumani nezansi kwemizimba yamanzi. Lolu hlobo luhlanganisa izinhlobo ezine: i-Australian mackerel (S. australasicus), i-African mackerel (S. colias), i-Japanese mackerel (S. japonicus) ne-Atlantic mackerel (S. scombrus).
Incazelo ye-mackerel
Isici esivelele sabamele uhlobo lomzimba ngumzimba we-fusiform, ogcwele izikali ezincane ze-cycloidal.... Isinye sokubhukuda kungenzeka noma singabi khona ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zama-mackerel.
Ukubukeka
I-mackerel ibonakala ngomzimba ovulekile, i-caudal peduncle encane futhi egxiliwe kamuva enama-keels we-lateral. I-genus ayinayo i-carina ende ende. Le nhlanzi inomugqa odalwe ngamaphiko ayisihlanu angeziwe ngemuva kwethambo elithambile langemuva nelangemuva. Kanye namanye amalungu omndeni, i-mackerel inendandatho yethambo eseduze kwamehlo.
Amaphiko amabili emhlane ahlukaniswa yigebe elichazwe kahle. Inqubo yesisu phakathi kwamaphiko iphansi futhi ayihlukaniswanga. Ngemuva kwamaphiko wesibili okugcoba nawempiko kunomugqa wamaphiko amancane, avumela ukugwema ukwakheka kwama-eddy ngesikhathi sokuhamba ngokushesha kwezinhlanzi emanzini. Isiphetho se-caudal siqinile futhi sibhidlikile ngokwanele.
Umzimba wonke we-mackerel umbozwe izikali ezincane. I-carapace ngaphambili yakhiwa ngezikali ezinkulu, kepha ayithuthukisiwe kahle noma ayikho ngokuphelele. I-sideline ecishe iqonde inejika elincane nelingaphazamisi. Amazinyo ezinhlanzi mancane, ayindilinga ngokuma. Ukuba khona kwamazinyo e-palatine kanye ne-vomer kuyisici. I-branchial stamens mncane ngobude obuphakathi nendawo, futhi isibalo sayo esiphezulu engxenyeni engezansi yekhothamo lokuqala le-branchial asikho ngaphezu kwezingcezu ezingamashumi amathathu nanhlanu. Abamele uhlobo bane-30-32 vertebrae.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ummeleli omkhulu kunabo bonke wohlobo lomhlanga yi-African mackerel, enobude obungu-60-63 cm nobunzima obungamakhilogremu amabili, kanti inhlanzi encane kunazo zonke i-mackerel yaseJapan noma eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (42-44 cm no-300-350 g).
Kusho impumulo ye-mackerel, enamaphethelo angaphambili nangemuva kwamehlo, embozwe ijwabu leso elinamafutha elichazwe kahle. Zonke izinhlaka ze-branchial zibonakala ngokusobala ngomlomo ovuleke kakhulu. Amaphiko wepectoral mancane kakhulu, akhiwa yimisebe eyi-18-21. Ingemuva lenhlanzi libonakala ngombala wensimbi oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, embozwe imigqa ye-wavy yombala omnyama. Izinhlangothi nesisu sabamele uhlobo lohlobo lubonakala ngombala ophuzi, ngaphandle kwamamaki.
Uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila
Abamele uhlobo lweMackerel bangabhukudi abasheshayo, abasebenza kahle ekunyakazeni okusebenzayo kukholamu lamanzi. IMackerel ibhekisa ezinhlanzini ezingakwazi ukuchitha iningi lempilo yazo ziseduze nezansi, ngakho-ke zibhukuda kakhulu endaweni enamanzi amancane. Ngenxa yesethi ebanzi yamaphiko, abamele isigaba senhlanzi esinezinhlawulo zikaRay ne-oda leMackerel bagwema kalula ama-eddy ngisho nasezimeni zokuhamba ngokushesha.
UMackerel uncamela ukunamathela kuma-shoals, futhi kaningi uvame ukuba namaqembu anama-sardine asePeru. Abamele umndeni we-mackerel bazizwa bekhululekile ngangokunokwenzeka kuphela ebangeni lokushisa elingu-8-20 ° C, ngakho-ke, babonakala ngokufuduka kwaminyaka yonke kwesizini. Unyaka wonke, ama-mackerels atholakala kuphela e-Indian Ocean, lapho izinga lokushisa lamanzi linethezeke ngangokunokwenzeka.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngenxa yokungabikhona kwesisu sokubhukuda, umzimba we-fusiform kanye nomsipha othuthuke kakhulu, i-Atlantic mackerel ihamba ngokushesha okukhulu ezingqimbeni zamanzi, ithuthukisa kalula isivinini esifinyelela kumakhilomitha angamashumi amathathu ngehora.
Ngokuqala kwesimo sezulu esibandayo esiqondakalayo, i-mackerel ehlala emanzini oLwandle Olumnyama yenza ukuhambela kwesizini iye enyakatho yeYurophu, lapho kunemisinga efudumele ngokwanele ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlanzi zikhona kamnandi. Ngesikhathi sokufuduka, izinhlanzi ezidla ezinye azisebenzi kakhulu futhi azisebenzisi ngisho namandla azo ekufuneni ukudla.
Mangaki ama-mackerels ahlala
Isikhathi sokuphila se-mackerel ezimweni zemvelo cishe siyiminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalombili, kepha amacala aqoshwe lapho iminyaka yenhlanzi ebanjiwe ifinyelela eminyakeni engamashumi amabili.
Indawo yokuhlala
Abamele izinhlobo ze-mackerel zase-Australia yizakhamizi ezijwayelekile zamanzi asogwini eWestern Pacific, ukusuka eJapane naseChina kuya eNew Zealand nase-Australia. Engxenyeni esempumalanga, indawo yokusatshalaliswa kwalezi zinhlobo idlulela endaweni yeziQhingi zaseHawaii... Abantu nabo bayatholakala emanzini oLwandle Olubomvu. Emanzini ashisayo, i-mackerel yase-Australia ayivelakancane. Izinhlanzi zeMeso- ne-epipelagic zitholakala emanzini asogwini, awekho ngaphansi kwamamitha angama-250-300.
I-African mackerel ihlala emanzini asogwini oLwandle i-Atlantic, kufaka phakathi uLwandle Olumnyama nolweMedithera. Abamele lolu hlobo bande kakhulu eningizimu yeMedithera. Ukuba khona kwabantu kuphawulwa kusukela empumalanga ye-Atlantic kanye neBay of Biscay kuze kufike e-Azores. Amajita avame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezishisayo, kanti ama-mackerels amadala kakhulu asakazekile emanzini asezindaweni ezishisayo.
Abamele izinhlobo ze-mackerel yaseMpumalanga basatshalaliswa emanzini apholile, asezindaweni ezishisayo nasendaweni eshisayo. Ensimini yaseRussia, inani lalezi zinhlobo liyatholakala naseziQhingini zaseKuril. Ehlobo, kunokufuduka okungokwemvelo kwesizini emanzini angaphansi kokufudumala kwemvelo, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukwandisa indawo yokusabalalisa yemvelo.
I-Atlantic mackerel iyinhlobo ejwayelekile yendawo ehlala eNyakatho ye-Atlantic Ocean, kufaka phakathi nogu olusempumalanga ukusuka eCanary Islands kuya e-Iceland, futhi itholakala naseBaltic, Mediterranean, North, Black naseMarmara Seas. Ngasogwini olusentshonalanga, i-Atlantic mackerel itholakala ukusuka eCape of North Carolina kuya eLabrador. Ngesikhathi sokufuduka kwehlobo, abantu abadala bavame ukungena emanzini oLwandle Olumhlophe. Isibalo esikhulu kunazo zonke se-Atlantic mackerel sitholakala ngasogwini oluseningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Ireland.
Ukudla kweMackerel
AmaMackerels yizilwane ezihlasela izilwane ezivamile. Izinhlanzi ezisencane zondla ikakhulukazi ama-plankton asemanzini ahlungiwe kanye nama-crustaceans amancane. Abantu abadala bakhetha inhlanzi yeskwidi kanye nosayizi omncane njengezilwane. Abamele uhlobo bo bondla ikakhulukazi emini noma kusihlwa.
Isisekelo sokudla kwabamele izinhlobo zezinhlobo ze-mackerel zaseJapane zivame ukumelelwa ukugxila okukhulu kwezilwane ezincane ezihlala ezindaweni zokudla:
- ama-euphausides;
- ama-copepods;
- cephalopods;
- amajeli ekamu;
- usawoti;
- polychaetes;
- izinkalankala;
- inhlanzi encane;
- izibungu ze-caviar nezinhlanzi.
Kukhona ushintsho lonyaka ekudleni. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, ama-mackerel amakhulu adla ikakhulukazi izinhlanzi. Phakathi kwabantu abakhulu kunabo bonke, ubuzimuzimu buvame ukubonwa.
Kuyathakazelisa! Isilwane sasolwandle esincane sincane kakhulu, kepha abameleli bezinhlobo ze-mackerel zase-Australia banesifiso esihle kakhulu, okuthi, lapho belambile, bakwazi ukuziphonsa ngaphandle kokungabaza ngisho nakulobo lokudoba ngaphandle kwesithiyelo.
Lapho ihlasela isisulu sayo, i-mackerel iyaphonsa. Isibonelo, i-Atlantic mackerel kumasekhondi ambalwa iyakwazi ukuthuthukisa isivinini esifinyelela ku-70-80 km / h. Isilwane sasemanzini siyazingela, siqoqene emihlambini. IHamsa namatshe esihlabathi, kanye ne-sprats, kuvame ukuba yinto yokuzingela imihlambi emikhulu. Izenzo ezihlanganyelwe zabamele abantu abadala bohlobo lohlobo zivusa inyamazane ukuba inyukele phezulu emanzini. Imvamisa, ezinye zezilwane ezinkulu zasemanzini, kanye nezinhlanzi, zijoyina isidlo.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Izinhlanzi ezifundela ukufunda ngePelagic thermophilic ziqala ukuzala ngonyaka wesibili wokuphila... Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu abavuthiwe ngokocansi bayakwazi ukukhiqiza inzalo yaminyaka yonke baze bafinyelele eminyakeni eyishumi nesishiyagalombili kuya kwengamashumi amabili. Ama-mackerels avuthiwe kakhulu aqala ukuzala phakathi nentwasahlobo. Abantu abasha baqala ukuzala kuphela ekupheleni kukaJuni. Ama-mackerels avuthiwe ngokobulili azala izingxenye ezithile. Inqubo yokuzalanisa yenzeka emanzini afudumele asogwini ngesikhathi sentwasahlobo-ehlobo.
Ama-mackerels azo zonke izinhlobo azala ngenkuthalo. Kubo bonke abameleli besigaba sezinhlanzi esenziwe nge-Ray, umndeni wama-mackerel kanye ne-oda leMackerel, ukuzala okungavamile kuyisici, ngakho-ke, abantu abadala bashiya cishe amaqanda ayingxenye yesigidi, afakwa ekujuleni okungaba ngamamitha angama-200. Ububanzi beqanda obumaphakathi cishe buyimilimitha eyodwa. Iqanda ngalinye liqukethe ithonsi lamafutha, elisebenza njengokudla okokuqala ngqa kwenzalo ekhulayo futhi ekhula ngokushesha.
Kuyathakazelisa! Isikhathi sokwakheka kwesibungu se-mackerel sincike ngqo ekunethezekeni kwemvelo yasemanzini, kepha imvamisa kuyahlukahluka kungakapheli izinsuku eziyi-10-21.
Isibungu se-mackerel sinolaka kakhulu futhi sidla inyama, ngakho-ke sithambekele ekudleni komuntu. Amafry avele emaqandeni mancane ngosayizi, futhi ubude bawo obujwayelekile, njengomthetho, abudluli amasentimitha ambalwa. I-Mackerel Fry ikhula ngokushesha okukhulu futhi ngokweqile, ngakho-ke, ekuqaleni kwekwindla, usayizi wabo ungakhuphuka izikhathi ezintathu noma ngaphezulu. Ngemuva kwalokho, izinga lokukhula kwe-mackerel encane lincipha kakhulu.
Izitha zemvelo
Onke amalungu omndeni we-mackerel anenqwaba yezitha endaweni yemvelo yasemanzini, kepha izingonyama zasolwandle nama-pelican, i-tuna enkulu noshaka bayingozi ikakhulukazi kumzingeli ophakathi nendawo. Inhlanzi yesipelagic yesikole, evame ukutholakala emanzini asogwini, iyisixhumanisi esibalulekile ochungechungeni lokudla. IMackerel, kungakhathalekile ukuthi indala kangakanani, iyisisulu esivame ukubanjwa hhayi kuphela izinhlanzi ezinkulu ze-pelagic, kodwa futhi nezinye izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Abameleli bezinhlobo zama-mackerel aseJapan basakazeke kakhulu namuhla, abantu abahlala bodwa abahlala emanzini azo zonke izilwandle. Inani elikhulu kakhulu lama-mackerel ligxile emanzini oLwandle lwaseNyakatho.
Ngenxa yezinga eliphakeme lokuzala, inani labantu ligcinwa ezingeni elizinzile, yize kubanjwa izinhlanzi ezinjalo minyaka yonke.
Kuzothakazelisa futhi:
- I-salmon epinki (lat. Onсorhynсhus gоrbusсha)
- I-bream ejwayelekile (lat .bramis brama)
- I-carp yesiliva (lat. Carassius gibelio)
Kuze kube manje, inani eliphelele lawo wonke amalungu omndeni wakwaMackerel nohlobo lweMackerel lubangela ukukhathazeka okuncane. Yize amabanga azo zonke izinhlobo zezinhlobo egqagqana, okwamanje kunokubonakala okuphakeme kohlobo oluthile oluthile endaweni ethile.
Inani lokuhweba
IMackerel iyinhlanzi yokuhweba ebaluleke kakhulu... Abamele bazo zonke izinhlobo bahlukaniswa nenyama enamafutha, ecebile ngovithamini "B12", ngaphandle kwamathambo amancane, athambile futhi amnandi kakhulu. Inyama ye-mackerel ebilisiwe futhi ethosiwe ithola ukungaguquguquki okumile kancane. Abamele izinhlobo zama-mackerel aseJapan babanjwa emanzini oLwandlekazi iPacific. IJapan neRussia badla ama-mackerel aseJapan ikakhulukazi ekuhlanganisweni kobusika ebusika.
Ukubanjwa okukhulu kunakho konke kubhekwa kusukela ngoSepthemba kuya kuNovemba. Imisebenzi yokudoba yenziwa ngamanetha okujula aphakathi nendawo, kanye nesikhwama semali namanethi asethiwe, amanetha e-gill kanye ne-drift, kanye nezinto zokudoba ezijwayelekile. Izinhlanzi ezibanjiwe ziya emakethe yomhlaba zibhema futhi zifriziwe, zifakwe usawoti kanye namathanga. IMackerel njengamanje iyinhlobo ethandwayo yokuzalanisa ezentengiselwano eJapan.
