Ekukhala kabuhlungu kwezinyoni, amaSlav ezwa ukukhala komama nabafelokazi abangathuthuzeleki, yingakho ukuhlukunyezwa kwakuhlonishwa ikakhulukazi futhi kuvikelwa. Kwakungavunyelwe ukubabulala kuphela, kodwa futhi nokucekela phansi izidleke.
Incazelo yokweqa kwemali
IVanellus (lapwings) wuhlobo lwezinyoni ezomndeni wama-plovers futhi inezinhlobo ezingaphezu kweshumi nambili ezihlala cishe emhlabeni wonke. Emndenini we-plover, ama-lapwings avelela ubukhulu bawo nezwi elikhulu.
Ukubukeka
Owaziwa kakhulu ezinhlotsheni zabakhubazekile nguVanellus vanellus (lapwings), owaziwa ezweni lakithi ngaphansi kwegama lesibili lengulube... Izakhamizi zamazwe aseYurophu zikubiza ngendlela yazo: kwabaseBelarus kuyinto kigalka, eyabase-Ukraine - i-pigichka noma i-kiba, eyamaJalimane - i-kiebitz (i-kibits), ne-British - peewit (pivit).
Lesi yisigaxa esikhulu esikhulu (esifana nejuba noma i-jackdaw), esinemininingwane ebonakalayo ngemuva kwekhanda - isicucu eside sezimpaphe ezimnyama. Ijuba likhula lifike ku-30 cm ngesisindo esingu-130-330 g namaphiko we-0.85 m. Ekundizeni, ukuma kwesikwele samaphiko abanzi kuyabonakala.
I-lapwing imnyama ngenhla, ine-tint eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nethusi, ngaphansi kwayo imhlophe, yehle iye “kumbatha” ngaphambili esitshalweni nasesifubeni. Ngobusika, ingxenye engezansi yezimpaphe iphenduka imhlophe ngokuphelele. Uqhwaku lwenyoni namehlo amnyama, izitho zipinki.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ukuphuka kwamasosha kukhulu kancane kune-pigalica (inesisindo esingu-450 g ngobude obungu-35 cm) futhi yehlukile kunombala - ingxenye ephezulu yezimpaphe ingumbala womnqumo omnyama, ingxenye engezansi imhlophe. Inyoni ayinaso isici, futhi uqhwaku nengxenye yekhanda esweni kuphuzi ngokugqamile.
I-lapwing empunga inezimpaphe ezingenhla ngokunsundu nekhanda elimpunga, imhlophe kancane ngaphansi futhi imnyama kancane emaphethelweni omsila, esifubeni nasesinqeni somlomo. Isizinda esijwayelekile esingachazeki sihlanjululwa ngophuzi wezitho, uqhwaku kanye nohlaka oluzungeze amehlo.
I-steppe pygmy (lapwing) ipendwe ngamathoni we-beige abekelwe imigoqo, ahlanganiswe ngabamnyama emlonyeni, ngaphezulu kwekhanda, emsileni nasesiphethweni samaphiko. I-spur lapwing ayikhuli ngaphezu kwamasentimitha angama-27 futhi iseduze ne-pigalice enombala, yize ingakwazi ukuziqhayisa nge-perky crest yayo, kodwa inothayi omnyama obanzi owehla ngomlomo uye enkabeni yesifuba.
Okunye okuvezwa kakhulu wohlobo lwe-lapwing elihlotshisiwe, elinomphetho onsundu okhanyayo (onensimbi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka) ifaniswe nomqhele omnyama, izimpaphe ezimnyama zesifuba / isandulela kanye nemiphetho emnyama yezimpaphe ezimhlophe zomsila. Le nyoni inemilenze emide ephuzi ngokugqamile nemivimbo ebomvu ejiyile egijima isuka phansi iya koqhwaku iye emehlweni.
Uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila
AmaLapwings ahlukaniswa njengama-hemerophiles, okungukuthi, kulezo zilwane lapho umsebenzi we-anthropogenic uzuzisa kuphela. Njengomthetho, bathola izinzuzo ezithile ngokuguqulwa kwemvelo, yingakho bengesabi ukulandela umuntu.
Izimpande zihlobana ngokuthula nobukhona obuseduze babantu futhi zihlala ngokuzithandela ezweni lezolimo, zakha izidleke emasimini aniselwayo nasemadlelweni, lapho kunomsebenzi omkhulu wansuku zonke.
Uma othile eza ngakubo, i-lapwing iyasuka (izama ukutshuza kumuntu) futhi imemeze kakhulu, kepha ayisishiyi isidleke.
Kuyathakazelisa! AmaLapwings ahlala ngazimbili ezizimele noma emakoloni amancane ahlakazekile, lapho inyoni ngayinye inyathela ngesakhiwo sayo. Akuwona wonke ama-lapwings asebenza ngezikhathi ezithile, ngokwesibonelo, ama-lapwings ahlotshisiwe aphethe ebusuku.
Njengamanye ama-waders, i-lapwing ihamba kakhulu futhi inomsindo. "Ukukhala" okudumile kokulahla akusilutho ngaphandle kwesiginali ye-alamu, lapho izama ukuxosha abantu abangena ngephutha noma ngamabomu esidlekeni ngamachwane ethukile.
Izimpaphe zinendlela ehlukile yokundiza kunazo zonke izinyoni zasemanzini nezasemadlelweni: i-lapwing ayikwazi ukundiza, ihlale ishaya amaphiko ayo... By the way, in lapwings they are long and blunt at the end, while in most waders are zikhonjwe. Lapho ushaya izimpiko, amaphiko afana namathawula: uma ukulengiswa kuguqula umzila waso ngokungazelelwe, kuqala ukujikela phezulu naphansi bese kwesobunxele nangakwesokudla, njengokungathi kuyawa. Ngenxa yokudlidlizela kwezimpaphe, imisindo "ye-cosmic" ivela ezimpikweni, ezizwakala ngokusobala kusihlwa.
Ukuphelelwa isikhathi kuhlala isikhathi esingakanani
Ukukhala kokuphelelwa yisikhathi kukhombisile ukuthi endle bahlala kaningi kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-19.
Kuyathakazelisa! Igama elithi "chibis" (ekuqaleni "kibitz") lanikezwa ingulube yaseRussia ngenxa yabalimi baseJalimane, uCatherine II abaphathisa ukwakheka kwesilulumagama solimi lwesiRussia.
Indlebe yasekhaya eyabonwa kule nyoni ethusayo ikhala umbuzo othi "Ungobani wena, madimoni?", Okukhumbuza kakhulu igama lesimanje lohlobo - ukuphelelwa amandla. Kubonakale kubantu bakithi ukuthi izinyoni bezibhekisa le nkulumo kuma-gourmets aphesheya, ajwayele ukuqoqa amaqanda ezinyoni entwasahlobo.
EJalimane, amaqanda okuphelelwa isikhathi ayebhekwa njengesibiliboco futhi ayephakelwa izikhulu kuphela, ngokungafani namaqanda ezinkukhu ayenzelwe abantu abangabagibeli. Kuyaziwa ukuthi u-Otto von Bismarck uthole amaqanda ama-lapwings ayi-101 avela kuJever (Lower Saxony) ngalo lonke usuku lokuzalwa. Ngesinye isikhathi iKhansela labonga abantu bendawo ngokubanika ingilazi kabhiya yesiliva enesivalo esimise okwekhanda le-lapwing.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
Izici zobulili ezikwehlisweni eziningi azivezwa kahle. Ngakho-ke, abesifazane be-pygaly abade uma kuqhathaniswa nabesilisa, i-crest kanye ne-luster metallic ephansi engabonakali. Kwezinye izinhlobo, njenge-grey lapwing, abesilisa bakhudlwana kunabesifazane.
Izinhlobo zokuphelelwa isikhathi
Njengamanje, uhlobo lweVanellus (lapwings) lunezinhlobo ezingama-24:
- Ingulube ye-Andean - uVanellus uphuma kabusha;
- ingulube enekhanda elimhlophe - uVanellus albiceps;
- ingulube emhlophe enomsila omhlophe - uVanellus leucurus;
- ukuthwala umqhele - uVanellus coronatus;
- ukugoba izinzwane ezinde - uVanellus crassirostris;
- ingulube ye-cayenne - uVanellus chilensis;
- ukubhoboza amabele abomvu - uVanellus superciliosus;
- i-cayenne plover - uVanellus cayanus;
- i-gyrfalcon - uVanellus gregarius;
- Ingulube yengulube kaMalabar - uVanellus malabaricus;
- i-lapwing ehlukahlukene - uVanellus melanocephalus;
- Insimbi yengulube - uVanellus armatus;
- ukuphunga okumpunga - uVanellus cinereus;
- isosha lipwing - uVanellus miles;
- Ingulube yengulube yaseSenegal - uVanellus senegallus;
- ukulila okulila - uVanellus lugubris;
- i-lapwing ehlotshisiwe - i-Vanellus indicus;
- ukubopha ngamabhande amnyama - i-Vanellus tricolor;
- Ingulube enamaphiko amnyama - uVanellus melanopterus;
- ukubambeka okumnyama - i-Vanellus tectus;
- ukuthambisa - uVanellus vanellus;
- i-lapwed lapwing - uVanellus spinosus;
- UVanellus macropterus noVanellus duvaucelii.
Ezinye izinhlobo zokuphelelwa yisikhathi zihlukaniswe ngama-subspecies.
Indawo yokuhlala
AmaLapwings asatshalaliswa emhlabeni wonke, kusukela e-Atlantic kuya ePacific Ocean (eningizimu ye-Arctic Circle). Kwezinye izingxenye zebanga kuyinyoni ehlala ngokuphelele, kepha endaweni yaseRussia (hhayi lapha kuphela) iyinyoni efudukayo. Ebusika, ama-lapwings "aseRussia" andizela oLwandle iMedithera, aya eNdiya nase-Asia Minor.
IGyrfalcon ihlala emadlelweni amakhulu eKazakhstan naseRussia, iya ebusika kwa-Israyeli, eSudan, e-Ethiopia, enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-India, ePakistan, eSri Lanka nase-Oman. Isosha lishiya izidleke eTasmania, e-Australia, eNew Zealand naseNew Guinea, kuyilapho izidleke ezimpunga ziseJapane nasenyakatho-mpumalanga yeChina.
Kuyathakazelisa! Lokhu kudlondlobala kuhlala eTurkey, empumalanga nasenyakatho yeSyria, kwa-Israyeli, e-Iraq, eJordani, nase-Afrika (eMpumalanga naseNtshonalanga). Lokhu kuphelelwa isikhathi kuye kwabonwa eMpumalanga Yurophu, kufaka phakathi iJalimane neSpain.
AmaLapwings akhetha amadlelo, amasimu, amadlelo otshani obuncane emathafeni ezikhukhula, anwetshiwe angenamuntu, amadlelo asemaqeleni (eduze kwamachibi nezizalo zemifula) kanye namachibi kasawoti anezimila ezingavamile zokuzalela izidleke. Ngezikhathi ezithile bahlala ezihlahleni zotshani obunezimpaphe zotshani, nase-taiga - emaphethelweni ezindawo ezinotshani noma kumabhegi avulekile. Uthanda izindawo ezimanzi, kepha futhi zenzeka ezindaweni ezomile.
Ukudla kwamaphaphethi
Njengabanye osigaxa besihlabathi, ama-lapwings ngokwemvelo anikezwe imilenze emide esiza ukuhamba ezindaweni ezinamanzi - izimfunda ezimanzi nezixhaphozi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izimpuphu zinomlomo ongamude njengowezinambuzane ezivamile, yingakho izinyoni zingakuthola ukudla ekujuleni okungaphezulu noma ngaphezulu. AmaLapwings, asebenza ngezikhathi zasekuseni, aphuma ayofuna ukudla ekuseni ukuze abambe amabhungane afiphele ebusuku (ngaphambi kokuba acashe ezindlini zasemini).
Ukudla okujwayelekile kokuphelelwa yisikhathi kufaka izinambuzane (hhayi kuphela):
- amabhungane omhlabathi, kaningi amabhungane omhlabathi kanye nama-weevils;
- ama-slugs nezibungu;
- izibungu zokuchofoza amabhungane (ama-wireworms);
- filly nezintethe (emathafeni).
Kuyathakazelisa! I-spur lapwing, ngaphezu kwamabhungane, idla izintuthwane nomiyane ngeziphungumangathi. Akenqabi izibungu, izicabucabu, onoshobishobi, onobumba noma izinhlanzi ezincane. I-lapwing ehlotshisiwe iyahamba izingela ebusuku ifuna izingenamgogodla, kufaka phakathi izintuthwane, amabhungane, izinkumbi kanye nomuhlwa. Endleleni, idla izibungu, ama-molluscs nama-crustaceans.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Izimpande ziyashesha ngokuhlangana, njengoba amaphuphu kufanele akhuliswe ngaphambi kokuqala kokushisa, ngenkathi umhlaba umanzi: kunezibungu / izibungu eziningi kuwo futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, kulula ukuzithola. Kungakho ukuphelelwa isikhathi kuzama ukubuya kusuka eningizimu ekuseni, kanye nezinkanyezi nezikhonkwane, imvamisa ekuqaleni kuka-Mashi.
Izinsuku zokuzala ziboshelwe ekugcineni kwamanzi aphezulu, agcinwa ngo-Ephreli. Isimo sezulu namanje asizinzile kakhulu, futhi imivimbo yokuqala ivamise ukufa ngenxa yesithwathwa noma amanzi aphakeme, kepha ukuphelelwa yithemba akuvamile ukulindela ukushisa okungapheli. Cishe masinyane lapho zifika, izinyoni zehlukana ngazimbili, zihlala ezindaweni ngazinye.
Owesilisa ubandakanyeka ekukhetheni isiza, ehlanganisa ukuhlola umhlaba kanye namandla okuzalanisa. I-lapwing yamanje ishaya ngamandla amaphiko ayo, iguqule kakhulu umzila wendiza, yehle futhi ikhuphuke phezulu, izulazule ngapha nangapha futhi ihambisane nesenzo sonke ngokukhala okumemayo.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngemuva kokuqeda lesi sakhiwo, owesilisa umba imigodi eminingana yokwakha izidleke, ayikhombise okhethiwe. Ume eduze kwefossa ekhonjisiwe, ephakamisa ngemuva komzimba futhi ewushintsha ngesigqi. Uma umakoti eseduze, owesilisa uqondisa umsila ngendlela yakhe.
Abanye besilisa banama-mini-harem wezintombi ezimbili noma ezintathu. Uma kunokuphambuka okuningi, bakha izindawo zokuhlala zamakholoni lapho imikhuba itholakala cishe eduze komunye nomunye.
Isidleke seLapwing sitholakala phansi / phansi futhi siyisifo sokudangala esigcwele utshani obomile: okombhede wotshani bungaba bukhulu noma bungabikho ngokuphelele. Ku-clutch kuvamise ukuba namaqanda ama-4 ansundu omnqumo anombala omnyama, abekwe ngeziqongqana ezincanyana ngaphakathi.
Insikazi ihlala ngaphezulu esidlekeni - owesilisa ungene esikhundleni sayo njalo. Umsebenzi wayo omkhulu ukuvikela inzalo yesikhathi esizayo (uma usongo lukhulu, owesifazane naye uyasiza owesilisa). Amachwane achanyuselwa ezinsukwini ezingama-25-29, kanti ekuqaleni umama uwafudumeza emakhazeni nasebusuku, ahambe nabantu abadala ayofuna ukudla. Insikazi ithatha inzalo emadlelweni nasemasimini, ibheke izindawo ezimanzi ngenala yokudla.
Amachwane, ngenxa yombala wawo wokuzifihla, awabonakali uma kuqhathaniswa nesizinda sezitshalo ezizungezile, futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, ayakwazi ukucasha ngobuchule (ukuqandisa okuhlekisayo "kumakholomu", njengamaphengwini). Le nkukhu ikhula ngokushesha futhi ngemuva kwenyanga isivele ithathe iphiko. Ekupheleni kwehlobo, ama-lapwings athutheleka emhlanjini omkhulu (kufika ezinkulungwaneni ezingamakhulu ezinkulungwane), aqala ukuzulazula azungeze indawo, bese ehamba ebusika.
Izitha zemvelo
Ukuba khona kwama-lapwings kusongelwa yizilwane eziningi ezisemhlabeni nezinezimpaphe, ikakhulukazi lezo ezifika kalula ekubambeni kwezinyoni. Izitha zemvelo zokuphelelwa yisikhathi yilezi:
- izimpungushe;
- izimpisi;
- izinja zasendle;
- izinyoni ezidla inyama, ikakhulukazi oklebe.
Kuyathakazelisa! AmaLapwings abona kalula izinga lobungozi - azungeza ememeza lapho amagwababa, izinja noma umuntu evela, kepha alala phansi, esaba ukunyakaza lapho ebona i-goshawk esibhakabhakeni.
Izidleke zeLapwings zicekelwa phansi ngamagwababa, onogwaja, izinkukhu, amajayi kanye ... nezakhamizi zaseYurophu. Izizwe ze-EU zikuvimbile ukubhujiswa kwamaphutha: ukuqoqwa kokugcina okusemthethweni kwamaqanda etafuleni lasebukhosini kwenzeka ngo-2006 enyakatho yeNetherlands. Abalimi baseJalimane abawuthobeli umthetho futhi entwasahlobo bayaqhubeka nokuhlola izinkambu ezizungezile, befuna amaqanda aphumayo. Owokuqala othola iblutch umenyezelwa njengenkosi bese eya ethaveni eseduzane ukuyogubha, ezungezwe abantu bakule ndawo abajabule.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Ngokusho kohlu olubomvu lwe-IUCN, izinhlobo eziyivelakancane zokukhubazeka yiVanellus gregarius (i-steppe piglet), enabantu abango-2017 abangadluli amakhanda ayizinkulungwane eziyi-11.2. Okunye ukwehliswa kwemali akubanga ukukhathazeka kwezinhlangano zokongiwa kwemvelo, yize kunciphile kancane inani labantu kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20.
Izazi ze-ornithologists zichaza lokhu ngokuchithwa kwezinsimu zezolimo nokuncipha kwemfuyo emadlelweni, okuholela ekukhuleni kwezimila ngokhula nezihlahlana, lapho ukuphelelwa amandla kungasakwazi ukwakha isidleke. Ukuzingelwa kwezemidlalo kubo, okwakwenziwa eRussia, kepha kwahlelwa, ngokwesibonelo, eSpain naseFrance, nakho kuholela ekwehleni kwenani labaphumeleli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izidleke ezixegayo zivame ukubhujiswa ngesikhathi sokulima kanye neminye imisebenzi yezolimo.
