I-Swordfish, noma i-swordfish (i-Xiphias gladius) - omele izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezikhishwe ngemisebe zohlelo lwe-perch-like kanye nomndeni wenkemba, noma i-Xiphiidae (Xiphiidae). Izinhlanzi ezinkulu ziyakwazi ukugcina ukushisa kwamehlo nobuchopho kuphakame kakhulu kunokushisa kwemvelo, ngenxa ye-endothermia. Umzingeli osebenzayo unezinhlobo eziningi zokudla, wenza ukufuduka okude kunalokho, futhi uyinto ethandwayo yokudoba ezemidlalo.
Incazelo ye-swordfish
Ngokokuqala ngqa, ukuvela kwe-swordfish kwachazwa ngokwesayensi emuva ngo-1758... UCarl Linnaeus, emakhasini wevolumu yeshumi yencwadi ethi "The System of Nature", uchaze abamele lolu hlobo, kepha ama-binomen akakaze athole ushintsho kuze kube namuhla.
Ukubukeka
Inhlanzi inomzimba onamandla futhi ohlangene, oyindilinga engxenyeni enqamulelayo, ngokuncipha kuya ngasemsileni. Lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "umkhonto" noma "inkemba", okuwumhlathi ongenhla ohlangene, wakhiwa ngamathambo acinene nawaphambi komgogodla, futhi ubonakala nangokuthamba okubonakalayo ohlangothini lwe-dorsoventral. Isikhundla esiphansi somlomo sohlobo olungabuyiseki sibonakala ngokungabikho kwamazinyo emihlathini. Amehlo makhulu ngosayizi, futhi ulwelwesi lwe-gill alunamathele esikhaleni se-intergill. Amandla we-branchial nawo awekho, ngakho-ke amagill ngokwawo amelwe amapuleti aguquliwe axhunywe kupuleti elilodwa lemeshi.
Kuyathakazelisa! Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi isigaba sezibungu kanye ne-youngfishfish enomehluko omkhulu kubantu abadala abasembozweni se-scaly kanye ne-morphology, futhi izinguquko ezenzeka kancane ekubukekeni kwangaphandle ziphothulwa kuphela ngemuva kokuthi inhlanzi ifinyelele kwimitha ubude.
Amapheya amabili emhlane ahlukaniswa yigebe elikhulu phakathi kwezisekelo. I-dorsal fin yokuqala inesisekelo esifushane, iqala ngaphezu kwesifunda sangemuva sekhanda, futhi iqukethe imisebe engama-34 kuye kwangama-49 yohlobo oluthambile. Umphetho wesibili uncane ngokuphawulekayo kunowokuqala, ushintshelwe kude engxenyeni ye-caudal, equkethe imisebe ethambile engu-3-6. Imisebe eqinile nayo ayikho ngokuphelele ngaphakathi kwamaphiko endunu. Amaphiko we-pectoral we-swordfish abonakala ngokuma kwesikela, kanti amaphiko we-ventral awekho. Isiphetho se-caudal sakhiwe ngokuqinile futhi senziwe njengenyanga.
Ingemuva le-swordfish nomzimba wayo ongaphezulu kunombala onsundu ngombala, kepha lo mbala kancane kancane uphenduka umthunzi onsundu ngokukhanyayo esifundeni sesisu. Izimbambo kuzo zonke amaphiko zinombala onsundu noma onsundu, anamandla ahlukahlukene. Amajuba ahlukaniswa ngokuba khona kwemivimbo eguqukayo, enyamalala ngokuphelele ngesikhathi sokukhula nokuthuthuka kwezinhlanzi. Ubude obukhulu benkemba endala i-4.5 m, kepha imvamisa ayidluli amamitha amathathu. Isisindo sezinhlanzi zasolwandle ezinjenge-oceanodromous pelagic singafinyelela kuma-600-650 kg.
Uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila
Inkemba-inhlanzi ibhekwa njengokubhukuda okushesha kakhulu nokushesha kunazo zonke izakhamuzi zolwandle namuhla. Inhlanzi enjalo ye-oceanodromic pelagic iyakwazi ukusheshisa ifike ku-120 km / h, ngenxa yobukhona bezici ezithile esakhiweni somzimba. Ngenxa yalokho okubizwa ngokuthi "inkemba", izinkomba zokuhudula zincishiswa ngokuphawulekayo ngenkathi kuhamba izinhlanzi endaweni eminyene yasemanzini. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, i-swordfish endala inesimo somzimba esime njenge-torpedo futhi sihlelekile, esingenazo izikali ngokuphelele.
I-swordfish, kanye nezihlobo zayo eziseduze kakhulu, zinama-gill, okungezona kuphela izitho zokuphefumula, kepha futhi asebenza njengohlobo lwenjini ye-hydro-jet yempilo yasolwandle. Ngalezi zigaxa, ukugeleza okuqhubekayo kwamanzi kuyenziwa, futhi ijubane lalo lilawulwa ngenqubo yokuncipha noma ukunwetshwa kwemigqa ye-gill.
Kuyathakazelisa! Abasiki bezinkemba bayakwazi ukuthatha uhambo olude, kepha esimweni sezulu esizolile bakhetha ukukhuphukela phezulu emanzini, lapho bebhukuda khona, bembula i-dorsal fin yabo. Ngezikhathi ezithile, i-swordfish ithatha isivinini futhi igxume iphume emanzini, ihlehle ngokushesha ngomsindo.
Umzimba we-swordfish unokushisa okucishe kube ngu-12-15mayelanaC weqa umbuso wokushisa wamanzi olwandle. Yilesi sici esiqinisekisa ukulungela okuphezulu kwenhlanzi, okukuvumela ukuthi uthuthukise ngokungalindelekile ijubane elibalulekile ngesikhathi sokuzingela noma, uma kunesidingo, deda izitha.
Zingaki izinkemba eziphilayo
Abesifazane be-swordfish bavame ukuba bakhulu ngokwedlula i-malefishfish, futhi banesikhathi eside sokuphila... Ngokwesilinganiso, abamele izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezenziwe ngemisebe ye-ray, ezinga-oda le-perchiformes kanye nomndeni wama-swordfinches, baphila iminyaka engaphezulu kweshumi.
Indawo yokuhlala
I-Swordfish ijwayelekile emanzini azo zonke izilwandle nezilwandle zomhlaba, ngaphandle kwama-arctic latitudes. Izinhlanzi ezinkulu zasolwandle ezi-seaodromous zitholakala oLwandle i-Atlantic, emanzini aseNewfoundland nase-Iceland, olwandle oluseNyakatho naseMedithera, kanye nasogwini lolwandle lwe-Azov neBlack Sea. Ukudoba okusebenzayo kwe-swordfish kwenziwa emanzini olwandle lwasePacific, e-Indian nase-Atlantic, lapho inani eliphelele labamele umndeni we-swordfish manje seliphezulu kakhulu.
Ukudla kwe-Swordfish
I-swordfish ingesinye sezilwane ezidla amathuba futhi inezinhlobo eziningi zokudla. Njengoba zonke izinkemba ezikhona njengamanje zingabahlali be-epi- ne-mesopelagic, benza ukufuduka okuqhubekayo nokuqondile kukholamu lamanzi. I-Swordfish isuka ebusweni bamanzi iye ekujuleni kwamamitha angamakhulu ayisishiyagalombili, futhi iyakwazi ukuhamba phakathi kwamanzi avulekile nezindawo ezisogwini. Yilesi sici esinquma ukudliwa kwezinkemba, okubandakanya izilwane ezinkulu noma ezincane ezivela emanzini aseduzane, kanye nezinhlanzi ze-benthic, ama-cephalopods, nezinhlanzi ezinkulu ze-pelagic.
Kuyathakazelisa!Umehluko phakathi kwabaphethe izinkemba nemarlin, besebenzisa "umkhonto" wabo kuphela ngenhloso yokuphanga okumangazayo, ukwehlulwa kwesisulu "ngenkemba". Esiswini se-swordfish ebanjiwe, kukhona ama-squid nezinhlanzi ezisikwa ngokoqobo zibe yizicucu eziningana noma zinomkhondo wokulimala okwenziwe "ngenkemba".
Ukudla kwenani elikhulu le-swordfish elihlala emanzini asogwini empumalanga ye-Australia, esikhathini esithile esidlule, kwakubonakala ngokugqama kwama-cephalopods. Kuze kube manje, ukwakheka kokudla kwe-swordfish kuyahluka kubantu abahlala emanzini agudle ugu futhi avulekile. Esimweni sokuqala izinhlanzi zivelele, kanti kwesibili - ama-cephalopods.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Imininingwane yokuvuthwa kwe-swordfish imbalwa kakhulu futhi iyaphikisana kakhulu, okungenzeka ukuthi ingenxa yokwehluka kwabantu abahlala ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene. Ama-Swordflies azalela ezingqimbeni zamanzi aphezulu ngokushisa okungu-23 ° C kanye nosawoti ebangeni lama-33.8-37.4 ‰.
Isikhathi sokuzala se -fishfish emanzini asenkabazwe oLwandlekazi Lomhlaba siyabonwa unyaka wonke. Emanzini aseCaribbean naseGulf of Mexico, ukuzala kukhuphuke phakathi kuka-Ephreli noSepthemba. E-Pacific Ocean, ukuzala kwenzeka entwasahlobo nasehlobo.
I-Swordfish caviar i-pelagic, enobubanzi obungu-1.6-1.8 mm, obala ngokuphelele, ngokuwa okukhulu kwamafutha... Izinga lokuzala elingaba khona liphezulu kakhulu. Ubude besibungu esichanyuswayo bucishe bube ngamasentimitha angu-0,4.Isigaba sesibungu se-swordfish sinesimo esihlukile futhi sibhekana nokuguquguquka okude. Njengoba inqubo enjalo iqhubeka futhi ithatha isikhathi eside, ayiveli ngezigaba ezihlukene. Izibungu ezichanyuselwe zinomzimba obuthakathaka onombala, impumulo emfushane, nezikali ezingajwayelekile zisakazeke emzimbeni wonke.
Kuyathakazelisa! I-Swordfish izalwa inekhanda eliyindilinga, kepha kancane kancane, ngenkathi ikhula futhi ikhula, ikhanda liyalolwa futhi lifana kakhulu "nenkemba".
Ngokuthuthuka nokukhula okusebenzayo, imihlathi yezibungu iyakhula, kepha ihlala ilingana ngobude. Izinqubo ezengeziwe zokukhula zihambisana nokuthuthuka okusheshayo komhlathi ongaphezulu, ngenxa yokuthi ikhanda lenhlanzi enjalo lithola ukuvela "komkhonto" noma "inkemba". Abantu abanobude bomzimba obungu-23 cm banesinqe esisodwa sangemuva eselulela emzimbeni kanye nesiphetho esisodwa sendunu, futhi izikali zihlelwe ngemigqa eminingi. Futhi, izinsizwa ezinjalo zinolayini wokugudla ohlangothini, namazinyo emihlathini.
Ngenqubo yokukhula okuqhubekayo, ingxenye yangaphakathi yesiphetho se-dorsal inyuka ukuphakama. Ngemuva kokuthi ubude bomzimba we-swordfish bufinyelele ku-50 cm, i-dorsal fin yesibili iyakhiwa, ixhunywe kweyokuqala. Izikali namazinyo, kanye nolayini ohlangothini, kunyamalala ngokuphelele kuphela kubantu abangakavuthwa abafinyelele kumitha ubude. Ngalesi sikhathi, kuma-swordtails, kusala kuphela ingxenye engaphezulu eyandisiwe yomphetho wokuqala we-dorsal, owesibili owenziwe mfushane we-dorsal fin, kanye ne-fins yamaphiko, ehlukaniswe ngokusobala komunye nomunye.
Izitha zemvelo
Inhlanzi yabantu abadala ese-oceanodromic pelagic ayinazo izitha zemvelo emvelweni. I-Swordfish ingaba yisisulu se-killer whale noma ushaka. Amajuba kanye ne-swordfish encane engavuthiwe kuvame ukuzingelwa izinhlanzi ezisebenza nge-pelagic, kufaka phakathi i-marlin emnyama, i-Atlantic blue marlin, i-seilfish, i-yellowfin tuna kanye ne-coryphans.
Noma kunjalo, cishe izinhlobo ezingamashumi ayisihlanu zezinambuzane ezitholakele ku-swordfish, emelwe ama-cestode esiswini nasemgodini wamathumbu, ama-nematode esiswini, ama-trematode ezinsikeni nakuma-copepods ebusweni bomzimba wezinhlanzi. Kaningi, ama-isopods nama-monogeneans, kanye nama-barnacle ahlukahlukene nama-side-scrapers, akhubaza emzimbeni wezinhlanzi ze-oceanodromic pelagic.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Endaweni yezinye izindawo, ukudoba okungekho emthethweni kwe-swordfish yezentengiselwano ebaluleke kakhulu enamanethi akhethekile e-drift. Eminyakeni eyisishiyagalombili eyedlule, inhlanzi yase-oceanodromous pelagic yengezwa yiGreenpeace ohlwini olubomvu lwemikhiqizo yasolwandle edayiswa kuzo zonke izitolo ezinkulu, okuchaza ubungozi obukhulu bokudoba ngokweqile.
Inani lokuhweba
I-Swordfish ingeyesigaba senhlanzi yezentengiselwano ebalulekile futhi ethandwayo emazweni amaningi... Ukudoba okusebenzayo okukhethekile njengamanje kwenziwa ikakhulukazi ngama-longline pelagic. Le nhlanzi ibanjwa okungenani emazweni angamashumi amathathu ahlukene, kufaka phakathi iJapan neMelika, i-Italy neSpain, iCanada, iKorea neChina, kanye nePhilippines neMexico.
Phakathi kokunye, ummeleli ogqame kangako wohlobo lwezinhlanzi ezishaywe ngemisebe zohlelo lwama-perchiformes kanye nomndeni we-swordfish uyindebe ebaluleke kakhulu ekudobeni ezemidlalo lapho udoba ngokugxoba. I-swordfish enombala omhlophe, ethanda kakhulu inyama yengulube, ingabhenwa futhi iyisitshulu, noma iphekwe ku-grill yendabuko.
Kuyathakazelisa!Inyama yeSwordfish ayinawo amathambo amancane, ihlukaniswa ukunambitheka okuphezulu, futhi cishe ayinalo nephunga elibi elizungezwe inhlanzi.
Ukubanjwa okukhulu kakhulu kwe-swordfish kuyabonakala enkabeni yasempumalanga nasenyakatho nentshonalanga yengxenye yePacific Ocean, kanye nasentshonalanga ye-Indian Ocean, emanzini oLwandle iMedithera nasengxenyeni eseningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Atlantic. Iningi lezinhlanzi libanjwa emigwaqeni ye-pelagic njenge-by-catch. Umkhawulo wezinhlanzi zomhlaba owaziwa ngokubanjwa kwezinhlanzi ze-oceanodrome pelagic zaqoshwa eminyakeni emine eyedlule, futhi zaba ngaphansi kwamathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-130.
