Leli kuphela ikati elikhulu elihlala phezulu ezintabeni, lapho iqhwa laphakade lihlala buthule. Akusona sizathu ukuthi isihloko semi-esemthethweni esithi "Snow Leopard" samukelwa abagibeli abakwazile ukunqoba izintaba ezinhlanu ezidumile zamamitha ayizinkulungwane eziyisikhombisa eSoviet Union.
Incazelo yengwe yeqhwa
I-Uncia uncia, ehlala ezinkangala zase-Asia Ephakathi, ibizwa nangokuthi ingwe yeqhwa noma i-irbis.... Abathengisi baseRussia baboleka igama lokugcina embhalweni wokuqala "irbiz" kubazingeli baseTurkic emuva ngekhulu le-17, kepha kuphela ikhulu leminyaka kamuva lesi silwane esihle "sethulwa" kwabaseYurophu (kuze kube manje kuphela esithombeni). Lokhu kwenziwa ngo-1761 nguGeorges Buffon, owayehambisana nomdwebo ngamazwi athi Kanye (ingwe yeqhwa) uqeqeshelwe ukuzingela futhi utholakala ePersia.
Incazelo yesayensi evela kwisazi semvelo saseJalimane uJohann Schreber yavela kamuva, ngo-1775. Emakhulwini eminyaka alandelayo, ingwe yeqhwa yafundwa ngososayensi abaningi bezilwane nabahambi, kubandakanya noNikolai Przhevalsky wethu. I-paleogeneticists, isibonelo, bathole ukuthi ingwe yeqhwa iyinhlobo yasendulo eyavela emhlabeni cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-1.4 edlule.
Ukubukeka
Kuyikati elikhulu, elifana nengwe, kodwa lincane futhi liyisigaxa. Kunezinye izimpawu ezihlukanisa ingwe yeqhwa nengwe: umsila omude (3/4 womzimba) umsila ojiyile nephethini eyingqayizivele yama-rosettes namabala. Ingwe endala yeqhwa ikhula ize ifike ku-2-2.5 m (kufaka phakathi umsila) enokuphakama lapho ibuna cishe u-0.6 m. Abesilisa bahlala bakhulu kunabesifazane futhi banesisindo esingu-45-55 kg, kanti isisindo saleso sakamuva siyahlukahluka kububanzi obungu-22-40 kg.
Ingwe yeqhwa inekhanda elincane, eliyindilinga elinezindlebe ezifushane, eziyindilinga. Azinayo intshakaza, futhi ebusika izindlebe zazo zigqitshwa ngoboya obukhulu. Ingwe yeqhwa inamehlo azwakalayo (ukufanisa ijazi) kanye ne-vibrissae engamasentimitha ayi-10. Imilenze emifushane uma iqhathaniswa ihlala ngezidladla ezibanzi ezinamazipho ahlehlekayo. Lapho kudlule khona ingwe yeqhwa, kunamathrekhi ayindilinga angenamaki uzipho. Ngenxa yejazi eliminyene neliphakeme, umsila ubukeka mkhulu kunalokho oyikho, futhi usetshenziswa yingwe yeqhwa njenge-balancer lapho igxuma.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ingwe yeqhwa inoboya obukhulu obukhulu ngokungajwayelekile futhi obuthambile, obugcina lesi silo sifudumele ebusika obukhulu. Izinwele ezingemuva zifinyelela kuma-55 mm. Ngokuya ngobuningi bejazi, ingwe yeqhwa isondele hhayi enkulu, kepha ikati elincane.
Izindawo ezingemuva nangaphezulu ezinhlangothini zidwetshiwe ngombala ompunga (ojwayele ukuba mhlophe), kepha isisu, ngemuva kwezitho nezinhlangothi ezingezansi kuhlala kukhanya ukwedlula emuva. Iphethini eyingqayizivele idalwa ukuhlanganiswa kwama-rosettes amakhulu amise okwendandatho (ngaphakathi kwawo kunezindawo ezincane) nezindawo eziqinile ezimnyama / ezimnyama ezimpunga. Amabala amancanyana ahlobisa ikhanda lengwe yeqhwa, amakhulu asatshalaliswa entanyeni nasemilenzeni. Ngemuva, ukubonwa kuphenduka imichilo lapho amabala ehlangana, kwakheka imivimbo emide. Engxenyeni yesibili yomsila, amabala avamise ukuvalwa abe yindandatho engaphelele, kepha ichopho lomsila ovela phezulu limnyama.
Uboya basebusika buvamise ukuba mpunga, buqhakaza intuthu (ibonakaliswa kakhulu emuva nangaphezulu kwezinhlangothi), kwesinye isikhathi ngokuhlanganiswa kokuphuzi okukhanyayo... Lo mbala wenzelwe ukufihla ingwe yeqhwa phakathi kweqhwa, amadwala ampunga neqhwa. Ehlobo, isizinda esiyinhloko soboya sifiphala size sicishe sibe mhlophe, lapho kuvela khona amabala amnyama ngokusobala. Izingwe ezincane zeqhwa zihlala zinemibala egqame kakhulu kunezihlobo zazo ezindala.
Uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila
Lesi yisilwane sendawo esivamise ukuba nesizungu: abesifazane kuphela abanamantshontsho akhulayo akha amaqembu ahlobene. Ingwe ngayinye yeqhwa inesakhiwo sayo, indawo yayo (ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zebanga) isukela ku-12 km² kuya ku-200 km². Izilwane zimaka imingcele yensimu yazo ngamamaki wephunga, kepha ungazami ukuyivikela ezimpini. Izingwe zeqhwa zivame ukuzingela entathakusa noma ngaphambi kokushona kwelanga, hhayi kancane emini. Kuyaziwa ukuthi izingwe zeqhwa ezihlala e-Himalaya ziya ngokuzingela kusihlwa.
Emini, izilwane ziphumula emadwaleni, imvamisa zisebenzisa umgodi owodwa iminyaka eminingana. I-lair ivame ukusethwa emifantwini enamadwala nasemihumeni, phakathi kwezindawo ezinamadwala, zikhetha ukucasha ngaphansi kwamacwecwe aminyene. Abafakazi bokuzibonela bathi babona izingwe zeqhwa eKyrgyz Alatau, zihleli emijunipini ephansi ezidlekeni zamanqe amnyama.
Kuyathakazelisa! I-Irbis ngezikhathi ezithile idlula indawo yayo, ibheka amakamu / amadlelo ama-ungulates asendle futhi inamathela kwimizila ejwayelekile. Imvamisa indlela yayo (lapho yehla kusuka eziqongweni eziya ethafeni) ihamba eceleni kommango wentaba noma emfuleni / emfuleni.
Ngenxa yobude obukhulu bomzila, ukuchezuka kuthatha izinsuku ezimbalwa, okuchaza ukuvela okungavamile kwesilo ngasikhathi sinye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iqhwa elijulile nelikhululekile libambezela ukuhamba kwalo: ezindaweni ezinjalo ingwe yeqhwa yenza imikhondo ehlala njalo.
Ihlala isikhathi esingakanani i-irbis
Kutholakale ukuthi izingwe zeqhwa zihlala endle cishe iminyaka eyi-13, futhi ziphindwe cishe kabili ubude emapaki ezilwane. Isilinganiso seminyaka yokuphila kwabantu ekuthunjweni yiminyaka engama-21, kepha icala laqoshwa lapho ingwe yesifazane yeqhwa yaphila iminyaka engama-28.
Indawo yokuhlala
I-Irbis yaziwa njengenhlobo yezinhlobo zase-Asia kuphela, uhla lwayo (olunendawo eyi-1.23 million km²) edlula ezifundeni zezintaba ze-Central and South Asia. Indawo yezintshisekelo ezibalulekile zengwe yeqhwa ifaka phakathi amazwe afana nalawa:
- IRussia neMongolia;
- IKyrgyzstan neKazakhstan;
- I-Uzbekistan neTajikistan;
- IPakistan neNepal;
- IChina ne-Afghanistan;
- I-India, iMyanmar neBhutan.
Ngokwendawo, le ndawo isuka eHindu Kush (empumalanga ye-Afghanistan) naseSyr Darya iye eSouth Siberia (lapho ihlanganisa khona i-Altai, iTannu-Ola neSayan), iwela iPamir, iTien Shan, iKarakorum, iKunlun, iKashmir neHimalaya. EMongolia, ingwe yeqhwa itholakala eMongolian / Gobi Altai nasezintabeni zaseKhangai, eTibet enyakatho ne-Altunshan.
Okubalulekile! I-Russia ibanga kuphela u-2-3% wobubanzi bomhlaba: lezi yizindawo ezisenyakatho nasenyakatho-ntshonalanga yendawo yokuhlala yezinhlobo. Ezweni lakithi, indawo ephelele yokuhlala kwezingwe zeqhwa isondela ku-60,000 km². Lesi silwane singatholakala eKrasnoyarsk Territory, eTuva, eBuryatia, eKhakassia, e-Altai Republic nasezintabeni zase-Sayan zaseMpumalanga (kufaka phakathi imiqansa iMunku-Sardyk neTunkinskie Goltsy).
U-Irbis akesabi izintaba eziphakeme neqhwa laphakade, ukhetha amathafa avulekile, imithambeka emnene / eyehlelayo nezigodi ezincane ezinezimila zase-alpine, ezihlanganiswe nezihosha ezinamadwala nezinqwaba zamatshe. Kwesinye isikhathi izilwane zinamathela ezindaweni ezithambile ezinezihlahlana kanye ne-scree, ezingacasha ekuhloleni amehlo. Ingwe zeqhwa ingxenye enkulu zihlala ngaphezu komngcele wehlathi, kepha ngezikhathi ezithile zingena ehlathini (imvamisa ebusika).
Ukudla kwengwe yeqhwa
Umzingeli ubhekana kalula nesisulu ngokuphindwe kathathu kunesisindo saso. Ama-ungulates anentshisekelo engapheli yokudla kokudla kwengwe yeqhwa:
- izimpondo zezimpondo nezaseSiberia;
- Argali;
- izinqama eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka;
- imigqomo neziqukathi;
- ama-argali namagorali;
- izinyamazane ze-musk nezinyamazane;
- i-serau ne-roe deer;
- izingulube zasendle nezinyamazane.
Ngokuncipha okukhulu kwama-ungulates asendle, ingwe yeqhwa ishintshela ezilwaneni ezincane (izingwejeje zomhlabathi nama-pikas) nezinyoni (ama-pheasants, ama-snowcock nama-chukots). Uma kungekho ukudla okujwayelekile, kungadlula ibhere elinsundu, kanye nokuqothula imfuyo - izimvu, amahhashi nezimbuzi.
Kuyathakazelisa! Isilwane esidala sidla u-2-3 kg wenyama ngasikhathi. Ehlobo, ukudla kwenyama kuba ingxenye yemifino lapho izingwe zeqhwa ziqala ukudla utshani namahlumela akhulayo.
Ingwe yeqhwa izingela yodwa, ibheke ama-ungulates eduze kwezimbobo zokunisela, imikhotha kasawoti nemigwaqo: ukuqhuma phezulu, eweni, noma ukukhasa ngemuva kwezindawo zokukhosela. Ekupheleni kwehlobo, ekwindla futhi lapho kuqala ubusika, izingwe zeqhwa ziyahamba zizingele ngamaqembu aqukethe insikazi kanye namantshontsho ayo. Umzingeli ugxumela ngaphandle kokuqamekela lapho ibanga phakathi kwakhe nesilwane lincishisiwe ngokwanele ukulifinyelela ngokugxuma okunamandla okuningana. Uma into ishibilika, ingwe yeqhwa ilahlekelwa yintshisekelo kuyo ngokushesha noma iwele ngemuva, njengoba igijime amamitha angama-300.
Izingwe ezinkulu zeqhwa ezinezinselo zivame ukubamba umphimbo bese ziklinya noma ziphule izintamo. Isidumbu sihudulwa ngaphansi kwedwala noma endaweni yokukhosela ephephile, lapho ungadla khona buthule. Uma igcwele, iphonsa inyamazane, kepha kwesinye isikhathi ilele eduzane, ixoshe izisulu, isibonelo, amanqe. ERussia, indlela edla ngayo ingwe yeqhwa yakhiwa kakhulu izimbuzi zasentabeni, izinyamazane, i-argali, izinyamazane zezinyamazane nezinyamazane.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Kunzima impela ukubona impilo yengwe yeqhwa endle, ngenxa yobuningi obuphansi nendawo yokuhlala yalolu hlobo (iqhwa, izintaba, nokuqhela kakhulu kubantu). Akumangazi ukuthi, abacwaningi abakakazikhiphi ngokugcwele izimfihlo zengwe yeqhwa, kufaka phakathi nezici eziningi zokuzala kwayo. Kuyaziwa ukuthi inkathi yokukhwelana ezilwaneni ivula ekupheleni kobusika noma ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo. Ngesikhathi sokuxubha, abesilisa benza imisindo ekhumbuza i-bass meow.
Owesifazane uletha inzalo cishe kanye njalo eminyakeni emibili, ethwala inzalo kusuka ezinsukwini ezingama-90 kuye kwezingu-110... I-lair ihlomisa ezindaweni ezingafinyeleleki kakhulu. Ngemuva kocansi oluphumelelayo, owesilisa uyamshiya umlingani, abeke zonke izinkathazo zokukhulisa izingane kuye. AmaKati azalwa ngo-Ephreli-Meyi noma ngoMeyi-Juni (isikhathi sincike endaweni yobubanzi).
Kuyathakazelisa! Kudoti, njengomthetho, kukhona amawundlu amabili noma amathathu, cishe kancane kaningi - amane noma amahlanu. Kunemininingwane ngezinkukhu eziningi kakhulu, okuqinisekiswa imihlangano nemindeni yabantu abayisikhombisa.
Izingane ezisanda kuzalwa (ubukhulu bekati elifuywayo) zizalwa zingaboni, zingenakuzisiza futhi zimbozwe izinwele ezinsundu ezinsundu ezinamabala amnyama aqinile. Lapho izalwa, izinyane lekati alinesisindo esingeqile ku-0.5 kg ngobude obungu-cm 30. Amehlo avulwa ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-6-8, kepha azama ukukhasa aphume emgodini kungakadluli izinyanga ezimbili ezelwe. Kusukela kule minyaka, umama uqala ukufaka izitsha zokuqala zenyama ekunceliseni ibele.
Lapho zinezinyanga ezi-3 ubudala, amantshontsho asevele elandela unina, futhi ngezinyanga zawo ezi-5-6 ahamba naye lapho ezingela. Umndeni wonke ubheka inyamazane, kepha ilungelo lokuphonsa ngokuthatha isinqumo lihlala kowesifazane. Ukukhula okuncane kuthola ukuzimela okugcwele hhayi ngaphambi kwentwasahlobo ezayo. Ukuvuthwa ngokocansi kwezingwe izingwe kuphawulwa ngisho nangemva kwalokho, eneminyaka engu-3-4 ubudala.
Izitha zemvelo
Ingwe yeqhwa, ngenxa yemininingwane yobubanzi bayo, iphakanyiselwe phezulu kwephiramidi yokudla futhi ayinakho ukuncintisana (ngokwesisekelo sokudla esifanayo) ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye. Ukuhlukaniswa kwezinye izindawo ezivamile kuvikela izingwe zeqhwa ezitheni zemvelo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Ngokwe-World Wildlife Fund, manje sekunezingwe ezingamaqhwa ezisuka ku-3,5 kuya ku-7.5 wezinkulungwane emvelweni, kanti ezinye ezingaba yizinkulungwane ezimbili ziphila futhi zizalele ema-zoo.... Ukwehla okuphawulekayo kwesibalo sabantu kwakudalwa kakhulu ukuzingelwa ngokungemthetho koboya bengwe yeqhwa, ngenxa yalokho ingwe yeqhwa yamukelwa njengezilwane ezincane, ezingavamile nezisengozini yokuqothulwa.
Okubalulekile! Abazingeli abangekho emthethweni basazingela izingwe zeqhwa, yize kuwo wonke amazwe (lapho uhla lwawo ludlula khona) umhlaseli uvikelekile ezingeni likahulumeni, futhi ukukhiqizwa kwawo akuvunyelwe. Encwadini Ebomvu YaseMongolia kusukela ngo-1997, ingwe yeqhwa ibhalwe ngaphansi kwesimo "esingavamile kakhulu", futhi e-Red Book yaseRussian Federation (2001) izinhlobo zinikezwa isigaba sokuqala ngokuthi "sisengozini ebangeni laso."
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingwe yeqhwa yafakwa ku-Annex I we-Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna / Flora. Ngamagama afanayo, ingwe yeqhwa (ngaphansi kwesigaba sokuvikela esiphezulu i-EN C2A) ifakiwe ku-2000 IUCN Red List. Izinhlaka zokongiwa kwemvelo okuqapha ukuguquguquka kokuzingelwa ngokungemthetho koboya zigcizelela ukuthi izinhlinzeko zokuvikelwa kwezinhlobo ezisemhlabathini azenziwanga ngokwanele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, azikaze zamukelwe izinhlelo zesikhathi eside ezihlose ukongiwa kwezingwe zeqhwa.
