Le nduku yaseNingizimu Melika ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi igundane lasehlathini. I-Paca ibukeka ngempela njengegundane elikhulu, elidayiwe njengenyamazane ye-sika - izinwele ezibomvu zigcwele imigqa engalingani yamabala amhlophe.
Incazelo yepakethe
Uhlobo lweCuniculus paca oluvela emndenini wase-Agoutiaceae lolo kuphela olukulo uhlobo lwegama elifanayo... I-paca ibhekwa njengegundane lesithupha ngobukhulu emhlabeni wezilwane zomhlaba. Kwabanye, ifana nengulube ye-beefy, komunye umuntu - unogwaja ononile, ongenalutho. Ngokusho kwe-paleogenetics, izilwane zavela kungakadluli i-Oligocene.
Ukubukeka
Kuyigundane elikhulu kakhulu elinomsila osindayo ofana nepheya ngemuva futhi omfushane, okhula ufike ku-32-34 cm ekubuneni nangu-70-80 cm ubude. I-dimorphism yezocansi ayiphinyiselwa, yingakho owesifazane angadideka kalula nowesilisa. Abantu abadala bakala u-6 kuye ku-14 kg. Iphakethe linezindlebe eziyindilinga ezihlanzekile, amehlo amnyama acwebezelayo, izikhwama zezihlathi ezinesici se-agouti ne-vibrissae ende (uhlobo lwesitho sokuthinta).
Kuyathakazelisa! Kukhona umgodi okhakhayini phakathi kwamakhothamo e-zygomatic, ngenxa yokuthi i-hiss, amazinyo okugaya noma ukugquma kwepac kukhuliswa kaningi futhi kubonakala sengathi (uma kuqhathaniswa nebala lakhe) kuzwakala ngokweqile.
Igundane linezinwele ezimnyama (ngaphandle kwesigqoko sangaphansi) esibomvu noma esinsundu, esihlotshiswe ngemigqa engu-4-7 yobude, equkethe amachashazi amhlophe. Isikhumba sezilwane ezisencane simbozwe izikali ezinama-horny (cishe u-2 mm ububanzi), esivumela ukuthi zivikeleke ezilwaneni ezizingelayo ezincane. Izingalo zangaphambili, ezifakwe iminwe emine, zimfishane ngokuphawulekayo kunezingemuva, zinezinzwane eziyisihlanu (ezimbili zazo zincane kakhulu kangangokuba azithinti nakancane phansi). IPaka isebenzisa uzipho lwayo olujiyile futhi oluqinile ukumba izimbobo, ngenkathi isebenzisa amazinyo alo abukhali ukudlabha amapaseji amasha angaphansi komhlaba.
Uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila
UPaca ungumuntu onesizungu oqinisekile ongaziboni izinyunyana zomshado namaqembu amakhulu. Yize kunjalo, amagundane azwana zodwa ngisho nasendaweni eminyene kakhulu, lapho kufika abayi-1 000 bezinhlobo eziklaba endaweni eyi-1 km². UPaka akakwazi ukucabanga impilo yakhe ngaphandle kwedamu - kungaba ngumfula, umfula noma ichibi. Indawo yokuhlala ihlelwe eduze kwamanzi, kepha ukuze uzamcolo ungagezi i-lair. Lapha ucasha ezitheni nakubazingeli, kepha kwesinye isikhathi ubhukuda awelele ngaphesheya kolwandle ukuze adidise amathrekhi.
Okubalulekile! Imvamisa zisebenza kusihlwa, ebusuku nasekuseni, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni lapho kunezilwane eziningi eziyingozi. Emini zilala emigodini noma ezingodweni eziyize, zicashe elangeni.
UPaka akazimbeli umgodi ngaso sonke isikhathi - uvame ukuhlala kowomunye umuntu, owakhiwe ngaphambi kwakhe "ngomakhi" othile wehlathi. Ukumba umgodi, wehla ngamamitha amathathu futhi ngokucophelela ulungisa iminyango eminingana: ukukhishwa okuphuthumayo nokusetshenziswa okujwayelekile. Yonke iminyango imbozwe ngamaqabunga omile, enza imisebenzi emibili - ukufihla nokuxwayisa kusenesikhathi lapho kuzanywa ukungena emgodini ngaphandle.
Ekunyakazeni kwabo kwansuku zonke, kuyaqabukela becisha indlela eshayiwe, beka ezintsha kuphela lapho ezindala zibhujiswa. Lokhu kuvame ukwenzeka ngemuva kwemvula enamandla noma ukuqhuma komhlaba ngokuzumayo. IPaka imaka imingcele ngomchamo, futhi ibuye isabise labo abangena endaweni yayo nge-1 kHz growl (ekhishwa ngamakamelo ezihlathi ezihlathini).
Uhlala isikhathi esingakanani uPaka
Izazi zebhayoloji zilinganisela izinga lokusinda kwalezi zinhlobo ku-80%, zibiza ukungabi bikho kokudla kwenkathi ethile okuyisici esiyisithiyo esikhulu. Ngokusho kwabo, ingxenye ethile yemfuyo ifa kusukela ngoNovemba kuya kuMashi, ngoba amagundane ahluleka ukuzondla ngokudla. Uma kunokudla okwanele futhi kungekho songo ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye, i-paca endle iphila cishe eminyakeni eyi-12.5.
Indawo yokuhlala
UPaca ungowokuzalwa eNingizimu Melika, kancane kancane uzinza ezifundeni ezishisayo / ezishisayo zaseMelika Ephakathi... Izinduku ikakhulukazi zikhetha amahlathi emvula eduze nezinqolobane zemvelo, kanye namaxhaphozi emangrove namahlathi egalari (njalo enemithombo yamanzi). IPaka itholakala nasemapaki asedolobheni anemifudlana namachibi. Lezi zilwane zabonakala ezindaweni ezinezintaba ezingaphezu kuka-2.5 km olwandle futhi kancane kancane emadlelweni (atholakala phakathi kwamamitha ayizinkulungwane ezi-2-3 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle) enyakatho ye-Andes.
Izinduku ziye zajwayela ukuhlala ezindaweni ezinomswakama ezinezintaba eziphakeme, amagquma nezinkangala zaseNingizimu Melika i-Andes, lapho kunamachibi amaningi emvelo. Lesi simiso semvelo, esibizwa nge-páramo ngabomdabu, siphakathi komugqa wehlathi ophezulu (ukuphakama okungu-3.1 km) nomngcele wekhava laphakade leqhwa (ukuphakama ama-5 km). Kuye kwaqashelwa ukuthi izilwane ezihlala ezinkangala zihlukaniswa ngejazi elimnyama kunezakhamuzi zasethafeni ezisendaweni ephakeme phakathi kuka-1.5 km no-2.8 km.
Ukudla kwe-Pak
Kuyisilwane esincelisayo esidla kakhulu esidla ngokushintsha kwezinkathi zonyaka. Ngokuvamile, i-paca's gastronomic preferences igxile ezitshalweni zezithelo ezimbalwa, okumnandi kakhulu ngumkhiwane (ngokunembile, izithelo zawo ezaziwa ngokuthi umkhiwane).
Imenyu yegundane yile:
- izithelo zemango / ukwatapheya;
- amaqabunga namaqabunga;
- izimbali nembewu;
- izinambuzane;
- amakhowe.
Ukudla, kufaka phakathi izithelo eziwile, kuyacingwa emgqonyeni wehlathi, noma inhlabathi idwengulwe ukuze kukhishwe izimpande ezinomsoco. Indle yephakethe equkethe imbewu engadliwe isebenza njengezinto zokutshala.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngokungafani ne-agouti, i-paca ayizisebenzisi izinyawo zayo zangaphambili ukubamba izithelo, kodwa isebenzisa imihlathi yayo enamandla ukuze ivule amagobolondo ezithelo aqinile.
I-Paca ayiphikisani nendle, eba ngumthombo obalulekile wamaprotheni agayeka kalula nama-carbohydrate. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isilwane sinesinye isici esimangazayo esisihlukanisa ne-agouti - i-paca iyakwazi ukuqongelela amafutha ukuze iwasebenzise ngezikhathi ezinomzimba.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Ngesisekelo sobuningi besikhwama, i-paca ikhiqiza unyaka wonke, kepha imvamisa iletha inzalo izikhathi ezi-1-2 ngonyaka... Ngenkathi yokukhwelana, izilwane zihlala eduze nedamu. Abesilisa, bebona insikazi ekhangayo, bagxumela kuye ngamandla, imvamisa indiza ize ifike kwimitha ngokugxuma. Ukuzala kuthatha izinsuku eziyi-114-119, kube nesikhawu esiphakathi kwezinkukhu okungenani izinsuku eziyi-190. Insikazi izala izinyane elilodwa, imbozwe izinwele futhi ngamehlo avulekile. I-paca idla noma iyiphi indle esele ngesikhathi sokubeletha ukuqeda iphunga lesici elingaheha izilwane ezidla ezinye.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngaphambi kokuqala ukuncelisa, umama ukhotha usana olusanda kuzalwa ukukhuthaza amathumbu nokuqala ukuchama / uketshezi. Izinyane likhula ngokushesha futhi lizuze isisindo, lithole cishe u-650-710 g ngesikhathi liphuma emgodini.
Usevele angalandela unina, kepha ngobunzima ukhasa aphume emgodini, ophuma kuwo ugcwele amaqabunga namagatsha. Ukunxenxa inzalo isebenze, umama uvulela imisindo ephansi yezwi, athathe isikhundla ukusuka emaphethelweni angaphandle omgodi.
Kukholakala ukuthi i-paca encane ithola ukuzimela okugcwele hhayi ngaphambi konyaka owodwa ubudala. Ikhono lokuzala alinqunywa kangako ngeminyaka kepha ngesisindo sephakethe. Ukuzala kwenzeka ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyi-6-12, lapho abesilisa bethola cishe u-7.5 kg, nabesifazane okungenani u-6.5 kg.
Ngokusho kokubona kwezazi zezilwane, maqondana nokuzala nokuncelisa inzalo, uPaka ume ngaphandle kwamanye amagundane. UPaca ubeletha izinyane elilodwa, kepha umnakekela ngokucophelela okukhulu kunezihlobo zakhe ezikude kakhulu ezenzela izingane zabo eziningi.
Izitha zemvelo
Ngokwemvelo, amagundane abhajwe yizitha eziningi, njenge:
- inja ehlathini;
- ocelot;
- i-puma;
- umargai;
- i-jaguar;
- Caiman;
- boa.
IPaka liqothulwa ngabalimi njengoba amagundane elimaza izitshalo zawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-paca iba yisisulu sokuzingela okubhekiswe kukho ngenxa yenyama yayo emnandi neziqhumane eziqinile. Lezi zokugcina zisetshenziselwa izidingo ezahlukahlukene zasekhaya, kufaka phakathi njengethuluzi lokushaya iziteshi ngezibhamu (ezisetshenziswa amaNdiya ase-Amazon ukuzingela).
Kuyathakazelisa! Ilebhu yokucwaninga yeSmithsonian Institute for Tropical Research (Panama) isungule ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula inyama yepaki ukuze isetshenziswe ngokuqhubekayo ekudleni okuphezulu.
Bahamba bayobamba izilwane ebusuku noma ngovivi, beza nezinja namalambu ukuze bathole iphakethe ngokubenyezela kwamehlo... Umsebenzi wenja ukukhipha igundane emgodini lapho izama ukucasha khona. Eqa emhlabathini, ipaka igijimela ogwini ukuze ifinyelele ngokushesha emanzini ibhukude iye kolunye uhlangothi. Kepha lapha abazingeli abasezikebheni balinde ababaleki. Ngendlela, uPaka akaze anikezele futhi alwe ngokufutheka, agxumele abantu futhi azame ukulimaza ngezinsimbi ezibukhali.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Njengamanje, ama-subspecies ama-5 we-paca ahlukaniswa, ahlukaniswa indawo yokuhlala nengaphandle:
- ICuniculus paca paca;
- Cuniculus paca guanta;
- ICuniculus paca mexicanae;
- Cuniculus paca nelsoni;
- ICuniculus paca virgata.
Okubalulekile! Ngokusho kwezinhlangano ezinedumela elihle, azikho izinhlobo zephekhi ezidinga ukuvikelwa. Izinhlobo zizonke, njengoba kuchazwe yi-International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, zisesimweni sokungakhathazeki kakhulu.
Kwezinye izindawo, ukwehla okuncane kwesibalo sabantu kuyabhalwa, okudalwa ukudutshulwa kwezilwane ngobuningi kanye nokuhamba kwazo endaweni yazo ejwayelekile. Kodwa-ke, ukubanjwa akubathinti kakhulu abantu, futhi amagundane amaningi ahlala ezindaweni ezinkulu, ikakhulukazi ezivikelwe.
