Inyoni yaseSteppe ene-turkey - le yincazelo enikezwe nguVladimir Dal egameni elithi "drakhva" (aka bustard) kusichazamazwi esichazayo solimi lwaseRussia olukhulu.
Incazelo ye-bustard
U-Otis tarda (bustard, owaziwa nangokuthi i-dudak) umele umndeni wakwaBustard we-oda elifana ne-Crane futhi waziwa njengenye yezinyoni ezindiza kakhulu. Eyesilisa ikhula ibe ngusayizi we-turkey futhi isisindo sayo cishe siphindwe kabili kunesowesifazane... Ubukhulu bomuntu wesilisa bungu-7-16 kg nobude obungu-1.05 m, kanti abesifazane banesisindo esilinganiselwa ku-4-8 kg ngobude obungu-0.8 m.
Izinhlobo ezimbili ze-bustard zichaziwe:
- U-Otis tarda tarda - umgibeli waseYurophu;
- U-Otis tarda dubowskii - I-East Siberian bustard.
Ukubukeka
Yinyoni enkulu enesifuba esandisiwe nentamo eminyene. Ihlukile kwamanye ama-bustard anezimpaphe hhayi kangako ngobukhulu bayo obumangazayo njengombala wayo ohlukahlukene kanye nezitho zomzimba ezinamandla ezingenazimpiko (eziguqulelwe ukunyakaza komhlaba).
Izimpaphe zifakwa phakathi ngemibala ebomvu, emnyama nampunga, kanye nomhlophe, lapho kupendwe khona isisu, isifuba, okokungcwaba kanye nangemuva kwamaphiko. Inhloko nentamo kuvame ukuba mpunga womlotha (onemibala ekhanyayo kubantu abasempumalanga). Okuphezulu kuqukethe izimpaphe ezibomvu ezibomvu ezinephethini yesici semigqa emnyama eguqukayo. Izimpiko ezindizayo ze-oda lokuqala zihlala zimnyama nswi, lezo zohlelo lwesibili zinsundu, kepha zinezimpande ezimhlophe.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngentwasahlobo, bonke abesilisa bathola amakhola we-chestnut namadevu. Lezi zamuva ziyizigaxa zezimpaphe eziqinile eziyimicu emide esukela phansi koqhwaku iye ezinhlangothini. Kumadoda "amadevu" abukisa kuze kuphele ihlobo.
Akunandaba isikhathi sonyaka, abesifazane baphinda imibala yasekwindla / yasebusika yabesilisa. I-bustard inomlomo o-grey okhanyayo namehlo amnyama, kanye nemilenze emide, enamandla yombala onsundu ngokuluhlaza. Umlenze ngamunye unezinzwane ezi-3. Umsila mude, uyindilinga ekugcineni. Izimpiko ezibanzi zingu-1.9-2.6 m. I-bustard isuka ngomzamo, kepha indiza ngejubane ngokwanele, yelula intamo yayo futhi icoshe imilenze engadluli emaphethelweni omsila... Izimpiko zamaphiko aziphuthumi, zivumela umuntu ukuthi abone amasimu amakhulu amhlophe nezimpaphe ezimnyama zokundiza kuwo.
Uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila
U-bustard uphapheme ngezikhathi zasemini. Ekuseni nakusihlwa uthola ukudla, kuthi ntambama ahlele isihlalo sakhe, elele phansi ngaphansi komthunzi wotshani obude. Uma isibhakabhaka simbozwe ngamafu nomoya upholile ngokwanele, i-bustard yenza ngaphandle kokuphumula emini bese iphaka ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka. Ngaphandle kwenkathi yokuzalanisa, ama-dudak ahlangana ngemihlambi emikhulu, imvamisa yobulili obufanayo, ebalelwa kubantu abayikhulu.
Kwesinye isikhathi, abesilisa abancane, abangakavuthwa babonwa emaqenjini abesifazane. I-bustard, ngokungafani ne-crane, ayivumeli imilenze / uqhwaku lwayo ukuthi lungene ukuze kuxegiswe umhlaba futhi kuvuse udoti lwasemadlelweni. Le nyoni ihamba kancane ibhebhe utshani, icofa kuphela okudliwayo okubonakalayo futhi ivame ukuma.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ibamba izilwane ezincane ngokushaya okusheshayo komlomo wayo, iphonsa ikhanda layo phambili. Umdlalo obalekayo ubanjwa ngokugxuma okusheshayo, ukuwunyakazisa noma ukuwuqeda phansi ngaphambi kokugwinya.
I-bustard ihamba emoyeni kuphela emini. Entshonalanga naseningizimu yale ndawo ihlala phansi, empumalanga nasenyakatho yenza ukufuduka ngezikhathi ezithile futhi kubhekwe njengokufuduka / ukuthuthela kancane. Kwesinye isikhathi kunqoba amabanga amafushane ngezinyawo, bese kushiya ubusika sekwephuze kakhulu (hhayi ngaphambi kuka-Okthoba-Novemba), kuqoqwa ngemihlambi eminingi yezinyoni ezingamakhulu amaningana. I-Dudaki molt kabili ngonyaka: ekwindla, lapho izimpaphe zishintsha ngokuphelele, nasentwasahlobo (ngaphambi kwenkathi yokukhwelana), lapho kushintsha izimpaphe ezincane kuphela.
Mangaki ama-bustard ahlala
Ngokusho kokubona kwe-ornithologists, i-bustard ihlala ezimweni zemvelo cishe iminyaka engama-20.
Indawo yokuhlala
Izindawo okuhlala kuzo i-bustard zisakazeke ezingxenyeni ezahlukahlukene zezwekazi lase-Eurasia, futhi ukuphela kwabantu abancane abahlala enyakatho-mpumalanga yeMorocco (e-Afrika). Kunolwazi, nokho, ukuthi isibalo sabantu base-Afrika sesivele sashabalala. E-Eurasia, lena iningizimu yeNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia, e-Austria, eSlovakia naseningizimu yeBohemia. IGreat bustard itholakala ngaseGomel, eChernigov, Bryansk, Ryazan, Tula, Penza naseSamara ezifundeni kuze kuyofika eningizimu yeBashkiria.
Lezi zinhlobo zihlala eNtshonalanga Siberia, zifinyelela eBarnaul naseMinusinsk, eningizimu yezintaba zaseMpumalanga Sayan, izindawo ezingezansi ze-Upper Angara, i-Khanka lowland kanye nesigodi seZea esezansi. Ngaseningizimu, le ndawo ifinyelela oLwandle iMedithera, izifunda zase-Asia Minor, izifunda eziseningizimu ye-Azerbaijan nasenyakatho ne-Iran. Izinyoni zizinze empumalanga yoLwandle iCaspian zaze zaqhubeka nezindawo eziphansi ze-Urals, i-Irgiz, iTurgai nezindawo ezisempumalanga yeKazakhstan.
I-bustard ihlala eTien Shan, kanye naseningizimu, eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeTajikistan, nasentshonalanga, ogwini lwaseKaratau. Ngasempumalanga yeTien Shan, le ndawo ihlanganisa imingcele esenyakatho yeGobi, unyawo lweGreat Khingan eningizimu-ntshonalanga, enyakatho-mpumalanga yesifundazwe saseHeilongjiang naseningizimu yePrimorye.
Okubalulekile! Igebe phakathi kwezindawo zemifucumfucu yasempumalanga nasentshonalanga ligudla i-Altai. Ama-bustard aseTurkey naseYurophu athanda ukuhlala, impumalanga (steppe) indizela ubusika, ikhetha iCrimea, eningizimu ye-Asia Ephakathi kanye nesifunda seCaspian, kanye nenyakatho-mpumalanga yeChina.
Izazi ze-Ornithologists zikhuluma ngokuguquguquka okuphezulu kwemvelo kwalezi zinhlobo, ngokususelwa ekusatshalalisweni kwayo okubanzi kwendawo. Kusungulwe ukuthi ama-bustard afunde ukuhlala nokuzala ezindaweni eziguqulwe ngabantu ezicishe zaqashelwa.
Isimo sokuqala seDudak sithathwa njengedlelo lamathafa asenyakatho... Ama-bustard anamuhla akhetha okusanhlamvu okutshani obude (ikakhulukazi utshani bezimpaphe) ama-steppes. Zivame ukuhlala ezindaweni ezisicaba, ezinamagquma kancane (ezinotshani obuphakeme, kodwa hhayi obukhulu), zigwema imifula, imihosha, amagquma aminyene nezindawo ezinamadwala. Isidleke seBustards, njengomthetho, ethafeni, kwesinye isikhathi sihlala ezintabeni zezintaba.
Ukudla okuhle kwe-bustard
Inyoni ine-assortment ecebile ye-gastronomic, efaka izingxenye zezilwane nezitshalo, isilinganiso sazo sithonywe iminyaka nobulili be-bustard, indawo ehlala kuyo kanye nokutholakala kokudla okuthile.
Abantu abadala badla ngokuzithandela amaqabunga, amahlumela, ama-inflorescence nembewu yezitshalo ezitshaliwe / zasendle ezinjenge:
- idandelion, inkunzane yenkundla, imbuzi, ingadi ehlwanyela inkunzimalanga, i-tansy ejwayelekile, i-kulaba;
- idlelo kanye nezilwanyana ezinwabuzelayo, i-sainfoin, uphizi ne-alfalfa (ukuhlwanyela);
- ukuhlwanyela kanye nesithombo sensimu, ukudlwengulwa, iklabishi lengadi, itheniphu, isinaphi esimnyama;
- imbuzi nefescue;
- ukhova ohlukahlukene.
Ngezikhathi ezithile ishintshela ezimpandeni zotshani - i-umbelliferae, i-wheatgrass no-anyanisi.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngokushoda kohlaza olujwayelekile, i-bustard ishintshela ekudleni okunzima, ngokwesibonelo, ama-beet shots. Kepha ulwelwesi olubi lwesihlahla sebhitrudi luvame ukudala ukufa kwezinyoni ngenxa yokugaya ukudla.
Ukwakheka kokudla kwezilwane kubukeka kanjena:
- abadala / izibungu zesikhonyane, intethe, ikhilikithi nebhere;
- amabhungane / izibungu zamabhungane aphansi, amabhungane afile, amabhungane aseColorado, amabhungane amnyama, amabhungane amaqabunga kanye nama-weevils;
- amacimbi ezimvemvane nezimbungulu (ezingavamile);
- iminenke, izikelemu zomhlaba nezindlebe;
- izibankwa, amaxoxo, amatshwele e-skylark nezinye izinyoni ezidla phansi;
- amagundane amancane;
- izintuthwane / iziphungumangathi zohlobo lweFormica (lokudla kwamachwane).
Ama-bustard amakhulu awakwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kwamanzi: ehlobo andizela emgodini wokuchelela, ebusika aneliseka yiqhwa.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Ama-bustard afudukayo abuyela emazweni awo endabuko ekuncibilikeni kweqhwa, aqala ukugeleza ngokushesha lapho i-steppe isomile. Bahamba ngamaqembu (akukho ukulwa) futhi ngokubodwa, bekhetha izindawo ezivulekile zamanje lapho ungahlola khona indawo.
Eyesilisa eyodwa ifinyelela ku-50 m ububanzi. Okwamanje kubekelwe isikhathi sokuqondana nokuphuma kwelanga, kepha kwesinye isikhathi kwenzeka ngaphambi kokushona kwelanga noma ntambama. Idudak edlalwayo ivula izimpiko zayo, iphonsa emuva intamo yayo, ifaka umphimbo wayo, ikhukhumeze amadevu ayo futhi iphonsa umsila wayo emhlane wayo. Indoda esothandweni i-ecstasy ibukeka njengefu elimhlophe eliqala ukubonakala "njengenyoni" yalo ejwayelekile ngemuva kwemizuzwana eyi-10-15.
Kuyathakazelisa! Abesifazane abafika noma abeza kumanje abakha ngababili baphakade. Kuma-bustard, kokubili i-polyandry ne-polygyny kuyabonakala, lapho "abakhwenyana" kanye "nabashadikazi" behlangana nabalingani abahlukile.
Izidleke ekuqaleni kukaMeyi, ukuhlela izidleke emhlabathini ongenalutho, ngezikhathi ezithile ukuzifihla ngotshani. Ukufukamela amaqanda (2-4), kanye nokukhulisa amantshontsho, kuphathiswe umama: obaba bahlangana emhlambini futhi bathuthele ezindaweni ze-molting yangemva komshado.
Amachwane aqanduselwa ngoMeyi-Juni, ngemuva kwamasonto amathathu kuya kwamane ekufukameleni... Ukuthukuthela cishe ngokushesha kukhasa kuphume esidlekeni, kepha abayishiyi: nangu umama wabo ebaphakela. Baqala ukufuna ngokuzimela ukudla ezinsukwini ezinhlanu, ngaphandle kokuyeka ukondla komama amanye amasonto ama-2-3. AmaJuveniles agcwele ngokuphelele futhi anamaphiko cishe ngenyanga e-1, engashiyi unina kuze kube sekwindla, futhi kaningi kuze kube sentwasahlobo. Izimpaphe zokugcina zobusika / zokuzalela zivela kuma-bustard hhayi ngaphambi kweminyaka engu-4-6 ngokufana nokuzala, okwenzeka kubantu besifazane eminyakeni engu-2-4, nakwabesilisa eminyakeni emi-5-6.
Izitha zemvelo
Izinyoni ezindala zizingelwa izidalwa zasemhlabeni nezimpaphe:
- izinkozi;
- ukhozi lwegolide;
- ukhozi olunomsila omhlophe;
- indawo yokungcwaba;
- impungushe, kufaka phakathi i-steppe;
- imbila nempisi;
- i-steppe ferret;
- amakati / izinja ezilahlekile.
Ezindaweni ezithuthukiswe kakhulu ngabantu, ubungozi busongela izingongolo kanye nama-clutch we-dudak. Izidleke zivame ukucekelwa phansi yizithiyo zasendle kanye nezinsimu, izimpungushe, onogwaja, ama-buzzards, izimpungushe ezimpunga / ezimnyama nama-rook. Lezi zamuva ziye zajwayela ukuhambisana nemishini yasensimini, ezethusa ama-brooders ezidlekeni zazo, okuyilokho okusetshenziswa ama-rook. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amatshwele namaqanda ama-bustard aba yizisulu ezilula zezinja eziphambukayo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Kuze kube yikhulu lama-20, i-bustard yayisakazeke yonke indawo, ihlala emathafeni amakhulu e-Eurasia. Manje lolu hlobo lubonakala lusengozini, kanti le nyoni ifakiwe kwiRed Data Books yamazwe amaningana kanye ne-International Union for Conservation of Nature, kanye nokuvikelwa yimibuthano yamazwe ngamanye.
Okubalulekile! Izizathu zokuqothulwa kwalezi zinhlobo ngokuyinhloko ziyi-anthropogenic - ukuzingela okungalawulwa, izinguquko ezindaweni zokuhlala, umsebenzi wemishini yezolimo.
Ngokweminye imibiko, leli bhasi liqothulwe ngokuphelele eFrance, eScandinavia, ePoland, eNgilandi, eBalkan naseMorocco. Kukholakala ukuthi enyakatho yeJalimane kunezinyoni ezingaba ngu-200, eHungary nasezifundeni ezakhelene ne-Austria, iSlovakia, iCzech Republic neRomania - cishe i-1300-1400 Dudaks, nase-Iberia Peninsula - abantu abangaphansi kwezinkulungwane eziyi-15.
ERussia, i-bustard yayibizwa ngokuthi umdlalo "wesikhulu", ukuyibamba ngobuningi ngosizo lokuzingela izinyoni nama-hounds. Manje esikhaleni seSoviet Union kubhaliswe cishe abantu abayizinkulungwane eziyi-11, okukhona kuzo izinyoni ezingama-300-600 kuphela (ezihlala eBuryatia) ezingaphansi kwama-subspecies asempumalanga. Ukonga lezi zinhlobo, izindawo zokulondolozwa kwezilwane zasendle kanye nezinqolobane zakhiwe e-Eurasia, futhi ukuzalaniswa kwezinyoni kwe-bustard sekuqalile nokubuyiswa kwayo ezindaweni ezazisuswe kuzo ngaphambili. ERussia, kuvulwe indawo efanayo esifundeni saseSaratov.
