Ama-Turtles (lat. Tududines) angabamele enye yama-oda amane ezihuquzelayo zanamuhla zohlobo lweChordate. Ubudala bezinsalela zezinsalela zofudu buyiminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-200-220. yiminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-200-220.
Incazelo yofudu
Ngokusho kobufakazi bososayensi abaningi, eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-150 edlule, ukubukeka nokwakheka kwezimfudu kuhlala kungashintshi.
Ukubukeka
Isici esiyinhloko esihlukanisa ufudu ukuba khona kwegobolondo, elimelelwe ukwakheka okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu okuyisikhumba, okumboza umzimba wezilwane ezihuquzelayo kuzo zonke izinhlangothi nokuvikela isilwane ekuhlaselweni yizilwane eziningi ezidlayo. Ingxenye yangaphakathi yegobolondo ibonakala ngokutholakala kwamapuleti amathambo, kanti ingxenye engaphandle ibonakala ngezihlangu ezinesikhumba. Igobolondo elinjalo linengxenye yangemuva nesisu. Ingxenye yokuqala, ebizwa ngokuthi i-carapace, inesimo se-convex, kanti i-plastron, noma ingxenye yesisu, ihlala isicaba.
Kuyathakazelisa! Umzimba wofudu uhlangana ngokuqinile nengxenye yegobolondo, lapho ikhanda, umsila nezitho ziphuma phakathi kweplastron ne-carapace. Lapho kuvela noma iyiphi ingozi, izimfudu ziyakwazi ukucasha ngokuphelele ngaphakathi kwegobolondo.
Ufudu alunawo amazinyo, kodwa lunomlomo ocijile nonamandla ngokwanele ovumela isilwane ukuba silume kalula izingcezu zokudla... Izimfudu, kanye nezinye izinyoka nezingwenya, zibekela amaqanda ohlobo lwesikhumba, kepha izilwane ezihuquzelayo kaningi azinendaba nenzalo yazo esezelwe, ngakho-ke cishe zisuka ngokushesha endaweni yokubeka.
Izimfudu zezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ziyahlukahluka ngosayizi nobukhulu bazo. Isibonelo, ubude bofudu lwesicabucabu lwasemhlabeni aludluli ku-100 mm ngesisindo ebangeni elingama-90-100 g, kanti ubukhulu bofudu lolwandle oludala lwabantu abadala bufinyelela kuma-250 cm ngesisindo esingaphezu kwengxenye yethoni. Isigaba semidondoshiya phakathi kwezimfudu zomhlaba ezaziwa namuhla sifaka izimfudu zezindlovu zaseGalapagos, igobolondo lazo lingaphezu kwemitha ubude, futhi ubukhulu bungaba izikhungo ezine.
Umbala wezimfudu, njengomthetho, unesizotha kakhulu, uvumela isirhubuluzi ukuba sizifihle kalula njengezinto zemvelo. Kodwa-ke, kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ezihlukaniswa ngephethini ekhanya kakhulu neqhathanisa kakhulu. Isibonelo, ufudu olukhazimulayo oluphakathi nendawo ye-carapace lunemvelaphi emnyama emnyama enamabala aphuzi avelele nemisebe eminingi ephumayo. Indawo yekhanda nentamo yofudu obomvu-ehlombe ihlotshiswe ngephethini emelwe yimigqa ye-wavy nemivimbo, futhi izindawo ezibomvu ngokukhanyayo zitholakala ngemuva kwamehlo.
Uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila
Ngisho noma lingenele ngokwanele izinga lokukhula kobuchopho, ngenxa yokuhlolwa, bekunganqunywa ukuthi ukuhlakanipha kofudu kukhombisa imiphumela ephezulu impela. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi akuzange kube yingxenye yalolu cwaningo kuphela kepha nezinhlobo eziningi zamakholomu ezisemanzini angenawo usawoti, kufaka phakathi umgxobhozo waseYurophu nowaseCaspian.
Izimfudu ziyizilwane ezihuquzelayo ezihola indlela yokuphila yodwa, kepha izilwane ezinjalo zidinga inkampani yohlobo lwazo ngokuqala kwenkathi yokukhwelana... Kwesinye isikhathi izimfudu zihlangana isikhathi sasebusika ngamaqembu amancane. Ezinye izinhlobo zamanzi angenasawoti, kufaka phakathi izimfudu ezinamakhanda amadevu (Phrynops geoffroanus), zibonakala ngokusabela okunamandla lapho kukhona izihlobo zazo ngisho nangaphandle kwenkathi yokukhwelana.
Zingaki izimfudu eziphilayo
Cishe zonke izinhlobo zezimfudu ezifanele zingezesigaba sesibindi eside, abaphethe amarekhodi phakathi kwama-vertebrate amaningi.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ufudu oludumile lwe-Radiant Madagascar olubizwa nge-Tui Malila lukwazile ukuhlala cishe iminyaka engamakhulu amabili.
Iminyaka yesilwane esihuquzelayo esinjalo ivame ukuba ngaphezu kwekhulu. Ngokusho kososayensi, ufudu lungaphila iminyaka engamakhulu amabili noma ngaphezulu.
Igobolondo lofudu
I-carapace yofudu ihlukaniswa nokuma kwayo okuyi-convex, okumelwe isisekelo samathambo nesembozo esinjenge-horny. Isisekelo samathambo e-carapace siqukethe ama-vertebrae ayisishiyagalombili we-pre-sacral, kanye nezingxenye ezibizayo ze-dorsal. Izimfudu ezijwayelekile zinamapuleti angamashumi amahlanu anomsuka oxubile.
Ukuma nenombolo ye-scutes enjalo kuyisici esibaluleke kakhulu sokunquma izinhlobo zofudu:
- Izinhlobo zasemhlabeni zivame ukuba ne-carapace ephezulu, eguquguqukayo futhi ejiyile kakhulu, ehlotshaniswa nezinkomba ezijwayelekile zethamo lamathumbu. Ukuma okubusisiwe kunikeza indawo ebalulekile yangaphakathi, okwenza kube lula ukugaywa kwemifino yokudla okweqile;
- Izinhlobo zomhlaba ezigqobayo zinesigaxa esicwecwe esithe xaxa, esisiza isirhubuluzi ukuhamba kalula ngaphakathi komgodi;
- izimfudu ezahlukahlukene zamanzi ahlanzekile nolwandle zivame ukubonakala ngokuba khona kwe-carapace eyisicaba, ebushelelezi futhi ehlelekile, ene-oval, ovoid noma i-teardrop shape, kepha isisekelo samathambo singancipha;
- izinhlobo ezithambile zemifudu zihlukaniswa nge-carapace eyisicaba kakhulu, isisekelo samathambo sayo esincishiswa njalo ngokungabi bikho kwemikhuba e-corneous kanye nokuba khona kwesembozo esikhumba egobolondweni;
- I-carapace ku-turtleback turtles ayinakho ukunamathela nengxenye ye-axial yamathambo, ngakho-ke, yakhiwa ngomfanekiso wamathambo amancane ahlanganisiwe, ahlanganiswe isikhumba;
- ezinye izimfudu zihlukaniswa nge-carapace lapho kukhona ukuxhumana okwakhiwe kahle okuyi-semi-mobile yohlobo lwe-synarthrous nezicubu ze-cartilaginous emajoyini amapuleti.
Umngcele we-carapace corneous scutes ungabhalwa engxenyeni engaphezulu ye-bone carapace, kanti i-carneace e-corneous, noma ukuthuka kohlobo lwe-horny, kunamagama afana namacwecwe amathambo atholakala.
Izinhlobo zofudu
Njengamanje, kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingamakhulu amathathu zemifudu ezaziwayo, ezemindeni eyishumi nane. Ezinye zalezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo ezikhethekile zihola impilo yasemhlabeni kuphela, kanti enye ingxenye ibonakala ngokujwayela indawo emanzi.
Izinhlobo zezilwane ezilandelayo zihlala ezweni lethu:
- izingulube ze-loggerhead, noma i-caretta, noma I-Loggerhead (lat. Сarettа сaretta) - efinyelela ubude obungu-75-95 cm ngesisindo esimaphakathi esingu-80-200 kg. Umhlobo lo une-carapace emise okwehliziyo, onsundu, obomvu-nsundu noma omnqumo ngombala. Iplastron nebhuloho elinamathambo lingaba ukhilimu noma liphuzi ngombala. Esifundeni esingemuva, kunezingqimba eziyishumi ezibizayo, futhi ikhanda elikhulu futhi limbozwe ngamapuleti amakhulu. Amaphiko angaphambili afakwe uzipho lwamazipho;
- izimfudu ze-leatherback, noma impango (lat. Dermoshelys coriacea) - okuwukuphela kohlobo lwesimanje lomndeni wezimfudu i-Leatherback (Dermoshelyidae). Abamele izimfudu ezinkulu kakhulu zesimanje ezinomzimba wobude obungu-260 cm ngobubanzi besiphephelo sangaphambili esingu-250 cm kanye nesisindo somzimba esifinyelela ku-890-915 kg;
- Izimfudu Far Eastern, noma ama-Chinese trionics (lat. I-Perodisсus sinensis) - izimfudu zamanzi angenasawoti, eziyilungu lomndeni wezimfudu ezinemizimba emithathu ethambile. Emazweni ase-Asia, inyama isetshenziselwa kakhulu ukudla, ngakho-ke isilwane esihuquzelayo singezinto ezizaliswayo ezimbonini. Ubude be-carapace yabantu abadala, njengomthetho, abudluli ikota yemitha, futhi isisindo esilinganisiwe singu-4.0-4.5 kg;
- Izimfudu zasexhaphozini zaseYurophu (lat. I-Emys orbiсularis) - izimfudu zamanzi angenasawoti ezine-oval, low and convex, bushelelezi carapace, enokuxhumeka okuhamba ngeplastron ngomthambo omncane nonwebekayo. Ubude bomuntu omdala walezi zinhlobo ngu-12-35 cm ngesisindo somzimba ngaphakathi kwekhilogremu elilodwa nohhafu;
- Izimfudu zaseCaspian (lat. UMauremys caspisa) - izilwane ezinwabuzelayo eziwuhlobo lwezinhlanzi ezingama-Aquatic kanye nomndeni wezimfudu zase-Asia zamanzi ahlanzekile. Izinhlobo zimelwe yizinhlobo ezintathu ezingaphansi. Kumuntu omdala, ubude obungu-28-30 cm ne-oval carapace. Abantu abasha balezi zinhlobo bahlukaniswa nge-carapace ekhethiwe. Abesilisa abadala banegobolondo elihlanganisiwe elino-plastron othambile;
- iMedithera, noma isiGrikhi, noma Ufudu lwaseCaucasus (lat. Testo graesa) - inhlobo enokhakhayi ophakeme futhi ovundlile, onosiga omncane, ubude bayo busuka ku-33-35 cm, umnqumo okhanyayo noma onsundu ngokuphuzi ngombala namabala amnyama. Izinyawo zangaphambili zinamazipho amane noma amahlanu. Ingemuva kwamathanga ifakwe ishubhu elincane. Ufudu lwalezi zinhlobo luvame ukuba nesihlangu esingabhangqiwe se-supra-tail, i-plastron yayo enombala okhanyayo namabala amnyama.
Ensimini yaseKazakhstan kanye nasemazweni ase-Asia Ephakathi, kutholakala i-Central Asia noma i-steppe tortoise (Agrionemys horsfieldii). Lezi zinhlobo zibonakala ngegobolondo eliphansi, eliyindilinga, eliphuzi ngokunsundu nohlobo olungaqondakali lwamabala amnyama. I-carapace ihlukaniswe izigaxa eziyishumi nantathu zama-horny, kanti i-plastron ihlukaniswe yaba yimikhuba eyishumi nesithupha. Ama-grooves akhona kuma-scute enza kube lula ukunquma inani leminyaka ephilwa ufudu. Ubude besilinganiso sefudu abudluli ku-15-20 cm, futhi abesifazane balezi zinhlobo, njengomthetho, bakhulu kakhulu kunabesilisa.
Indawo yokuhlala
Ububanzi nezindawo zokuhlala zezinhlobo ezihlukene zofudu zihluke kakhulu:
- Ufudu lwendlovu (Сhelоnоidis еleрhаntоpus- Iziqhingi zaseGalapagos;
- Ufudu lwaseGibhithe (Testo kleinmanni) - ingxenye esenyakatho ye-Afrika kanye ne-Middle East;
- Ufudu lwase-Asia Ephakathi (Testudo (I-Agrionеmys) umabhebhana) - IKyrgyzstan ne-Uzbekistan, kanye neTajikistan ne-Afghanistan, iLebanon neSyria, ingxenye esenyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Iran, enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeNdiya nePakistan;
- Ukuphrinta kwengwe noma ufudu lwe-panther (UGeochelone pardalis- amazwe ase-Afrika;
- Ufudu lwaseKapa olunamabala (IHomopus Signatus- ENingizimu Afrika naseningizimu yeNamibia;
- Ipendiwe noma ufudu ohlotshisiwe (Сhrysеmys рiсta- Canada nase-USA;
- Ufudu lwasemanzini lwaseYurophu (I-Emys orbiсularis- amazwe aseYurophu nase-Asia, indawo yeCaucasus;
- Ukhozi olubomvu noma ufudu olunamabhande aphuzi (Ama-Trachemys scripta- USA ne Canada, ingxenye esenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeNingizimu Melika, kufaka phakathi inyakatho yeColombia neVenezuela;
- UCayman noma ufudu olumayo (Сhelydra serrentina) - e-USA naseningizimu-mpumalanga yeCanada.
Izakhamizi zezilwandle nezilwandle zifaka phakathi I-caretta yangempela (Еrеtmochelys imbricata), Ufudu olubuyisa isikhumba (Dermoshelys coriacea), Ufudu lwesobho oluhlaza (Сhelonia mydаs). Izilwane ezihuquzelayo zamanzi ahlanzekile zihlala emifuleni, emachibini nasezixhaphozini zebhande elipholile lase-Eurasia, futhi zihlala emadamini ase-Afrika, eNingizimu Melika, eYurophu nase-Asia.
Ukudla kofudu
Ukudla okuthandwa izimfudu kuxhomeke ngqo kuzimpawu zezinhlobo zezilwane nendawo ezihlala kuyo ezinwabuzelayo. Isisekelo sokudla kwezimfudu zomhlaba simelwe ngokudla kwezitshalo, kufaka phakathi amagatsha amancane ezihlahla ezahlukahlukene, imifino nezithelo zezithelo, utshani namakhowe, nokugcwalisa inani lamaprotheni, izilwane ezinjalo zidla iminenke, ama-slugs noma izikelemu. Isidingo samanzi sivame ukuhlangatshezwa ngokudla izingxenye ezimnandi zesitshalo.
Izimfudu zasolwandle kanye namanzi olwandle zingahlukaniswa njengezilwane ezivamile, zidla izinhlanzi ezincane, amaxoxo, iminenke kanye nama-crustaceans, amaqanda ezinyoni, izinambuzane, izinhlobonhlobo zemvukuzane nama-arthropods. Ukudla kwemifino kudliwa kancane. Ukudla ukudla kwezilwane nakho kuyisici sabantu abadla imfuyo. Kukhona nezinhlobo zofudu bamanzi ahlanzekile abashintshela ekudleni kokudla njengoba bekhula. Izimfudu zasolwandle ezi-omnivorous nazo zicwaningisiswa kahle.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Ngokuqala kwenkathi yokukhwelana, izimfudu zesilisa ezindala zihlela izimpi zomqhudelwano wendabuko kanye nokulwa kwelungelo lokuhlangana nowesifazane. Ngezikhathi ezinjalo, izimfudu zomhlaba zilandela imbangi yazo bese zizama ukuyiphendula, zishaye noma zilume ngengaphambili legobolondo. Izinhlobo zasemanzini ezimpini zinikeza ithuba lokuluma nokuphishekela umphikisi. Ukuqomisana okulandelayo kuvumela insikazi ukuthi ithathe isikhundla esikahle kakhulu sokukhwelana.
Abesilisa bezinhlobo ezithile zezinto, ngenkathi behlangana, bayakwazi ukwenza imisindo yakudala. Zonke izinhlobo zezimfudu ezaziwayo zingezilwane ezi-oviparous, ngakho-ke, abesifazane babeka amaqanda ngaphakathi kwefossa emise okwembiza ekhishwe ngemilenze yabo yangemuva futhi emanziswe noketshezi olufihlwe yi-cloaca.
I-fossa enamaqanda amhlophe ayindilinga noma amaqanda ayagcwaliswa, futhi inhlabathi ihlanganiswe ngosizo lwamagalelo eplastron. Izimfudu zasolwandle nezinye izimfudu ezinentamo eseceleni zizalela amaqanda embozwe ngamagobolondo athambile nasesikhumba. Inani lamaqanda liyahlukahluka phakathi kwabamele izinhlobo ezahlukene futhi lingahluka lisuke kuzicucu ezi-1 kuye kwezingu-200.
Kuyathakazelisa! Izimfudu ezinkulu (Megalochelys gigantea) zinezindlela zokuziphatha ezilawula ubukhulu besibalo senani lamaqanda abekwa minyaka yonke.
Izimfudu eziningi zibeka imvimbo eminingi phakathi nenkathi eyodwa, kanti isikhathi sokufukamela, njengokujwayelekile, sithatha kusukela ezinyangeni ezimbili kuye ezinyangeni eziyisithupha.... Okuhlukile okunakekela inzalo yayo ufudu onsundu (iManouria emys), abesifazane abagada isidleke ngokuzalela amaqanda kuze kuzalwe amachwane. Okunye okuthakazelisayo nokuziphatha kofudu oluhlotshisiwe lwaseBahamian (Pseudemys malonei), olimba ukubekwa kwamaqanda futhi lusize ukuphuma kwentsha.
Izitha zemvelo
Naphezu kokuba khona kwegobolondo eliqinile nelinokwethenjelwa, izimfudu zinezitha eziningi eziyingozi ezihuquzelayo hhayi emhlabeni kuphela, kodwa nasemvelweni osemanzini. Isitha esikhulu sefudu ngumuntu obamba abulale izilwane ezinjalo ukuze athole inyama namaqanda, kanye negobolondo. Izimfudu nazo zithinteka ezifweni ezibangelwa amagciwane nezikhunta, ama-ectoparasites kanye ne-helminths.
Kuyathakazelisa! AmaJaguar alungele ukulungiselela izimfudu eziningana ukuze zidle ngasikhathi sinye, okuthi umhlaseli aphendukele endaweni eyisicaba emihlane yazo azisuse egobolondweni ngosizo lwezinzipho ezibukhali kakhulu.
Izimfudu ezihlala emanzini zizingelwa izilwane ezidla ezinye, zethulwe izinkalankala ne-horse mackerel, izinhlanzi ezinkulu ezidlayo kanye noshaka imbala. Izinyoni ezidla inyama ziyakwazi ukuphonsa izimfudu zisuka endaweni eyanele ngokwanele ziye endaweni enamadwala, ngemuva kwalokho zikhiphe isilwane egobolondweni elihlukaniseke laba izingxenye ezithile.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Izinhlobo ezingama-228 ezivela kulezi ezikhona nezingasekho zingezeRed Data Book kanti lezo ezinesimo esivikelekile se-International Union ye-OP, kanti ezingaba ngu-135 njengamanje zisengcupheni yokuqothulwa ngokuphelele. Izinhlobo zofudu ezidume kakhulu, ezingavamile nezisengozini yokufa manje sezimelelwa ufudu oluseMpumalanga Ekude (Тriоnyх sinensis), kanye nezimfudu zaseGrisi noma zaseMedithera (iTestudo graaisa Iberia).
Uhlu Olubomvu lwe-IUCN lufaka futhi:
- Izinhlobo ezi-11 zeGeochelcne elephantcpus;
- I-Geochelcne carbonaria;
- UGeochelone chilensis;
- UGeochelone dénticulata;
- Ama-Astеrochelys yniрhora;
- I-Asterochelys radioata;
- Izindlovu zeGeochelone;
- UGeochelone pardalis;
- IGeochelone sulcata;
- Gorherus agassizii;
- Gorherus berlandieri;
- IGorherus flavomarglnatus;
- Gorherus polyphemus;
- Malasosherus tоrniеri;
- I-Psammobates geometriсus;
- Рsаmоbаtes tеntоrius;
- I-Psammobates osulifer;
- URyxis planicauda;
- Ama-Рyхis аrасhnоids;
- Сhеrsine аngulata;
- Ama-Hormus boulengery;
- IHormus fеmoralis;
- Izimpawu zeHormus;
- Homopus areolatus;
- Agriоnemys hоrsfiеldi;
- Testo Hermanni;
- Тstudо kleinmаnni;
- Testo mаrginаta.
Izici eziyinhloko ezisongela umphakathi zimelwe ukwehla kwendawo yemvelo yezimfudu ngaphansi kwethonya lemisebenzi yezolimo neyokwakha, kanye nokuzingela.
Inani lezomnotho
Azikho izimfudu ezinkulu kakhulu zomhlaba namanzi yizilwane ezifuywayo ezidumile ezihlonishwa kakhulu ngabathandi bezinto ezingaphandle... Inyama yofudu isetshenziselwa kakhulu ukudla futhi idliwa iluhlaza, iyabiliswa noma ithosiwe, futhi ukuba lula kwezilwane ezinjalo kusiza ukuthuthwa kwezinto ezihuquzelayo ezibukhoma "njengokudla okusemathinini bukhoma". I-carapace yalesi silwane isetshenziswa ekwakheni imihlobiso yezinwele zabesifazane bendabuko efana ne-kanzashi.
Kuyathakazelisa!Izilwane ezifuywayo zivunyelwe kodwa azinconywa emazweni amaningi ase-US, kodwa izilwane ezinjalo azivunyelwe e-Oregon. Kumele kuqashelwe futhi ukuthi umthetho wobumbano wase-US uyakwenqabela ngokuphelele ukuhweba noma ukuthuthwa kwezimfudu, ubukhulu bazo obungaphansi kuka-100 mm, nasengxenyeni esentshonalanga yezwe ufudu lomjaho luthandwa kakhulu, okuwukuzijabulisa kwangempela okulungile.
Ngokungafani nezinye izilwane ezihuquzelayo eziningi ezaziwayo nezifundwayo, noma yiluphi ufudu alunabungozi bangempela empilweni nasempilweni yomuntu. Okuhlukile kumelwe yizimfudu zesilisa ezibuyela emuva, okuthi, lapho kuqala isikhathi sokukhwelana, zikwazi ukubamba ababhukudi ngamaphiko noma bazicwilise, futhi izimfudu ezilumayo nezihlukumezayo ezinolaka zingadala ukuluma okukhulu emuntwini.
