Izinyoka (lat. Sеrrents) zingabamele i-suborder engaphansi kwesigaba se-Reptiles ne-oda le-Scaly. Ngaphandle kokuthi ezinye izinhlobo zezinyoka zinobuhlungu, njengamanje izilwane ezinwabuzelayo eziningi zalesi sigodi zingaphansi kwesigaba sezilwane ezingenalo ubuthi ezinegazi elibandayo.
Incazelo yezinyoka
Okhokho bezinyoka babhekwa njengezibankwa, inzalo yazo emelwe yizibankwa ezifana ne-iguana kanye ne-fusiform yesimanjemanje... Ngenkathi yokuvela kwezinyoka, izinguquko ezibaluleke kakhulu zenzeka, ezabonakala kuzimpawu zangaphandle nezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo zalabo bameleli be-suborder besigaba se-Reptiles.
Ukubukeka, umbala
Izinyoka zinomzimba ohlangene, ngaphandle kwezitho, ubude obuyisilinganiso esingu-100 mm kuya ku- ≥700 cm, futhi umehluko omkhulu ezinhlotsheni zezilonda ezingenamile umele ngokutholakala komhlanganiso womhlathi oshukumisekayo, ovumela isilwanyane ukuba sigwinye isisulu saso sonke. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, izinyoka zintula amajwabu amehlo agudlukayo, indlebe, nebhande lehlombe elishiwoyo.
Umzimba wenyoka umbozwe isikhumba esomile nesomile. Ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezilwane ezihuquzelayo, ukuguquguquka kwesikhumba esifundeni sesisu kuyisici sokunamathela okuthembekile emhlabathini, okusiza kakhulu ukunyakaza. Ukushintsha kwesikhumba kunqubo yokuxebuka noma ukuchitheka kwenzeka kungqimba olulodwa futhi njalo ngasikhathi sinye, kufana nenqubo yokuguqula isitokwe ngasohlangothini olungafanele.
Kuyathakazelisa! Amehlo ambozwe ngezikali ezikhethekile ezisobala noma amajwabu amehlo okuthiwa awanyakazi, ngakho-ke, empeleni, ahlala evulekile, ngisho nalapho inyoka ilele, futhi ngaphambi nje kokuba i-molt, amehlo abe luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka futhi abe namafu.
Izinhlobo eziningi zehluka kakhulu esimweni nenani eliphelele lezikali ezisekhanda, emuva nasesiswini, esivame ukusetshenziselwa ukukhomba okunembile kwesirhubuluzi ngezinhloso zetekisi. Izinyoka ezithuthuke kakhulu zinemivimbo ebanzi yesikali somhlane esihambisana nama-vertebrae, ngenxa yokuthi kungenzeka ukubala wonke amathambo ezilwane ngaphandle kokuwavula.
Abantu abadala bavame ukushintsha isikhumba sabo kanye kuphela noma amahlandla ambalwa ngonyaka owodwa. Kodwa-ke, kubantu abasha, abaqhubeka bekhula ngenkuthalo, kuyisici ukushintsha isikhumba kane ngonyaka. Isikhumba esichithwa yinyoka lapho kucolwa inyoka kungumbhalo omuhle wesembozo esingaphandle se-reptile. Kusukela esikhunjeni esichithekile esingonakalisiwe, njengomthetho, kungenzeka ukuthi unqume kalula ukuthi inyoka ingeyayiphi inhlobo ethile.
Uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila
Izici zokuziphatha kanye nendlela yokuphila kuncike ohlotsheni lwezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinegazi elibandayo... Isibonelo, izinyoka ezigudlukayo zihlukaniswa ngendlela yokuphila engagqokile, ezinyakazayo enhlabathini ethambile, ehlola izimbobo zabanye abantu, ekhuphuka ngaphansi kwezimpande zezitshalo noma imifantu emhlabathini.
Izikebhe zobumba ziholela ekusithekeni noma ekugqobeni, okubizwa ngokuthi indlela yokuphila, ngakho-ke zisetshenziselwa ukuchitha ingxenye enkulu yesikhathi sazo ngaphansi komhlaba noma ukugqekeza udoti wasehlathini. Izinyoka ezinjalo ziza phezulu ebusuku kuphela noma emvuleni. Ezinye izinhlobo zezikebhe zobumba ziyakwazi ukukhasa kalula futhi ngokushesha ngisho nasezihlahleni ezide noma ezihlahleni.
Izimbungulu zihlala ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezingama-savanna, ezindaweni ezingamahlathi ashisayo nasezindaweni ezingamaxhaphozi, kodwa ezinye izinhlobo zihlala ezindaweni eziwugwadule. Kaningi ama-pythons atholakala eduze kwamanzi, ayakwazi ukubhukuda kahle aze acwilise. Izinhlobo eziningi zinhle kakhulu ekukhuphukeni kweziqu zemithi; ngakho-ke, izinhlobo zezihlahla ezisebenza kusihlwa noma ebusuku ziyaziwa futhi zifundiswa cishe ngokuphelele.
Izinyoka ezikhazimulayo zihola indawo engaphansi komhlaba, ebizwa ngokuthi indlela yokuphila, ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi sasemini bakhetha ukucasha ngaphansi kwamatshe noma emigodini ejulile. Imvamisa, izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinegazi elibandayo zigcwala ngaphansi kwehlathi noma zingene emhubheni enhlabathini ethambile, zisuka lapho zifika khona ebusuku kuphela. Amalungu omndeni ayizakhamuzi ezijwayelekile zamahlathi aswakeme, izingadi ezijwayelekile noma amasimu elayisi.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ezinye izinhlobo zinezindlela ezikhethekile zokuzivikela, ngakho-ke, lapho kuvela ingozi, zigobana zibe yibhola eliqinile bese zisebenzisa "ukuphuma kwegazi ngokuzithandela", lapho amathonsi noma imifudlana yegazi ikhishwa emehlweni nasemlonyeni.
Ezinyokeni zaseMelika ezinjengesibungu, kuyisici sokuhlala phansi phansi kwehlathi noma iziqu zemithi eziwile, futhi indlela yokuphila eyimfihlo ayisivumeli ukuthi sinqume ngokunembile izici zebhayoloji kanye nenani eliphelele lezinyoka ezinjalo.
Zingaki izinyoka ezihlala
Kukholakala ukuthi ezinye izinhlobo zezinyoka zikwazi ukuhlala kuze kube yingxenye yekhulu leminyaka, kanti izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinegazi elibandayo ezigcinwe ekuthunjweni ziba yisibindi eside. Ngokusho kokubona okuningi, izinhlwathi aziphili ngaphezu kweminyaka eyikhulu, kuyilapho ezinye izinhlobo zezinyoka ziphila cishe iminyaka engama-30-40.
Ubuthi benyoka
Ensimini yezwe lethu, okwamanje kunezinhlobo eziyishumi nane kuphela zezinyoka ezisesigabeni sezilwane ezinobuthi ezibandayo. Ngokuvamile, umuntu uhlushwa ukulunywa yinyoka noma abamele umndeni wakwa-Aspid. Ukwakheka kobuhlungu benyoka kufaka amaprotheni nama-peptide anamazinga ahlukene obunzima, kanye nama-amino acid, lipids nezinye izinto eziningi. Futhi, ushevu wenyoka uqukethe ama-enzyme angadiliza kalula izicubu zomuntu, ngenxa yemiphumela yawo enobuthi.
I-enzyme i-hyaluronidase ikhuthaza ukuwohloka kwezicubu ezixhuma nokucekelwa phansi kwama-capillaries amancane. Isici se-phospholipase ukucwenga ungqimba lwe-lipid lwama-erythrocyte ngokubhujiswa kwawo okulandelayo. Isibonelo, ubuthi benyoka buqukethe womabili ama-enzyme, ngakho-ke unomphumela owonakalisayo ohlelweni lokujikeleza kwegazi ngokwakhiwa kwamahlule egazi nokwephula okujwayelekile kokujikeleza kwegazi.... Ama-neurotoxin aqukethwe ubuthi ngokushesha abangela ukukhubazeka kwezicubu zokuphefumula, okuvusa ukufa komuntu ngenxa yokucinana.
Kodwa-ke, ubuthi benyoka, obunoketshezi obungenambala, obungenaphunga, nobuphuzi, bunezinto eziningi zokwelapha. Ngenhloso yokwelashwa, kusetshenziswa ubuthi obufihlwa yimfezi, i-gurza ne-viper. Amafutha nemijovo kusetshenziswa ekwelapheni izifo ezihambisana nohlelo lwe-musculoskeletal, ekwelapheni imihuzuko nokulimala, i-rheumatism ne-polyarthritis, kanye ne-radiculitis ne-osteochondrosis. I-Viper kanye ne-gyurza venom ziyingxenye yezidakamizwa ze-hemostatic, kanti ubuthi be-cobra buyingxenye yamaphilisi ezinhlungu nezidakamizwa.
Ososayensi benza uchungechunge lwezivivinyo ezihlose ukutadisha imiphumela yobuthi benyoka kwizicubu zomdlavuza. Izici zento enjalo zibhekwa ngenkuthalo njengendlela yokumisa nokuvimbela ukuthuthukiswa kokuhlaselwa yinhliziyo. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa okuyisisekelo kwezokwelapha kobuhlungu benyoka kusalokhu kungukukhiqizwa kwama-serum, afakwa ngokulunywa kwalezi ezihuquzelayo ezinegazi elibandayo. Ngenqubo yokwenza i-sera, kusetshenziswa igazi kusuka kumahhashi ajovwe ngemithamo emincane yobuthi.
Izinhlobo zezinyoka
Ngokusho kwe-The Rertile Database, ekuqaleni konyaka odlule kwakukhona izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezi-3,5 zezinyoka, ezihlangene emindenini engaphezu kwamashumi amabili, kanye nemikhaya emikhulu eyisithupha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani lezinhlobo zezinyoka ezinobuthi cishe liyi-25% yenani.
Izinhlobo ezidume kakhulu:
- umndeni we-monotypic u-Aniliidae, noma izinyoka ze-Kalkovate - zinomzimba oyindilinga onomsila omfishane futhi obuthuntu, ombozwe izikali ezincane;
- umndeni wakwaVolyeriidae, noma ama-Mascarene boas, ahlukaniswa ngethambo le-maxillary, elihlukaniswe laba yizingxenye ezimbili, ezixhumeke ngokuhambisa;
- umndeni weTropidorhiidae, noma ama-Earth boas - izilwane ezinegazi elibandayo elingenalo iphaphu langakwesobunxele lapho kukhona iphaphu le-tracheal;
- umndeni we-monotypic u-Acroshordidae, noma izinyoka ze-Warty - unomzimba ogcwele izikali eziyimbudumbudu nezincane ezingambozeki, ukuze ukwazi ukubona ubukhona bezindawo zesikhumba esingenalutho;
- umndeni we-monotypic Cylindrophiidae, noma izinyoka ze-Cylindrical - ezibonakala ngokungabikho kwamazinyo ethanjeni le-intermaxillary, kanye nokuba khona kwamehlo amancane futhi athuthukile, angamboziwe ngesihlangu;
- i-Uroreltidae yomndeni, noma izinyoka ezinomsila weShield - zinokuhamba okuhle kakhulu nombala womzimba ohlukahlukane kakhulu nge-metallic sheen;
- umndeni we-monotypic Lohocemidae, noma izinhlwathi zobumba zaseMexico, zihlukaniswa ngomzimba ojiyile futhi onemisipha, ikhanda elincanyana nelinesipatate, isikali esinsundu ngokumnyama noma esansundu ngokunsomi ngombala onsomi;
- umndeni we-Pythonidae, noma ama-Pythons - abonakala ngemibala ehlukahlukene, kanye nokuba khona kweziqalo zezitho zangemuva nebhande le-pelvic;
- umndeni we-monotypic i-Xenoreltidae, noma izinyoka ezikhazimulayo, zinomzimba oyindilinga nomsila omfushane, inhloko embozwe izihlangu ezinkulu, kanye nezikali ezibushelelezi nezicwebezelayo ezinombala ophakeme we-iridescent;
- umndeni wakwaVoidae, noma izinyoka ezinemilenze yamanga - zingezinyoka ezisinda kakhulu emhlabeni, zifinyelela cishe isisindo esingamakhilogremu ayikhulu, kufaka phakathi inhlwathi;
- umndeni omningi kunayo yonke iColubridae, noma okwe-Sag - wehluke kakhulu ngobude obumaphakathi nokuma komzimba;
- umndeni omkhulu i-Elapidae, noma i-Aspidaceae - unokwakheka okuncane, izikali ezibushelelezi zedorsal, umbala ohlukahlukene kanye nezikwele ezinkulu ezilinganayo ekhanda;
- umndeni iVireidae, noma i-Viper - izinyoka ezinobuthi, ezibonakala ngokuba khona kwamakhanini amancane amade futhi angenalutho asetshenziselwa ukukhipha ubuthi obunobuthi obukhiqizwa yizindlala ezikhethekile;
- umndeni Anomalerididae, noma izinyoka zaseMelika ezinjengezikelemu - ezincane ngosayizi nezilwane ezinegazi elibandayo, ezingadluli ku-28-30 cm ubude;
- Umndeni i-Tyrhlopidae, noma i-Blind-snakes, yizinyoka ezincane ezinjengezikelemu ezinomsila omfushane kakhulu futhi ojiyile, oyindilinga, uvame ukuphela ngomgogodla obukhali.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ukufaniswa kwezinyoka eziyizimpumputhe nezikhova kuyaziwa, okuziletha emgodini onamantshontsho. Izinyoka zibhubhisa izinambuzane ezinamaphiko ezingena endlini, ngenxa yokuthi izikhova zikhula ziphilile futhi ziqinile.
Imindeni engasekho yezinyoka ifaka phakathi uMattsoiidae, kubandakanya uSanajeh indisus, owaphila eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi ezingamashumi ayisithupha edlule.
Indawo yokuhlala
Cishe zonke izindawo zokuhlala zeplanethi yethu ziye zenziwa izinyoka. Izilwane ezinwabuzelayo ezinegazi elibandayo zisakazeke kakhulu ezindaweni ezishisayo zase-Asia nase-Afrika, engxenyeni eseningizimu yeMelika nase-Australia:
- Izinyoka zeValky - iNingizimu Melika;
- Bolierids - Isiqhingi Esiyindilinga edude Mauritius;
- Izikebhe zomhlaba - eningizimu yeMexico, eMelika Ephakathi neseNingizimu, e-Antilles naseBahamas;
- Izinyoka ezinesibindi - eningizimu naseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, eNew Guinea, e-Australia naseNdiya;
- Izinyoka ezinomsila wesihlangu - iSri Lanka, izwekazi laseNdiya kanye neNingizimu-mpumalanga yeAsia;
- Izimbungulu zobumba zaseMexico - amahlathi emvula asezindaweni ezishisayo nezigodi ezomile;
- Izinyoka ezikhazimulayo - eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, iMalay Archipelago kanye nePhilippines;
- Izinyoka ezinemilenze yamanga - izindawo ezishisayo, ezishisayo nezinengxenye epholile ezindaweni ezisempumalanga nasentshonalanga;
- Ezivele zimile - azikho ezindaweni ezibandayo zeplanethi yethu;
- Ama-asps yizindawo ezishisayo nezifudumele kuzo zonke izingxenye zomhlaba ngaphandle kweYurophu;
- Izinyoka ezinjengezimpethu zaseMelika - iMelika Ephakathi naseningizimu.
Izinyoka zithanda izindawo ezinesimo sezulu esishisayo, lapho zingahlala khona emahlathini, ezingwadule nasemathafeni, ezindaweni ezinamagquma nasezintabeni.
Ukudla kwezinyoka
Ukudla kwenyoka kuhluke kakhulu.... Isibonelo, izinyoka ezinama-warty zikhetha ukondla izinhlanzi kuphela, kanti izikelemu zomhlaba, kanye nezibankwa eziningi ezincane, zasemhlabeni, kuyisisekelo sokudla kwezinyoka ze-shieldtail. Ukudla kwezinhlwathi zobumba zaseMexico kumelwe ngamagundane nezilonda, kanye namaqanda e-iguana. Impango yezinsikazi imvamisa izilwane ezincelisayo ezihluke kakhulu. Izinhlwathi ezinkulu ziyakwazi ukuzingela ngisho nezimpungushe nezinkukhu, izinyoni nezinye izibankwa.
Izimbila ezisencane kakhulu zidla amagundane amancane nezibankwa ngenjabulo enkulu, kwesinye isikhathi zidla amaxoxo. Izinhlwathi zibamba inyamazane yazo ngamazinyo azo, futhi ngasikhathi sinye zikhama imizimba ngamasongo. Izinyoka ezikhazimulayo zingabazingeli abahle kakhulu, zibulala ngenkuthalo izinyoka ezincane, inani elikhulu lamagundane, amaxoxo nezinyoni, kanye nokudla kwabamele umndeni wakwa-Aspid kuhluke kakhulu.
Izinyoka emndenini wakwa-Elapidae nazo zingadla izilwane ezincelisayo, izinyoni nezinyoka, izibankwa namaxoxo, nezinhlanzi, kepha eziningi zazo ziyakwazi ukondla cishe noma yiluphi uhlobo lokudla okufanelekile. Izinambuzane ezincane ezingenamgogodla zivame ukudla izinyoka zaseMelika ezifana nezikelemu.
Kuyathakazelisa! Isisulu sigwinywa yizimbungulu ngokuphelele, lokhu kungenxa yesici sesakhiwo semishini yomhlathi, kepha uma kunesidingo, izilwane ezinwabuzelayo ezinjalo ziyakwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kokudla cishe unyaka nohhafu.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi izinhlobo ezingezona ezinobuthi zezinyoka zigwinya inyamazane yazo iphila kuphela, kepha zingabulala inyamazane yazo ngokuyikhama ngemihlathi yazo nangokucindezela kakhulu ebusweni bomhlaba ngomzimba wazo wonke. Boas kanye pythons bakhetha ukuklinya inyamazane yabo emasongweni omzimba. Izinhlobo ezinobuthi bezinyoka zisebenzelana nesisulu sazo ngokujova ushevu emzimbeni wayo. Ubuthi bufaka isisulu ngamazinyo akhethekile ahambisa ubuthi esihuquzelayo esinamakhaza anjalo.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Ingxenye ebalulekile yezinhlobo zezinyoka izala kuphela ngokubeka amaqanda, kepha kwabanye abameleli be-suborder besigaba se-Reptiles kanye ne-Scaly oda, isimo sesigaba se-ovoviviparous noma i-viviparous siyisici. Isibonelo, izinyoka ezinomsila wesihlangu ziyi-ovoviviparous, kanti ubulongwe bazo bumelwe ngamazinyane angu-2-10... Izinhlwathi zobumba zaseMexico zizalela cishe amaqanda amane amakhulu, kanti izinyoka ze-pseudopod zimelelwa yizinhlobo ze-viviparous kanye ne-oviparous.
Izinhlobo eziningi zomndeni wakwa-Aspida ziqala ukuzala okusebenzayo kanye kuphela ngonyaka, ngokuqala kwentwasahlobo, okuhambisana nale nqubo ngezimpi zangempela zabesilisa zokunakwa kwabesifazane. Ukungabekezelelani okunjalo kwabesilisa komunye nomunye ngokuqala kwenkathi yokukhwelana kusivumela ukuba sibone ukucaciseleka kobudlelwano phakathi kwabantu, noma izinyoka okuthiwa "ziyadansa".
Kuyathakazelisa! Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi zonke izinyoka zamakhorali, ama-mamba, kanye nezimbotshana zomhlaba nezasolwandle, ama-cobra amaningi kanye nengxenye yama-asps ase-Australia aziwa njengamanje, abekela amaqanda.
Cishe zonke izinhlobo zesimanje zenyoka zizala kuphela ngokocansi, ngokubamba iqhaza okuqondile kowesilisa nowesifazane, kepha abamele imindeni ngabunye bathambekele kakhulu kuparthenogenesis - ukuzala besebenzisa amaqanda angenazihibe futhi ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza kwabesilisa kule nqubo. Kukhona okuhlukile okungajwayelekile phakathi kwezinyoka, ezimelwe ngama-hermaphrodites angempela - abantu abesilisa nabesilisa ngasikhathi sinye.
Izitha zemvelo
Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, izinyoka zinezitha eziningi ezikwazi ukubhubhisa izinhlobo ezinoshevu ezihuquzelayo.Ukulwa nezinyoka, ama-hedgehogs, ama-ferrets nama-weasel, ama-martens nezinyoni eziningi, kufaka phakathi izinkozi ezinamachashaza, inyoni kanobhala kanye nenkukhu encane egijimayo, ibhungane negwababa, umagpie namanqe, kanye namapikoko, angathintwa yisihlungu senyoka, asetshenziswa kaningi.
Kuzothakazelisa futhi:
- Inkosi uCobra
- Inyoka yenkosi
- Inyoka yegundane elibomvu
- Imnyama Mamba
AmaMongooses nawo anokuzivikela okuzelwe - esinye sezitha eziyinhloko, ezingenakuqhathaniswa zabamele abangaphansi kwesigaba sezilwane ezihuquzelayo kanye ne-Scaly oda. Ensimini yaseBrazil sekuvele kubizwa ngokuthi yi-musurana. Isilwane esikhulu kangako futhi esingenabungozi ngokuphelele kubantu besilwane sondla ngempumelelo ezihuquzelayo, kufaka phakathi izinyoka ezinobuthi.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Namuhla, izinhlobo zezinyoka eziyivelakancane yilezi:
- Inyoka kaWagner (iVirer kaWagner);
- I-Alcatrazes Lansehead;
- inyoka yenyoka yasesiqhingini saseSanta Catalina (Sаntа Sаtаlаnа Islаnd Rаttlеsnаke);
- Inyoka ye-Antiguan (i-Antiguan Racer);
- Inyoka kaDarevsky (Varer kaDarevsky);
- inyoka yasolwandle enekhono elifushane (Shоrt-Nоsеd Seа Snake);
- okunama-mascarene boa constrictor (Rounde Island Boa);
- i-rattlesnake ye-monochromatic (i-Aruba Islаnd Rаttlеsnаke);
- Inyoka ka-Orlov (i-Orlov's Virer);
- Inyoka yaseSlimusian (Inyoka iSt Lucia Racer).
Zonke izinhlobo ezifakiwe emndenini we-Earthen boa njengamanje zifakwe ohlwini lweSithasiselo II seCITES Convention on International Trade. Phakathi kokunye, ezinye izinhlobo zomndeni wakwaPythons ngaphambili zaziqothulwe kakhulu ngenhloso yokukhipha inyama nesikhumba, futhi inani eliphelele labanye abaningi abamele lancipha ngenxa yokucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zokuhlala ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu, ngakho-ke izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinegazi elibandayo zifakiwe emakhasini ohlu olubomvu lwe-IUCN.
