Inyoni emangazayo yamagwababa. Ngenxa yekhono lokuzivumelanisa cishe nanoma iziphi izimo zokuphila, selisakazeke kuyo yonke iplanethi, futhi umumo walo omnyama esibhakabhakeni ujwayelekile kuwo wonke umuntu. Kwabanye, igwababa liyisibikezelo seshwa, kepha komunye lifanekisela ukuhlakanipha nokubekezela. Isithombe sakhe sisabalele ezinganekwaneni, eqanjiwe, emculweni nakwisinema.
Sekungamakhulu eminyaka abantu befundisa igwababa njengesilwane esifuywayo, bephawula ubuhlakani obungavamile benyoni. Ngesinye isikhathi, inani labantu emhlabeni linciphile kakhulu, kepha namuhla igwababa elijwayelekile lithathwa ngaphansi kokuvikelwa amazwe amaningi futhi isibalo saqala ukukhula futhi.
Incazelo kaRaven
Igama lesiLatin lale nyoni yiCorvus corax... Lezi zinhlobo zachazwa okokuqala yisazi semvelo uKarl Liney ngo-1758. Kuze kube manje, ababheki bezinyoni bahlukanisa izinhlobo ezingaphansi kwezingu-11 zamagwababa, kepha umehluko phakathi kwazo ku-phenotype mncane futhi kungenxa yendawo yokuhlala, kunokuba kube yisici sofuzo.
Igwababa libhekisela
- umbuso yizilwane;
- uhlobo - chordate;
- isigaba - izinyoni;
- iqembu - umgibeli;
- umndeni - corvids;
- uhlobo - amagwababa;
- izinhlobo - igwababa elivamile.
Izihlobo eziseduze zale nyoni igwababa elinezintambo ezimhlophe laseMelika, igwababa elinjenge-piebald nogwadule olunamakhanda ansundu, kanti ngaphandle lifana kakhulu ne-rook.
Ukubukeka
Igwababa lingummeleli omkhulu kunabo bonke odlulayo. Ubude bomzimba wayo bufinyelela ku-70 cm, kanti amaphiko ayo afinyelela ku-150 cm.Isisindo senyoni singaba yi-800-1600 g, noma kunjalo, akuyona into ejwayelekile ukuthi ama-ornithologists achaze amagwababa anesisindo somzimba esifinyelela ku-2 kg. Umehluko wobude nesisindo uncike endaweni yokuhlala - lapho isimo sezulu sibanda, kukhula nabantu abahlala kuyo. Okungukuthi, abamele abakhulu kakhulu bamagwababa bangatholakala ezindaweni ezisenyakatho noma ezintabeni.
Kuyathakazelisa! Isici esihlukile segwababa ngumlomo omkhulu ocijile nezimpaphe eziphuma okomuntu oshisayo emphinjeni wale nyoni. Lapho indiza, igwababa lingahlukaniswa kwabanye ngomsila walo omise okwegumbi.
Amagwababa wesilisa makhulu kunabesifazane. Cishe akunakwenzeka ukuwahlukanisa ngombala - kokubili insikazi nowesilisa kumnyama nge-metallic sheen. Ingaphezulu yomzimba inombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma onsomi, kanti ngezansi kuluhlaza. Intsha ibonakala ngezimpaphe ezimnyama ze-matte. Imilenze yale nyoni inamandla, inezinzipho ezinkulu ezimnyama ezigobile. Uma kunesidingo, bobabili nomlomo obanzi ogoqiwe bazoba yisikhali sokuhlasela isitha.
Indlela yokuphila nokukhalipha
Ngokungafani namagwababa ampunga asemadolobheni, igwababa elijwayelekile liyisakhamuzi samahlathi anda futhi likhetha amahlathi amadala e-coniferous... Ihlala ngazimbili ezihlukanisiwe, kuphela ekwindla yakha imihlambi emincane yabantu abayi-10-40 ukuze indizele endaweni entsha iyofuna ukudla. Ebusuku, le nyoni ilala esidlekeni sayo, futhi izingela usuku lonke. Uma kunesidingo, umhlambi owodwa ungahlela ukuhlasela komunye bese uphinde uthathe indawo lapho izothola khona ukudla.
Kuyathakazelisa! Izinyoni zikhetha ukwakha isidleke ehlathini, kodwa-ke, ebusika zithanda ukusondela eduze komuntu, ngokwesibonelo, ezindaweni zokulahla amadolobha noma amathuna. Lapho maningi amathuba okuthi athole okuthile okudliwayo futhi asinde emakhazeni.
Igwababa liyinyoni ehlakaniphile. Inesilinganiso esifanayo sobuchopho nomzimba njengezimfene. Ososayensi baze bathi banobuhlakani. Ukuqinisekisa leli qiniso, kwenziwa izivivinyo eziningi, zanika inyoni ithuba lokuveza amakhono ayo engqondo. Olunye lwezivivinyo ezibukwayo lwalususelwa enganekwaneni ka-Aesop ethi The Crow and the Jug. Izinyoni zafakwa egumbini elinenqwaba yamatshe amatshe kanye nomkhumbi omncane onezibungu ezazintanta emanzini amancane.
Izinyoni zazingakwazi ukufika ngokukhululeka kokudla okumnandi, kwase kuthi ukuqonda kwabo kwabasiza. Amagwababa aqala ukuphonsa amatshe emkhunjini, ngaleyo ndlela anyusa izinga lamanzi ukuze afinyelele ezibongweni. Ukuhlolwa kuphindwe kane ngezinyoni ezihlukile futhi bonke babhekana nomsebenzi - ukufinyelela ekudleni. Ngasikhathi sinye, izinyoni azigcinanga nje ngokwenza amawala, zaphonsa amatshe amancane zaze zafika ezimpethuni, zikhetha amatshe amakhulu, zibona ukuthi ziyakwazi ukukhipha amanzi amaningi.
Ulimi lwamagwababa nalo lwafundwa ososayensi. Kuphakanyisiwe ukuthi ukukhonkotha akuyona nje umsindo oshubile, kepha ingxoxo yangempela, ngaphezu kwalokho, ikude kakhulu. Kungaba phezulu kakhulu ukuyibiza ngokuthi ulimi, kepha ososayensi bafinyelele esiphethweni sokuthi amagwababa anokuthile okufana nolimi olushintshayo kuye nge-halo yendawo yokuhlala. Elinye iqiniso elifakazela ukuba khona kobuhlakani kulezi zinyoni yinkumbulo edluliselwa esizukulwaneni ngesizukulwane.
Inyoni eyodwa nje ebulawa abalimi ingadala ukufuduka komhlambi. Amagwababa azokhumbula isikhathi eside indlu noma indawo lapho kuvela khona ingozi futhi bazozama ngawo wonke amandla abo ukugwema ukuvela eduze kwayo. Enye into eyanakwa kwakuwukulawulwa kokuvimbela le nyoni, noma kunalokho amandla okulawula izifiso ezingokwemvelo ngenxa yokuziphatha okunengqondo. Amagwababa anikezwa amapayipi opaque anezimbobo lapho kutholakala khona ukudla.
Lapho befunda ukuwathola ngokunembile, amapayipi ashintshwa afakwa asobala. Zisebenzisa ukuzithiba, izinyoni kwakudingeka zikhiphe ukudla ngaphandle kokuzama ukukufinyelela ngokuqondile, zingene odongeni olusobala. Akunakushiwo, baluphumelele ngempumelelo lolu vivinyo. Ukubekezela okunjalo kusiza igwababa ukuthi lilinde ukudla amahora amaningi ngaphandle kokuzibeka engozini engadingekile.
Mangaki amagwababa aphila
Isikhathi sokuphila segwababa sithonywe indawo elihlala kuyo, ngakho-ke kunzima ukuphendula ngokungaqondakali embuzweni wokuthi le nyoni ihlala isikhathi esingakanani. Ezinyonini zasemadolobheni nalabo abahlala endle, inani leminyaka ephilayo lizohluka kakhulu.
Kuyathakazelisa! Lapho igwababa liphila ngokwengeziwe, ulwazi olwengeziwe, amakhono kanye nesipiliyoni azothola empilweni yakhe. Le nyoni ayikhohlwa lutho futhi eminyakeni edlule iba ngobuhlakani futhi ihlakaniphe.
Amagwababa akha isidleke ngaphakathi kwedolobha futhi ahogele njalo intuthu eyingozi evela ezindaweni zezimboni, kanye nokudla okulahliwe ezindaweni zokulahla udoti, kuyaqabukela aziqhayise ngokuphila isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka eyishumi. Kodwa-ke, emadolobheni, izinyoni azinazo izitha, ngakho-ke, ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle, amagwababa angaphila iminyaka engama-30. Ngokwemvelo, amagwababa aphila cishe iminyaka eyi-10-15. Abantu abavamile baphila kuze kufike ku-40, ngoba nsuku zonke inyoni kufanele izingele ukudla kwayo futhi ivezwe ezingozini eziningi, kufaka phakathi ukuhlaselwa ezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye. Ukwindla nobusika obubandayo bungabulala wonke umhlambi.
Ama-Arabhu akholelwa ukuthi igwababa liyinyoni engafi... Amarekhodi asendulo athi abantu baphila iminyaka engama-300 noma ngaphezulu, kanti izinganekwane zabantu zithi igwababa liphila izimpilo zabantu abayisishiyagalolunye. Izazi zezinyoni zibheka amahemuhemu anjalo ngokungabaza okukhulu, kodwa-ke, aqinisekile ukuthi uma kudalelwa izimo ezikahle kule nyoni ekuthunjweni, ingahlala iminyaka engama-70.
Uyini umehluko phakathi kwegwababa negwababa
Kunombono oyiphutha osakazekile phakathi kwabantu wokuthi igwababa ngowesilisa, kanti igwababa liyinsikazi yohlobo olufanayo. Eqinisweni, igwababa negwababa izinhlobo ezimbili ezihlukene zomndeni owodwa we-corvid. Ukudideka okunjalo olimini lwesiRussia kwavela ngenxa yokubizwa okufanayo nokupelwa kwamagama ezinyoni. Akukho ukudideka kwezinye izilimi. Isibonelo, esiNgisini, igwababa libizwa ngokuthi "igwababa", futhi igwababa lizwakala lithi "igwababa". Uma abokufika bezidida lezi zinyoni ezimbili, kungenxa yokubukeka okufanayo.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngokungafani namagwababa, amagwababa akhetha ukuhlala eduze kwabantu. Ngakho-ke kulula kubo ukuzitholela ukudla. Emazweni we-CIS, kutholakala kuphela i-Hooded Crow, okungekho nzima ukuhlukanisa ngombala womzimba.
Igwababa elimnyama, empeleni elingaphanjaniswa negwababa, lihlala kakhulu eNtshonalanga Yurophu nasengxenyeni esempumalanga ye-Eurasia. Ubude nesisindo somzimba wale nyoni kungaphansi kakhulu kwegwababa. Abesilisa abadala abanesisindo esingeqile kuma-gram angama-700, kanti ubude bomzimba abufiki kuma-cm 50. Kunokwehluka ezintweni ezincane. Igwababa alinazo izimpaphe kulesi sitshalo, futhi lapho undiza, uyabona ukuthi umsila wale nyoni ubushelelezi kahle, kanti egwabeni unomphetho ocacile omise okokugoqa.
Igwababa lithanda ukuhlangana ngamaqembu, kanti igwababa ligcina ngazimbili noma lilodwa. Ungahlukanisa nezinyoni ngendlebe. Umjaho wamagwababa ujulile futhi ungowesikhumba, kuzwakala ngathi "kow!" noma "arra!", futhi igwababa lenza umsindo wamakhala ngathi "ka!" Lezi zinhlobo ezimbili azizwani - imvamisa umhlambi wamagwababa uhlasela igwababa elinesizungu.
Indawo, ukusatshalaliswa
Igwababa liphila cishe kulo lonke izwe elisenyakatho... ENyakatho Melika, ingatholakala ukusuka e-Alaska kuya eMexico, eYurophu kunoma yiliphi izwe ngaphandle kweFrance, kanye nase-Asia naseNyakatho Afrika. Le nyoni incamela ukuhlala ogwini lolwandle, ezingwadule noma ngisho nasezintabeni. Kepha kaningi igwababa litholakala emahlathini aminyene eminyaka, ikakhulukazi ngesihlahla sonwele saseYurophu emi. Ngaphandle kokungajwayelekile, le nyoni ihlala emapaki nasezikweleni zedolobha.
Engxenyeni esenyakatho ye-Eurasia, le nyoni ihlala cishe yonke indawo, ngaphandle kweTaimyr, Yamala neGadyn, kanye naseziqhingini ezise-Arctic Ocean. Eningizimu, umngcele wokwakha izidleke udlula eSyria, Iraq nase-Iran, ePakistan nasenyakatho neNdiya, eChina nasePrimorye yaseRussia. EYurophu indawo yokuhlala yale nyoni ishintshe kakhulu kule minyaka eyikhulu edlule. Igwababa lashiya izingxenye zaseNtshonalanga neziphakathi, lahlangana lapho kunalokho njengokuhlukile. ENyakatho Melika, le nyoni nayo ibonakala incane enkabeni yezwekazi, ikhetha ukuhlala emngceleni weCanoda, eMinnesota, eWisconsin, eMichigan naseMaine.
Igwababa lake lasabalala eNew England, ezintabeni i-Adirondack, Alleghany nasogwini lwaseVirginia naseNew Jersey, kanye naseGreat Plains. Ngenxa yokuqothulwa okukhulu kwezimpisi nezinyathi, izidalwa eziwile inyoni eyazidla, igwababa lawashiya la mazwe. Uma kuqhathaniswa namanye ama-corvids, igwababa elijwayelekile cishe alihlotshaniswa ne-anthropogenic landscape. Akuvamile ukubonakala emadolobheni amakhulu, yize imihlambi yamagwababa ibonakele emapaki aseSan Diego, eLos Angeles, eSan Francisco naseRiverside, kanye nasenhlokodolobha yaseMongolia i-Ulaanbaatar.
Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lama-20, igwababa laqala ukuqashelwa enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeRussia, ngokwesibonelo, emaphethelweni edolobha laseSt. Isizathu esenza ukuthi igwababa lingathandi ukuhlala eduze komuntu akubangelwa nje kuphela ukukhathazeka okungadingekile okulethwa kulenyoni, kepha ikakhulu kungenxa yokushoda kwezindawo zokuhlala ezifanele nokuba khona kwabancintisana nabo.
Ukudla kwamagwababa
Ukudla kwamagwababa kuhlukahlukene. Ziyizilwane ezidla ezinye ngokwemvelo, kepha izidumbu zidlala indima enkulu ekondleni kwazo, ikakhulukazi ezilwaneni ezinkulu njengezinyamazane nezimpisi. Isikhathi eside, inyoni iyakwazi ukuzondla ngezinhlanzi ezifile, amagundane namaxoxo. Igwababa lizijwayeza kahle izindawo ezinokuntuleka kokudla futhi lidla noma yini elingayibamba noma liyithole. Ekufuneni inyamazane, uzulazula emoyeni isikhathi eside, okungesona isici sama-corvids. Izingela kakhulu izinyamazane, ayinkulu kunogwaja, ngokwesibonelo, amagundane ahlukahlukene, izibankwa, izinyoka, izinyoni.
Idla izinambuzane, ama-molluscs, izibungu, ama-sea urchins kanye nofezela. Kwesinye isikhathi, kungalimaza isidleke somunye umuntu ngokudla okugcwele - imbewu, okusanhlamvu, izithelo zezitshalo. Imvamisa, amagwababa adala umonakalo ezitshalweni zasepulazini. Enye indlela yokondla ukudla ngebamba lamaqanda noma amatshwele amancane. Uma kunesidingo, isitshalo sondla kulokho umuntu akushiya ngemuva. Umhlambi wamagwababa utholakala cishe kuwo wonke amadoti amakhulu omuzi.
Okubalulekile! Ngokudla okweqile, igwababa lifihla okusele ekudleni endaweni ecashile noma lihlanganyele nomhlambi.
Ngesikhathi sokuzingela, le nyoni iyabekezela kakhulu futhi iyakwazi ukubuka ukuzingelwa kwesinye isilwane amahora amaningi ukuze idle izinsalela zesisulu sayo noma ithrekhi bese intshontsha isitoko eyenzileyo. Lapho ukudla kunenala, abantu abahlukahlukene abahlala eduze bangakwazi ngokukhethekile izinhlobo ezahlukene zokudla.
Izazi zezinto eziphilayo zaseMelika ziye zalibona leli phethini e-Oregon. Izinyoni ezidleke komakhelwane zahlukaniswa zaba yilabo abadla ukudla kwezitshalo, labo abazingela ama-gopher nalabo abaqoqa izidumbu. Ngakho-ke, kuncintiswa, ukuvumela izinyoni ukuba zihlale ngokuphepha eduze.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Igwababa libhekwa njengomuntu oyedwa... Ukubhangqa okwenziwe kugcinwa iminyaka eminingi, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ngisho nokuphila. Lokhu kungenxa yokunamathiselwa kwenyoni endaweni nasendaweni yokwakha isidleke. Izazi zezinto eziphilayo ziyazi ukuthi kunamacala lapho amagwababa amabili abuyela endaweni efanayo minyaka yonke ukukhulisa inzalo. Inyoni ivuthwa ngokocansi ngonyaka wesibili wokuphila. Izithandani zikhetha ukuhlala ebangeni eliyikhilomitha elilodwa kuya kweziyisihlanu ukusuka komunye nomunye. Ukuzala kuqala ebusika, engxenyeni yesibili kaFebhuwari, noma kunjalo, eningizimu le nkathi idlulela osukwini lwangaphambilini, nasenyakatho, kunalokho, iye kokulandelayo.
Isibonelo, ePakistan, amagwababa azala ngoDisemba, naseSiberia noma ezintabeni zeTibet maphakathi no-Ephreli kuphela. Ukukhwelana kwandulelwa yimidlalo yokukhwelana. Owesilisa wenza imikhankaso eyinkimbinkimbi emoyeni noma ehamba phambi kowesifazane ngokubukeka okubalulekile ikhanda lakhe liphakeme, intamo evuvukile kanye nezimpaphe ezigoqiwe. Uma kwakha amahlunguluzi amagwebu, "umshado" uphela ngokuhlanzana kwezimpaphe.
Kokubili insikazi nowesilisa babambe iqhaza ngokulinganayo ekwakheni isidleke esizayo. Ihlala endaweni engafinyeleleki ezitheni - emqhele womuthi omude, onqenqemeni lwedwala noma esakhiweni esenziwe ngabantu. Amagatsha ezihlahla ezijiyile alukelwa esidlekeni esikhulu, bese kubekwa amagatsha amancane, kuthi ngaphakathi kufakwe ngoboya, utshani obomile noma indwangu. Izinyoni ezihlala eduze kwabantu ziye zajwayela ukusebenzisa izinto zesimanje ezifana nocingo, uboya bengilazi noplastiki ukwakha izidleke.
Kuthatha amasonto ama-1-3 ukwakha ikhaya elizayo. Isidleke esiqediwe sinobubanzi obufinyelela ku-50-150 cm, ukujula okungu-15 cm nokuphakama okungama-20-60 cm. Ezimweni eziningi, umbhangqwana wakha izidleke ezimbili noma ezintathu futhi uzisebenzise ngokushintshana.
Kuyathakazelisa! Amagwababa akwazi ukuvumelanisa okokulala kwesidleke emazingeni okushisa asezingeni elifanele, esebenzisa ukupholisa noma, kunalokho, ukufudumeza izinto.
Ngokwesilinganiso, i-clutch iqukethe amaqanda ayi-4-6 amaqanda aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka anezindawo ezimpunga noma nsundu; ezimweni ezingavamile, insikazi ingabeka iqanda elilodwa noma ayisikhombisa kuya kwayisishiyagalombili. Ubukhulu bazo bucishe bube ngama-50 ngama-34 mm. Isikhathi sokufukamela sithatha kusukela ezinsukwini ezingama-20 kuye kwezingama-25. Sonke lesi sikhathi, insikazi ifukamela amaqanda, ngaphandle kwesidingo esikhulu, ngaphandle kokushiya isidleke, kanti owesilisa uyakunakekela ukudla.
Kunezibonelo eziningi zokuzinikela kwamagwababa enzalweni yawo. Kunezimo lapho insikazi iqhubeka nokufukamela amaqanda ngokudutshulwa emzimbeni noma ngemuva kwesihlahla obekukhona kuso isidleke kunqunywa abagawuli bemithi. Esontweni lokuqala kuya kwamabili ngemuva kokuchanyuselwa kwamachwane, insikazi ayishiyi amantshontsho, ifudumeze futhi ivikele amaphuphu angavuthiwe. Lapho efika emasontweni amane kuya kwayi-7, amaphuphu aqala ukufunda ukundiza, kodwa ekugcineni ashiye isidleke sazo sendabuko kuphela ebusika obulandelayo.
Izitha zemvelo
Edolobheni, amagwababa cishe awanazitha, ngaphandle kwamakati noma izinja ezizizingelayo. Emvelweni wemvelo, lolu hlu lukhula kakhulu. Zonke izinyoni ezidla inyama, njengokhozi noma oklebe, zithathwa njengezitha.
Ekufuneni okuwile, igwababa liphoqeleka ukuba lihlale eduze kwesinye isilwane esidliwayo - impisi, impungushe noma ibhere. Esinye isitha esibi kakhulu segwababa yisikhova. Ebusuku, lapho igwababa lilele, lingakwazi ukuhlasela izidleke bese lintshontsha amaphuphu noma libulale umuntu omdala. Ukuzivikela ezitheni, amagwababa aphoqeleka ukubuthana emihlambini.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Ngekhulu le-19, igwababa lalibhekwa njengophawu lweshwa futhi imvamisa laba yimbangela yokucekelwa phansi kwezilimo zabalimi. Baqala ukuzingela inyoni ngosizo lwezithiyo ezinobuthi, ngenxa yalokho inani labantu bayo lehla kakhulu.Njengamanje, amazwe amaningi athathe igwababa ngaphansi kokuvikelwa. Ngenxa yalokhu, isibalo salezi zinyoni sisanda kukhuphuka kakhulu, kepha igwababa elijwayelekile kuseseyinyoni engajwayelekile.
Ukuntuleka kokudla ngesikhathi sasebusika kusalokhu kuyisithiyo semvelo ekukhiqizeni. Ngakho-ke, ukuthuthukiswa kwezokuvakasha kube nomthelela ekwandeni kwenani labantu. Isibonelo, e-Alps, ngenxa yemfucumfucu yokudla esele emuva kwabavakashi, inani lamagwababa lenyuke ngokuphawulekayo maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule.
