Emibuthanweni yangeNkathi Ephakathi, lo mhlali ekujuleni kolwandle wadluliswa njengesiqubulo, ngokunikezwa ukungazi komphakathi ovamile. Akumangazi ukuthi lona leli gama "dugong" (duyung) lihunyushwe lisuselwa eMalay ngokuthi "intombi yasolwandle".
Incazelo yedugong
I-Dugong dugon ingeka-oda lama-sireni, ngokuba namuhla ukuphela komuntu omele uhlobo lwe-dugong. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-dugong kuthiwa ukuphela kwesilwane esincelisayo esidla inyama kuphela olwandle. Yisilwane esikhulu, esikhula size sifike ku-2,5-4 m futhi sinesisindo esifinyelela ku-600 kg... Kukhona nezinhlobo ezimele kakhulu: ubude bendoda ebanjwe oLwandle Olubomvu babusondele kumamitha ayi-6. Abesilisa, ngenxa ye-dimorphism yezocansi eseyithuthukisiwe, bakhulu kakhulu kunabesifazane.
Ukubukeka
I-dugong, naphezu kobukhulu bayo obumangazayo, inokubukeka okuhle komoya onesifinyeto esibuthuntu namehlo amancane ayindilinga. Uma ibukwa kuphrofayili, i-dugong ibonakala imomotheka. Ikhanda elihlala phansi ligeleza lingene emzimbeni omise okokuphotha, ekugcineni kwawo kunomphetho ovundlile we-caudal, ofana nomsila wama-cetaceans. Ngokungafani nomsila we-manatee, i-notch ejulile ihlukanisa i-dugong tail fin lobes.
Ngenxa yobushelelezi bomfanekiso ojwayelekile, akuqondakali ngokuphelele ukuthi ikhanda elincane ligcina kuphi bese kuqala intamo emfushane. I-dugong ayinazindlebe, futhi amehlo ayo ajulile kakhulu. Isifonyo, esibonakala sinqunyiwe, sinamakhala anama-valve akhethekile avala amanzi lapho kudingeka. Amakhala uqobo (ngokuqhathanisa nezinye izinhlabamkhosi) aphakanyiselwa phezulu phezulu.
Isifonyo se-dugong siphela ngezindebe ezinamanzi zilenga phansi, engenhla yakhelwe ukutomula kalula ulwelwe (ibhajwe maphakathi nendawo futhi igcwele i-vibrissa bristles eqinile). Kubantu abasha, ukuphindaphindeka kwezikhala kuphawuleka kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, banamazinyo amaningi (imvamisa angu-26) - ama-incisors ama-2 nama-molar angama-4 kuye kwayi-7 emihlathini yomibili. Ezilwaneni ezindala, kusala ama-molars ama-5-6.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ama-incisors aphezulu abesilisa agcina ephenduke amazinyo (aneziphetho zokusika ezicijile), aphuma ezinsinini ngo-6-7 cm. Kwabesifazane, izigaxa ezingaphezulu aziqhume noma zingabonakali.
Ama-incisors womhlathi ophezulu aqhubeka nokukhula kuyo yonke impilo ye-dugong. Udebe olungezansi nengxenye ekude yolwanga lumbozwe izinhlayiya ze-keratinized, kuthi umhlathi ongezansi ugobele phansi. Ukuvela kwalezi zinhlobo kuholele ekuguqukeni kwezingalo zayo zangaphambili zaba amaphiko aguquguqukayo anjenge-flipper (0.35-0.45 m) kanye nasekulahlekelweni okuphelele kwalawa aphansi, manje akhumbuza amathambo we-pelvic (rudimentary) ngaphakathi kwemisipha. I-dugong inesikhumba esimahhadla, esiwugqinsi (2-2.5 cm) esigcwele ukukhula kwezinwele ezimbalwa. Njengoba zikhula, umbala wesilwane uba mnyama, uthole amathoni okuhola ansundu nofiphele ngesisu esilula.
Uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila
Eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-50 eyedlule, ama-dugongs (ukwahlulela ngezinsalela ezitholakele) ayenemilenze emi-4 ephelele, eyabavumela ukuthi bahambe kalula emhlabeni. Noma kunjalo, izilwane zachitha impilo yazo yonke olwandle, kepha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi zazijwayeza ukuhlala ngaphansi kwamanzi kangangokuba zalahlekelwa ngokuphelele amandla okuhamba emhlabeni.
Futhi manje amaphiko abo abuthakathaka ngeke esabamba isisindo, isigamu setani, umzimba. Amaphiko agcine umsebenzi wawo oqondile - ukuhlinzeka ngokubhukuda, kanti ama-dugongs amadala akhetha ukusebenzisa i-fin ye-caudal, kanti abasha bakhetha ukusebenzisa ama-pectorals.
Kuliqiniso, ababhukudi be-dugong badidekile kakhulu: bahlola ukujula kolwandle ngejubane cishe le-10 km / h, besheshisa cishe kabili (kuze kufike ku-18 km / h) kuphela ngesikhathi sengozi. I-dugong iyakwazi ukuhlala ngaphansi kwamanzi cishe ikota yehora, futhi kuphela ngesikhathi sokudla lapho ikhuphukela phezulu ngaphezulu kaningi, njalo ngemizuzu engu-2-3. Isikhathi esiningi sosuku, ama-dugong afuna ukudla, angagxili kakhulu emahoreni emini, kepha njengasekuguqukeni kwamagagasi. Bagcina, njengomthetho, ngaphandle komunye nomunye, bahlangana ngamaqembu lapho kunokudla okuningi khona. Imiphakathi yesikhashana enjalo ingabalelwa kwabayisithupha kuya kwamakhulu abantu.
Kuyathakazelisa! Umuntu omdala we-dugong ushaya ikhwela kakhulu engozini, i-dugong encane yenza umsindo ofana nokukhala. Izilwane aziboni kahle, kodwa zizwa kahle. Babekezelela ukuthunjwa kubi kakhulu kunama-manatees.
Ama-Dugong athambekele ekuziphatheni kokuhlala phansi, kepha abantu ngabanye basathutha. Ukunyakaza kwesizini nokwansuku zonke kungenxa yokutholakala kokudla, ukuguquguquka kwezinga lamanzi nokushisa, kanye nezici ezingezinhle ze-anthropogenic. Ubude bokufuduka okunjalo, ngokusho kwezazi zezinto eziphilayo, busondela emakhulwini ngisho nasezinkulungwaneni zamakhilomitha.
Ihlala isikhathi esingakanani i-dugong
Izazi zezilwane zavuma ukuthi i-dugong ejwayelekile (enezici ezinhle zangaphandle) iyakwazi ukuphila impilo yomuntu omaphakathi kuze kube yiminyaka engama-70.
Indawo yokuhlala
Ezinkulungwaneni eziningi zeminyaka eyedlule, uhla lwama-dugong lwasakazeka ngasenyakatho, lwafinyelela entshonalanga yezwekazi laseYurophu. Manje le ndawo inciphile, kepha noma kunjalo, isahlanganisa izifundazwe ezingama-48 futhi icishe ibe yizinkulungwane ezingamakhilomitha ayi-140 ogwini lolwandle.
Lezi zikhuni zasolwandle ezinhle zitholakala ezingxenyeni zomhlaba ezinjenge:
- cishe wonke amazwe aseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia (kufaka phakathi izifunda ezisentshonalanga yeMadagascar neNdiya);
- amanzi asogwini empumalanga yezwekazi lase-Afrika;
- ngasogwini lwengxenye esenyakatho ye-Australia;
- phakathi kwamakhorali e-Persian Gulf naseLwandle Olubomvu;
- oLwandle i-Arabia, ePhilippines naseStrait of Johor.
Kuyathakazelisa! Namuhla, inani elikhulu lama-dugong (ngaphezulu kwabantu abayizinkulungwane eziyishumi) liqoshwe eGreat Barrier Reef naseTorres Strait.
Isibalo esiqondile sezilwane ezihlala ePersian Gulf asikatholakali, kepha, ngokusho kweminye imininingwane, silingana namakhanda angaba yizinkulungwane eziyi-7.5. Ngasogwini lwaseJapan, imihlambi yama-dugongs mincane futhi ayinasibalo esingaphezu kwezilwane ezingamashumi amahlanu.
Ama-dugong ahlala emachibini angajulile nasemachibini anamanzi asogwini afudumele, ngezikhathi ezithile angena olwandle oluvulekile, lapho angaweli ngaphansi kwamamitha ayi-10-20. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle zitholakala emilanjeni yemifula nasezizalweni zemifula. Indawo yokuhlala yezilwane incike ebukhoneni / ekungabikho kwesisekelo sokudla (ikakhulukazi ulwelwe notshani).
Ukudla kwe-Dugong
Kuze kufike ku-40 kg yotshani - leli inani lokudla okusetshenziswa yi-dugong ngosuku... Ukondla, babhukuda emanzini angajulile, imvamisa baye ezigodini zamakhorali, lapho ukujula kungashoni khona, bese becwila kumamitha ayi-1-5. Ukudla okungaphansi kwamanzi kuthatha iningi (kufika ku-98%) lomsebenzi wabo onamandla: bavame ukuhamba phansi, bathembele emaphikweni abo angaphambili.
Ukudla okujwayelekile kwe-dugong kufaka:
- izitshalo zasemanzini (ikakhulukazi ezivela emindenini ethanda amanzi / pdestine);
- izimila zasolwandle;
- ama-vertebrate amancane e-benthic;
- ama-crustaceans amancane, kufaka phakathi izinkalankala.
Okubalulekile! Ukushintshela ekudleni kwamaprotheni kuyaphoqeleka: ama-dugong kufanele adle izilwane ngenxa yokwehla okuyinhlekelele kokutholakala kwawo kokudla okujwayelekile. Ngaphandle kokudla okuhambisanayo okunjalo, ama-dugongs cishe ebengeke asinde kweminye imikhakha yoLwandlekazi i-Indian.
Izilwane zilima kancane phansi, zisika izimila ngodebe lwaphezulu olunemisipha. Ukuseshwa kwezimpande ezinamanzi kuhambisana nokuphakanyiswa kokumiswa kwamafu esihlabathini nasenhlabathini engezansi. Ngendlela, kuvela emiseleni yesici lapho umuntu angaqonda khona ukuthi i-dugong ibidle isidlo sasemini lapha muva nje.
Kuzothakazelisa futhi:
- Imikhomo yizilo zasolwandle
- Umkhomo i-Orca noma ihlengethwa?
- Ushaka omkhulu omhlophe
Ucocekile impela, futhi ngaphambi kokuthumela isitshalo emlonyeni, usihlanza kahle, esebenzisa ulimi olungenalukhuni nolwanga ekuhlafunweni kokudla. Kaningi, ama-dugong anqwabelanisa ulwelwe olusikiwe ogwini, aqale ukuwadla kuphela lapho udaka usuzinzile ngokuphelele.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwe-Dugong akuqondakali kahle. Ukukhwelana kuyaziwa ukuthi kwenzeka unyaka wonke, kufinyelela ekuphakameni kwawo ezinyangeni ezehlukene kuya ngendawo..
Abesilisa balwela abesifazane, besebenzisa amabamba abo, kodwa bayasuswa ngokwengeziwe ekukhuliseni inzalo. Ukukhulelwa kuhlala cishe unyaka, kuphele ngokuvela koyedwa, okungenani izingane ezi-2. Izinsikazi zizala emanzini angajulile, lapho zizala khona inkonyane elihamba ngesisindo elingama-20-35 kg nobude obungu-1-1.2 m.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ekuqaleni, umama uhamba nengane, ayigone ngamaphiko. Lapho icwiliswa, ibambelela ngokuqinile emhlane kanina, bese yondla ubisi endaweni eguquliwe.
Ngezinyanga ezi-3 ubudala, izinyane liqala ukudla utshani, kepha liyaqhubeka nokuphuza ubisi lwebele kuze kube yiminyaka engu-1-1.5 ubudala. Njengoba ikhula, umhlambi omncane uba imihlambi emanzini angajulile. Ukuzala kwenzeka ngaphambi kweminyaka engama-9-10.
Izitha zemvelo
Izilwane ezisencane zihlaselwa oshaka abakhulu, abantu abadala - yimikhomo ebulalayo kanye nezingwenya ezikama. Kepha usongo olukhulu kunawo wonke kuma-dugong luvela kubantu nemisebenzi yabo.
Izici eziyinhloko ezimbi:
- ukubanjwa ngengozi ngegiya;
- ukungcola kwamakhemikhali, kufaka phakathi ukuchitheka kukawoyela;
- ukulimala ngama-motor angaphandle;
- ukungcoliswa kwe-acoustic (umsindo);
- ukushintshashintsha kwesimo sezulu (ukukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa nezenzakalo ezimbi kakhulu)
- ushintsho lwendawo yokuhlala ngenxa yokuthumela, izivunguvungu / ama-tsunami, ukwakhiwa kogu;
- ukunyamalala kotshani basolwandle, kufaka phakathi ngenxa yokudotshwa kwezinhlanzi okuthengiswayo, amanzi angcolile anobuthi, ukubuyisa nokubamba kabusha.
Ama-dugong amaningi afela ezandleni zabazingeli, abasemthethweni nabangekho emthethweni. Isilwane esinesisindo esingu-200-300 kg sinikeza cishe u-24-56 kg wamafutha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-dugongs "anikezela" isintu ngenyama (efanayo ngokunambitheka kwe-veal), isikhumba / amathambo (asetshenziselwa ama-trinkets) kanye nezitho zomuntu ngamunye (ezisetshenziselwa umuthi ohlukile).
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Ukuvunwa okungalawulwa kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwendawo okuhlala kuyo kuholele ekwehleni kwenani labantu ebangeni eliningi, futhi manje ukubanjwa kwezilwane ngamanetha akuvumelekile.... Ungazingela ama-dugong ngama-harpoon ezikebheni. Ukuvinjelwa nakho akusebenzi ekudobeni kwendabuko.
I-Dugong enesimo "sezinhlobo ezisengozini" ifakiwe kwiRed Book ye-International Union for Conservation of Nature. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zinhlobo zifakiwe kweminye imibhalo eminingana yokongiwa kwemvelo, njenge:
- Isivumelwano Sezinhlobo Ezifudukayo Zezilwane Zasendle;
- Isivumelwano Sokwehluka Kwezinto Eziphilayo;
- Umhlangano Wokuhwebelana Kwamazwe Ngamazwe Ngezinhlobo Ezisengozini Yokushabalala Yezilwane Nezilwane Zasendle;
- Coral Triangle Initiative;
- Umhlangano Wamaxhaphozi.
Abalondolozi bemvelo bakholelwa ukuthi ama-dugong (ngaphezu kwezinyathelo zomthetho) adinga izindlela zokuphatha ezisebenzayo ezizonciphisa umthelela we-anthropogenic emfuyweni yabo.
Okubalulekile! Ngaphandle kokuthi izinhlinzeko zokongiwa kwemvelo zimboza amazwe amaningi, kuze kube manje yi-Australia kuphela ebamba umthetho onembe kakhulu.
Izazi zebhayoloji zithi kwezinye izindawo eziningi ezivikelekile, ukuvikelwa kwe-dugong kubhaliwe ephepheni, kepha akuhlonishwa empilweni yangempela.
