Imikhomo (ngesiGreki - "izilo zasolwandle") yizilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle ezinkulu ezi-Cetaceans eziningi kakhulu. Isimo segama okwamanje asinqunywa ngokuphelele, kepha noma yimaphi ama-cetaceans, ngaphandle kwamahlengethwa nama-porpoise, ahlukaniswa njengabamele injabulo.
Incazelo yemikhomo
Kanye nezinye izilwane ezincelisayo, imikhomo isebenzisa amaphaphu ekuphefumuleni, ingeyesigaba sezilwane ezinegazi elifudumele, yokondla izingane zayo ezisanda kuzalwa ngobisi olukhiqizwa yizinhlayiya ezincelisayo, futhi ibuye ibe noboya bezinwele obuncishisiwe.
Ukubukeka
Imikhomo ibonakala ngomzimba omise okokuphotha, okusikhumbuza isimo esivumelanisiwe cishe sanoma iyiphi inhlanzi... Amaphiko, kwesinye isikhathi abizwa ngokuthi amaphiko, anokubukeka okufana nelobe. Ukuphela komsila kubonakala ngokutholakala komkhawulo omelwe ama-lobes amabili avundlile. I-fin enjalo inencazelo ye-stabilizer kanye nohlobo "lwenjini", ngakho-ke, ngenkathi kunyakaza okufana nokugeleza endizeni mpo, imikhomo inikezwa ukunyakaza okulula kakhulu ukuya phambili.
Kuyathakazelisa! Imikhomo, kanye namahlengethwa, akudingeki ukuthi anyukele kaningi ebusweni bamanzi ukuze aphefumule, ngakho-ke uhhafu wobuchopho besilwane obukwazi ukuphumula ephusheni ngesikhathi esithile.
Ukuvikelwa kwesikhumba somkhomo emiphumeleni engemihle yokukhanya kwelanga kwe-ultraviolet kunikezwa ngamadivayisi ahlukahlukene wokuvikela, ahluke ngokuphawulekayo emaqenjini ahlukene ezincelisayo ze-cetacean.
Isibonelo, imikhomo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka iyakwazi ukukhulisa okuqukethwe kwezingulube esikhunjeni, ezithatha ngempumelelo inani elikhulu lemisebe ye-ultraviolet. Imikhomo yesidoda ibangela ukusabela okukhethekile "kwengcindezi", okufana nokuphendula emiphumeleni yama-radicals e-oxygen, futhi imikhomo yokugcina iyakwazi ukusebenzisa zombili izindlela zokuzivikela. Emanzini abandayo, imikhomo igcina izinga lokushisa lomzimba elizinzile ngenxa yongqimba lwamafutha obukhulu futhi olufanayo obutholakala ngqo ngaphansi kwesikhumba sesilwane esincelisayo esikhulu kangaka. Lolu ungqimba lwamafutha angaphansi kwesikhumba lusebenza njengesivikelo esisebenza ngempumelelo nesiphelele sezitho zangaphakathi zomkhomo ku-hypothermia enamandla.
Uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila
Ngokusho kososayensi, imikhomo ingeyesigaba sezilwane ezihola kakhulu impilo yokufa. Cishe bonke abamele i-oda lamaCetaceans bayakwazi ukuhlala ngqo ngaphansi kwamanzi isikhathi eside futhi ngaphandle kokuvuselela umoya emaphashini, kepha inani elibalulekile lezi zilwane ezincelisayo azivamisile ukusebenzisa leli thuba lemvelo, ngakho-ke imikhomo itshuza kaningi kuphela uma kuvela ingozi esheshayo.
Kuzothakazelisa futhi:
- Umkhomo ulinganisa kangakanani
- Umkhomo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka
- Imikhomo yokubulala
Kodwa-ke, phakathi kwemikhomo kukhona ababhukudi bangempela, abahle kakhulu bokujula kolwandle.... Isibonelo, i-diver engenakulinganiswa enjalo yi-sperm whale. Lo mkhoma ungangena kalula emanzini ujule ngamamitha ayizinkulungwane ezimbalwa, uhlale endaweni engaphansi kwamanzi ihora nesigamu. Lesi sici singenxa yokuba khona kwezinguquko eziningi umkhomo osuwenzile, kufaka phakathi umthamo wamaphaphu owandisiwe nokwanda kokuqukethwe kwe-hemoglobin egazini, kanye nomthamo omkhulu we-myoglobin ezicutshini zemisipha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhungo sokuphefumula somkhomo asizweli kangako enanini lesikhutha. Ngaphambi kokuntywila, umkhoma uphefumulela phezulu kakhulu, lapho i-hemoglobin yemisipha igcwele umoya-mpilo futhi amaphaphu agcwala umoya ohlanzekile.
Kuyathakazelisa! Yonke imikhomo iyizilwane zasolwandle ezihlangene, ikhetha ukuhlangana ngamaqembu amashumi amaningana noma ngisho namakhulu abantu.
Imikhomo yizilwane ezinkulu, kodwa inokuthula kakhulu. Izinhlobo eziningi ze-cetacean zibonakala ngokufuduka kwesizini. Ngokuqala kwesimo sezulu esibandayo, izilwane ezincelisayo zifudukela emanzini afudumele, kuthi emuva kwesikhashana zibuyele emuva. Unyaka nonyaka, izilwane ezinjalo zasemanzini zinamathela emzileni owodwa kuphela, ngakho-ke, ohlelweni lokufuduka, zibuyela ezindaweni esezivele zinabantu nezizijwayele. Isibonelo, umhlambi wase-Asia wemikhomo ubonakala ngokudla ehlobo oLwandle lwase-Okhotsk, olunothe kakhulu, eduze ne-Chukchi Peninsula naseKamchatka. Ngokuqala kwamakhaza, imikhomo enjalo iya emanzini oLwandle Oluphuzi noma eduze nogu oluseningizimu yeJapan.
Imikhomo ihlala isikhathi esingakanani
Izinhlobo ezincane kakhulu zemikhomo zihlala cishe ikota yekhulu leminyaka, kanti isilinganiso seminyaka yokuphila kwabamele abakhulu be-oda iCetaceans kungaba yiminyaka engamashumi amahlanu. Ubudala bomkhomo bunqunywa ngezindlela eziningana: ngokuya ngohlobo lwamaqanda esifazane noma amapuleti womkhomo, kanye ne-plug yendlebe noma amazinyo.
Izinhlobo zemikhomo
Abamele i-oda lamaCetaceans bamelwe yimikhombandlela emibili:
- Imikhomo yeBaleen (I-Mysticeti) - zihlukaniswa ngokuba khona kwamadevu, kanye nesakhiwo esifana nesihlungi, esisemhlathini ongenhla wesilwane futhi siqukethe ikakhulukazi i-keratin. Intevu isetshenziselwa ukuhlunga ama-plankton ahlukahlukene asemanzini futhi ivumela umthamo omkhulu wamanzi ukuthi uhlungwe ngesakhiwo somlomo esimise okwenkomo. Imikhomo iBaleen ingabamele abakhulu kunabo bonke imikhomo engaphansi;
- Imikhomo yamazinyo (Odontoseti) - zibonakaliswa ngokuba khona kwamazinyo, futhi ukwakheka kwezilwane ezincelisayo zasemanzini kuzivumela ukuba zizingele izigaxa nezinhlanzi ezinkulu kakhulu, okuyizinto eziyinhloko zokudla kwazo. Amakhono akhethekile wabo bonke abameleli baleli qembu afaka phakathi amandla okuzwa izici zemvelo, ezibizwa nge-echolocation. Ama-Porpoises namahlengethwa nawo ahlukaniswa njengemikhomo enamazinyo.
Iqembu le-baleen whale lihlukaniswe imindeni emine: i-minke whales (Balaenorteridae), imikhomo empunga (i-Eschrichtiidae), imikhomo ebushelelezi (Balaenidae), nemikhomo emincane (Neobalaenidae). Le mindeni ifaka phakathi izinhlobo eziyishumi, kufaka phakathi ikhanda lomnsalo, iseningizimu, isigaxa, impunga, i-humpback, i-blue whale, i-fin whale ne-whale whale, kanye nemikhomo ka-Bryde's minke kanye ne-minke whale.
Imikhomo enamazinyo ihlanganisa imindeni:
- Amahlengethwa amaGanges (iPlatanistidae Grey);
- Ihlengethwa (Delphinidae Grey);
- UNarwhal (Monоdоntidаe Grаy);
- Imikhomo yesidoda (i-Physeteridae Grey);
- Inii (Iniidаe Grаy);
- Imikhomo yesidoda (Pyogi) (Kogiidae Gill);
- Umlomo (Zirhiidаe Grаy);
- Amahlengethwa weLaplatan (Pontororiidae Grey);
- Ama-Porpoises (Рhocoenidae Grаy);
- Amahlengethwa oMfula (iLirotidae Grey).
I-suborder yesithathu ye-oda le-Cetaceans yimikhomo yasendulo (i-Archaeoseti), namuhla eyiqembu elingasekho ngokuphelele.
Indawo yokuhlala
Imikhomo yesidoda, ehlala emanzini oLwandlekazi Lomhlaba wonke, ngaphandle kwezindawo ezinamakhaza kakhulu eziseningizimu nasenyakatho, ihlukaniswa ngendawo enkulu yokusatshalaliswa, kanti imikhomo yesidoda i-pygmy nayo ihlala emanzini afudumele noma asesilinganisweni afudumele oLwandlekazi Lomhlaba.
Imikhomo iBaleen isabalele olwandle, futhi okuhlukile whale bowhead ohlala emanzini ase-Arctic, minke kaBryde, ohlala ebhandeni elifudumele laseWorld Ocean, nomkhomo omfushane owenzeka emanzini abandayo nasethempelini laseNingizimu Nenkabazwe.
Ukudla kwemikhomo
Ukudla kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze-cetacean kuyahlukahluka ngokusatshalaliswa kwendawo, indawo yezemvelo nenkathi. Ngokuya ngokuthandwa okuyisisekelo kokudla, izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zemikhomo zihlala ezindaweni ezithile zasolwandle. Ama-planktophages noma imikhomo yangakwesokudla zondla ikakhulukazi emanzini olwandle oluvulekile, zibamba ukunqwabelana kwe-zooplankton ezingqimbeni zomhlaba, ezimelwe ama-crustaceans amancane nama-pteropods. Ama-Benthophage noma imikhomo empunga zidla ekujuleni okungajulile, kuyilapho ichthyophages emndenini wamahlengethwa ethanda ukudoba izinhlanzi ezifundela isikole.
Ingxenye ebalulekile yemikhomo ye-minke ijwayele ukudla okuxubekile, okumelwe ngama-crustaceans ahlukahlukene nezinhlanzi, futhi ama-theutophages, kufaka phakathi imikhomo yesidoda, amahlengethwa anezinyosi nezimpunga, akhetha ama-cephalopods kuphela.
Izinguquko zonyaka ezimweni zokudla zingadala ukuguquguquka okubukhali kupharamitha efana nezinga lesimo somkhomo. Imikhomo eyondleke kakhulu isemaphethelweni okondla ekwindla, kanti izilwane ezincelisayo azondli kahle entwasahlobo nasebusika. Phakathi nenkathi yokuzalanisa esebenzayo, imikhomo eminingi ayondli nhlobo.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Zonke izinhlobo zemikhomo ziyashintshwa ukukhiqiza inzalo yazo kuphela emanzini afudumele anele. Kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi izilwane ezincelisayo ezihlala ezindaweni ezibandayo futhi ezijwayele ukufuduka okuhamba amabanga amade zizala izingane zazo ebusika, zishiyele izindawo ezinamandla aphezulu okushisa kwamanzi.
Kuyathakazelisa! Imikhomo esanda kuzalwa ayikhulu nje kuphela, kodwa futhi yakhiwe kahle, ngenxa yokulahleka kwamathambo okhalo yizilwane ezinjalo zasemanzini, ezibeka imingcele ethile kusayizi omkhulu wombungu.
Ukukhulelwa ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zemikhomo kuthatha izinyanga eziyisishiyagalolunye kuya kweziyishumi nesithupha, futhi umphumela wokubeletha ukuzalwa komkhomo owodwa, ozalwa umsila kuqala. Usana olusanda kuzalwa lukhuphukela phezulu emanzini, lapho luqala khona ukuphefumula. AmaKati asheshe ajwayele indawo entsha bese eqala ukubhukuda kahle nangokuzethemba ngokwanele. Ekuqaleni, amawundlu ahlala esondelene nonina, okungagcini nje ngokuhambisa ukuhamba kwawo, kodwa futhi akwenze kuphephe ngangokunokwenzeka.
Amantshontsho adla njalo futhi anamathele kwingono kamama cishe njalo ngekota yehora.... Ngemuva kokuncela ingono, ngenxa yokuncipha kwemisipha ekhethekile, ubisi olufudumele lujojelwa ngokuzimela emlonyeni wengane. Ngokuya ngezici zesici se-subspecies noma izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ama-cetacean ahlukene akhiqiza ubisi obuningi obuhlukile, obuhluka kusuka ku-200-1200 ml kumahlengethwa kuze kufike ku-180-200 wamalitha ku-whale enkulu eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Ubisi oluvela kubameleli be-cetaceans luwugqinsi kakhulu, luhlaza okombala futhi lunomsoco cishe izikhathi eziyishumi kunobisi lwenkomo yendabuko. Ngenxa yokuphakama okuphezulu komhlaba, ubisi lwe-whale alusakazeki emanzini, futhi isikhathi sokuncelisa singahlala kusuka ezinyangeni ezine kuya onyakeni futhi kwesinye isikhathi sihambisane nokukhulelwa kwesifazane okulandelayo.
Imikhomo ibonakala ngesimo sabazali esithuthuke kakhulu, yingakho izilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu kangaka zasemanzini zingalokothi zishiye amaphuphu azo engozini. Ngisho noma umkhomo osemanzini aphansi ungena endaweni engenamanzi futhi ungakwazi ukubhukuda uwedwa, umama wakhe uzolinda umsinga futhi ahambise ingane yakhe endaweni ephephe kunazo zonke, nenethezeke kakhulu. Imikhomo yabantu abadala iyakwazi ngesibindi ukugijimela ekusizeni imikhomo ye-harpoon, futhi izame ukuhudula amawundlu ayo kude nomkhumbi. Yikho lokhu kuzinikela okungenamkhawulo kwemikhomo yabantu abadala imikhomo evame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu, ukuheha abantu abakhulu emkhunjini.
Kuyathakazelisa! Imikhomo yaseBeluga yimikhomo eqeqeshwayo evame ukuvela kumahlengethwa nasemasekisini, ngakho-ke amathole alezi zinhlobo abaluleke kakhulu.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi imikhomo ihlukaniswa ngesimo sokuthinta ngokumangazayo hhayi kumathole abo kuphela, kepha nakunoma iziphi izihlobo. Bonke abamele iqembu leCetacean cishe abaze babalahle abafowabo abagulayo noma abalimele abasenkingeni, ngakho-ke bazama ukusiza nganoma yisiphi isimo.
Uma umkhoma ubuthakathaka kakhulu futhi ungakwazi ukukwazi ukuzimela phezulu ukuze uhogele umoya emaphashini, khona-ke abantu abanempilo abaningana bazungeza isilwane esinjalo ukuze sisisize ukuba sivele, ngemuva kwalokho basisekele ngokucophelela isihlobo esintanta.
Izitha zemvelo
Izici eziyinhloko zokufa kwemikhomo zihlanganisa ukudoba okusebenzayo... Kodwa-ke, ezinye izifo ezibucayi zezinambuzane zivamile kuma-cetaceans. AmaCetaceans avame ukuba nezimo zesikhumba eziwohlokayo, kufaka phakathi izilonda, ukutheleleka kwefungal, kanye nezinduna ezimbi. Futhi, imikhomo ithinteka yizifo zamathambo kanye nezicubu ezinzima zamathambo noma i-exostoses, ukukhula kwamathambo okuyinkimbinkimbi noma ama-synostoses.
Isilwane esincelisayo esikhulu singahlushwa yi-periostosis, ukugobeka kwemihlathi nezinye izifo zamazinyo, izifo zemisipha, izicubu namathumba amaphaphu, i-purulent pneumonia, ukuqina kwesibindi, izilonda zesisu kanye namatshe e-ureteral, ukuxhumana nezifo ezithathelwanayo, kufaka phakathi i-erysipelas noma i-erysipeloid.
Inani lamahlengethwa hhayi imikhomo emikhulu kakhulu ifa ezimpini ezinolaka nemikhomo ebulalayo. Ukulimala okukhulu kwesibalo sabantu nakho kubangelwa amagciwane ahlukahlukene, amelwe ama-trematode, ama-cestode nama-nematode. Ama-Barnacles nalokho okuthiwa izintwala zomkhomo kuphakathi kwama-ectoparasite ajwayelekile emikhomeni.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Inani lezinye izinhlobo zemikhomo lincipha kancane kancane ngenxa yokwehla okukhulu kwendawo okuhlala kuyo izilwane ezincelisayo. Isibonelo, amahlengethwa aseGanges yizilwane ezincane ezibalwe ku-International Red Book futhi anezinga le- "Endangered Species", futhi inani labantu lemikhomo eyimpunga yasePacific linezilwane ezingamakhulu amaningana, okukhona kuzo abantu abangamashumi amabili kuphela besifazane abadala. Usuku Lomhlaba Whale - Februwari 19. Kwakungalolu suku lukaFebhuwari ngo-1986 lapho noma iyiphi imikhomo yezentengiselwano yavinjelwa ngokuphelele.
Namuhla, noma ikuphi ukuzingelwa kwezinhlobo eziningi ezisengozini yemikhomo akuvunyelwe.... Umkhomo we-blue whale, whalehead whale, grey kanye ne-humpback whales yizisulu zokuqothulwa kwezilwane ezincelisayo zingacabangi futhi zinonya kakhulu ukuze zithole amafutha.
ERussia, isigaba seRed Book sifaka phakathi i-killer whale, i-Atlantic emaceleni amhlophe, amahlengethwa anobuso obumhlophe nampunga, kanye nehlengethwa laseBlack Sea, i-porpoise, i-narwhals, i-bottlenose highbrow, imikhomo enezinyosi, izimpunga, ikhanda eliphansi, i-Japan, willow, imikhomo yasenyakatho eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nemikhomo ye-humpback. Ngeshwa, ngisho nokufakwa kwalezi zilwane emakhasini eRed Book akusona isiqinisekiso esiphelele sokuvikelwa kwazo noma ukusindiswa ekuqothulweni.
Imikhomo nendoda
Abantu sekuyisikhathi eside bezingela imikhomo ngenhloso yokuthola amafutha namathambo, kanye nethambo lomkhomo elibaluleke kakhulu. Amafutha omkhomo nesinqumelo kusetshenziswa ngenkuthalo ukwenza imajarini, i-glycerin nensipho, futhi amathambo nentshebe yemikhomo ithole ukusetshenziswa kwayo ekukhiqizeni zonke izinhlobo zobucwebe nezithombe zoqobo, kanye nama-corsets nezitsha.
Inyama yomkhomo isetshenziselwa ukulungisa ezinye izitsha, kufaka phakathi amasoseji namasoseji amancane, ama-cutlets namaphayi, nenyama ejeliwe. Kaningi, inyama yomkhomo emnandi futhi enempilo isetshenziswa ekudleni okusemathinini.
Okubalulekile! Namuhla, amazwe amaningana anqande kakhulu ukudotshwa kwemikhomo, kufaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuphela ngezinjongo zocwaningo kanye nezidingo zabanye abantu bomdabu.
