Kuyisiko ukubiza ama-sturgeon njengeqembu lezinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezivela emndenini we-sturgeon. Abantu abaningi bahlobanisa ama-sturgeon nenyama yawo ne-caviar, eyaziswa kakhulu ngabantu. I-sturgeon sekuyisikhathi eside ingumlingiswa wenganekwane yaseRussia futhi isivakashi esamukelekile ematafuleni e-elite kanye nezikhwama zemali. Kulezi zinsuku, ezinye zezinhlobo zama-sturgeon ziyivelakancane, ochwepheshe abavela emazweni ahlukene benza imizamo emikhulu yokwandisa inani labo labantu.
Incazelo ye-Sturgeon
I-Sturgeon - inhlanzi enkulu enomzimba ohlangene... Ingenye yezinhlanzi ezindala kunazo zonke ezisemhlabeni. Okhokho abaqondile bama-sturgeon anamuhla bahleka emifuleni emuva esikhathini sama-dinosaurs: lokhu kufakazelwa ngokutholwa okuphindwayo kwamathambo ezinsalela zamathambo abo aqala esikhathini seCretaceous (eminyakeni eyi-85 - 70 yezigidi edlule).
Ukubukeka
Ubude obujwayelekile bomzimba we-sturgeon omdala bufinyelela kumamitha amabili, isisindo cishe singama-50 - 80 kilograms. I-sturgeon esindayo kunazo zonke ezake zabanjwa, lapho zilinganiswa, zakhombisa isisindo esingaba ngamakhilogremu angama-816 ngobude bomzimba cishe wamamitha ayi-8. Umzimba omkhulu we-fusiform we-sturgeon umbozwe izikali, ama-tubercles wamathambo, kanye namapuleti, okuyizikali ezijiyile (okuthiwa "izimbungulu"). Zigudla imigqa emi-5 yobude obude: emibili esiswini, eyodwa ngemuva nezimbili ezinhlangothini. Isibalo "sezimbungulu" sincike ekubeni kohlobo oluthile.
Kuyathakazelisa! Umzimba, njengomthetho, unemibala kumbala womhlabathi ongezansi - ngamathoni ansundu, ampunga nesihlabathi, isisu senhlanzi simhlophe noma mpunga. Umhlane ungaba nomthunzi omuhle oluhlaza noma womnqumo.
Ama-Sturgeon anezimpondo ezine ezizwelayo - azisebenzisela ukuzwa umhlabathi lapho efuna ukudla. Izimpondo zizungeze umlomo omncane, ongenamazinyo onezindebe eziwugqinsi, ezinamazinyo, ezitholakala ekugcineni kwesifonyo esihlanganisiwe, esicijile, engxenyeni engezansi. Amafreyimu azalwa enamazinyo amancane agugile njengoba ekhula. I-sturgeon inamaphiko aqinile, izingilazi ezine kanye nesinye esikhulu esithuthuke kahle sokubhukuda. Emathanjeni ayo abucayi, izicubu zamathambo azikho nhlobo, kanye nomgogodla (imisebenzi yayo kulo lonke impilo yempilo yenhlanzi yenziwa nge-notochord).
Ukuziphatha nendlela yokuphila
Ama-Sturgeon ahlala ekujuleni kusuka kumamitha ama-2 kuye kwayi-100, akhetha ukuhlala ondle ezansi. Ngenxa yokuhluka kwendawo abahlala kuyo, bajwayelene kahle namazinga okushisa amanzi aphansi kanye nendlala ende. Ngokwendlela yabo yokuphila, izinhlobo ze-sturgeon zehlukaniswe zaba:
- i-anadromous: hlala emanzini anosawoti asolwandle olwandle nolwandle, imilomo yemifula. Ngesikhathi sokuzala noma ebusika, zikhuphuka ngenhla kwemifula, zivame ukubhukuda amabanga amade;
- semi-anadromous: ngokungafani ne-anadromous, zizalela emilonyeni yemifula ngaphandle kokufuduka amabanga amade;
- amanzi angenasawoti: ukuhlala phansi.
Isikhathi sokuphila
Isikhathi esilinganiselwe sempilo yama-sturgeon yiminyaka engama-40-60. E-beluga ifinyelela eminyakeni eyi-100, i-Russian sturgeon - 50, i-stellate sturgeon ne-sterlet - kuze kube yiminyaka engama-20-30. Isikhathi sokuphila sama-sturgeon endle sithonywe yizinto ezifana nesimo sezulu nokushintshashintsha kokushisa kwamanzi unyaka wonke, kanye nezinga lokungcola kwemizimba yamanzi.
Ukwahlukanisa, izinhlobo ze-sturgeon
Ososayensi bazi izinhlobo eziphilayo eziyi-17. Iningi lazo lifakwe ohlwini lweRed Book.
Nawa amanye ama-sturgeon ajwayelekile eRussia:
- I-sturgeon yaseRussia - inhlanzi, i-caviar nenyama yazo osekuyisikhathi eside yaziswa ukunambitheka kwazo okuhle kakhulu. Njengamanje lisengcupheni yokuqothulwa. I-Antennae, ngokungafani namanye ama-sturgeon, ayikhuli azungeze umlomo, kepha ekugcineni kwesifonyo. Ukuphila nokuzala eCaspian, Black, Azov Seas kanye nemifula emikhulu egeleza ifike kuyo: iDnieper, iVolga, iDon, iKuban. Zingakwazi ukudlula futhi zihlale phansi.
Ubuningi benkonjane enkulu yaseRussia ngokuvamile abudluli kuma-25 kilogram. Inomzimba ombala onamathoni ansundu nampunga kanye nesisu esimhlophe. Idla izinhlanzi, ama-crustaceans, izibungu. Iyakwazi ukuzalana nezinye izinhlobo ze-sturgeon (stellate sturgeon, sterlet) ezimweni zemvelo.
- Kaluga - hhayi kuphela idolobha elisengxenyeni yaseYurophu yaseRussia, kodwa futhi nezinhlobo zama-sturgeon ahlala eMpumalanga Ekude. Ingemuva le-kaluga linombala oluhlaza okotshani, umzimba umbozwe imigqa eminingana yesikali samathambo ngameva acijile namadevu amakhulu ngokuhlobene nezinye izinhlobo ze-sturgeon. Ukungathobeki ekudleni. Yondla ngokumunca amanzi kuyo futhi idonse inyamazane nayo. Njalo eminyakeni emihlanu, uKaluga wesifazane uzala amaqanda angaphezu kwesigidi.
- Sterlet - isici esivelayo salezi zinhlobo zezimpondo ezinomphetho omude nenani elikhulu lamapuleti amathambo. Ku-sterlet, ukuthomba kwenzeka ngaphambi kwesikhathi kunezinye izinhlobo ze-sturgeon. Izinhlobo ezinamanzi amaningi angenasawoti. Ubukhulu obumaphakathi bufinyelela uhhafu wemitha, isisindo asidluli amakhilogremu angama-50. Kuyinto yezinhlobo ezisengozini.
Ingxenye eyinhloko yokudla iqukethe izibungu zezinambuzane, izingulube nezinye izidalwa ze-benthic, inhlanzi idliwa kancane. I-Bester, uhlobo lwe-sterlet ne-beluga, luyisilimo esidumile senyama ne-caviar. Indawo yemvelo yenzeka emifuleni yesigodi sezilwandle iCaspian, Black, Azov neBaltic, itholakala emifuleni efana neDnieper, iDon, iYenisei, i-Ob, iVolga nemifudlana yayo, iKuban, iUral, iKama. - I-Amur sturgeon, i-sturgeon ka-Shrenk - yakha amanzi angenasawoti kanye nama-semi-anadromous, kubhekwa njengesihlobo esiseduze se-sturgeon yaseSiberia. Ama-gill rakers abushelelezi futhi anesiqongo esingu-1. Kusengcupheni yokuqothulwa. Ifinyelela kumamitha amathathu ubude ngesisindo somzimba cishe esingu-190 kg, isisindo esimaphakathi se-sturgeon ngokuvamile asidluli kuma-56-80 kg. Impumulo enwetshiwe ingaba kuze kube yingxenye yobude bekhanda. Imigqa ye-dorsal ye-sturgeon iqukethe kusuka ku-11 kuya ku-17 beetle, ama-lateral asuka ku-32 kuya ku-47, kanti esiswini sisuka ku-7 kuye ku-14. Zidla izibungu zezimpukane ze-caddis nama-mayflies, ama-crustaceans, izibungu ze-lamprey nezinhlanzi ezincane. Kuhlala umcengezi woMfula i-Amur, kusuka ezindaweni eziphansi nangaphezulu, kuya eShilka nase-Argun, ngenkathi yokuzalanisa, izimbadada zikhuphukela emfuleni ziye esifundeni saseNikolaevsk-on-Amur.
- I-stellateon stellate (lat. I-Acipenser stellatus) Ingabe uhlobo lwe-sturgeon oludonsayo, oluhlobene eduze ne-sterlet nameva. ISevruga yinhlanzi enkulu, efinyelela kubude obungu-2.2 m ngobukhulu obucishe bube ngama-80 kg. I-stellate sturgeon inomphetho ohlangene, omncane, oyisicaba, kuze kufike ku-65% wobude bekhanda. Imigqa yamabhungane we-dorsal aqukethe izakhi eziyi-11 kuye kwezingu-14, emigqeni eseceleni kukhona kusuka ku-30 kuye ku-36, esiswini kusuka ku-10 kuye ku-11.
Ubuso bangemuva bunombala onsundu onsundu, izinhlangothi zilula kakhulu, isisu sivame ukuba mhlophe. Ukudla kwe-stellate sturgeon kuqukethe ama-crustaceans kanye ne-mysids, izibungu ezahlukahlukene, kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezincane. USevruga uhlala emachibini aseCaspian, Azov naseLwandle Olumnyama, kwesinye isikhathi izinhlanzi zitholakala olwandle i-Adriatic ne-Aegean. Ngenkathi yokuzalanisa, i-stellate sturgeon ishiya iVolga, Ural, Kura, Kuban, Don, Dnieper, Southern Bug, Inguri neKodori.
Indawo yokuhlala
Indawo yokwabiwa kwama-sturgeon ibanzi impela. Izinhlanzi zihlala ikakhulukazi endaweni epholile (i-sturgeon ayizizwa kahle emanzini afudumele) kuphela eNyakatho Nenkabazwe. Ensimini yaseRussia, ama-sturgeon ahlala emanzini aseCaspian, Black and Azov Seas, eMpumalanga Ekude nasemifuleni esenyakatho.
Ngenkathi yokuzalanisa, lezo zinhlobo zama-sturgeon ezingesizo amanzi angenasawoti ziphakama zigudle imibhede yemifula emikhulu. Izinhlobo ezithile zezinhlanzi zilinywa ngokungeyena emapulazini ezinhlanzi, imvamisa atholakala ezindaweni zemvelo yazo.
Ukudla kwama-Sturgeon
I-sturgeon i-omnivorous. Ukudla kwakhe okujwayelekile kubandakanya ulwelwe, ama-invertebrate (ama-molluscs, ama-crustaceans) nezinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezinesilinganiso esiphakathi. I-sturgeon ishintshela ukutshala ukudla kuphela uma kunezilwane eziswele.
Izinhlanzi ezinkulu zingakwazi ukuhlasela ngempumelelo izinyoni zasemanzini. Ngaphambi nje kokuzala, ama-sturgeon aqala ukudla ngokuqinile konke akubonayo: izibungu, izibungu, izingwe. Bavame ukuthola amafutha amaningi, ngoba ngesikhathi sokuzala, isifiso sama-sturgeon sincishiswe kakhulu.
Inyanga kuphela ngemuva kokuphela kokuzala, izinhlanzi ziqala ukondla... Ukudla okuyinhloko kwamafry sturgeon yizilwane ezincane: ama-copepods (ama-cyclops) nama-cladocerans (i-daphnia ne-moina) ama-crustaceans, izibungu ezinesilinganiso esiphakathi nama-crustaceans. Ukukhula, ama-sturgeon amancane afaka ekudleni kwawo ama-crustaceans amakhulu, kanye nama-molluscs nezibungu zezinambuzane.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Ama-Sturgeon afinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi phakathi kweminyaka yobudala eyi-5 nengama-21 (isimo sezulu esibi, kamuva). Abesifazane bazala cishe kanye eminyakeni emithathu, izikhathi eziningana phakathi nokuphila kwabo, abesilisa - kaningi.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ukuzalela ama-sturgeon ahlukahlukene kungenzeka kusukela ngoMashi kuya kuNovemba. Ukuphakama kokuzala kuphakathi nehlobo.
Okudingeka ukuzala okuphumelelayo nokuvuthwa okulandelayo kwenzalo ukuvuselelwa kwamanzi nomsinga oqinile. Ukuzalisa i-sturgeon akunakwenzeka emanzini amile noma anosawoti. Izinga lokushisa lamanzi libalulekile: uma ikalishi lifudumala, iba mibi kakhulu i-caviar. Lapho ifutheliswa ibe ngama-degree angama-22 nangaphezulu, imibungu ayiphili.
Kuzothakazelisa futhi:
- Uhlobo lwenhlanzi
- I-carp yesiliva
- I-salmon ebomvana
- I-Tuna
Ngesikhathi esisodwa sokuzala, ama-sturgeon esifazane akwazi ukubeka amaqanda afinyelela ezigidini eziningana ngobubanzi obungamamitha ayi-2-3, ngalinye lalo linesisindo esingama-milligram ayi-10. Bakwenza lokhu emifantwini engezansi komfula, phakathi kwamatshe nasemifantwini yamatshe amakhulu. Amaqanda anamathelayo ahambisana ngokuqinile ne-substrate, ngakho-ke awathathwa ngumfula. Ukukhula kwemibungu kuthatha izinsuku ezi-2 kuye kweziyi-10.
Izitha zemvelo
Ama-sturgeon wamanzi ahlanzekile akanazo izitha phakathi kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane zasendle. Ukwehla kwesibalo sabo kuhlotshaniswa kuphela nemisebenzi yabantu.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
I-Sturgeon isongelwa ngokuqothulwa ngekhulu lama-21 kunanini ngaphambili... Lokhu kungenxa yemisebenzi yabantu: ukuwohloka kwesimo semvelo, ukudoba okusebenzayo ngokweqile, okwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngekhulu lama-20, nokuzingela ngokungemthetho, okusabalele kuze kube namuhla.
Ukuthambekela kokwehla kwenani lama-sturgeon kwaba sobala emuva ngekhulu le-19, kepha izindlela ezisebenzayo zokugcina lezi zinhlobo - ukulwa nokubulawa kwabantu ngokungemthetho, ukukhulisa gazinga emapulazini ezinhlanzi ngokukhishwa okuthe xaxa endle - kwaqala ukwenziwa kuphela emashumini eminyaka amuva nje. Njengamanje, ukudoba cishe zonke izinhlobo zama-sturgeon akuvunyelwe nakancane eRussia.
Inani lokuhweba
Kwezinye izinhlobo zenyama ye-sturgeon ne-caviar yaziswa kakhulu: le mikhiqizo icebile ngamaprotheni agayeka kalula, okuqukethwe enyameni kufinyelela ku-15%, amavithamini, i-sodium namafutha acid. Izitsha ze-Sturgeon zaziyingxenye ebalulekile yetafula lama-Russian tsars nama-boyars, izicukuthwane zaseRoma lasendulo naseChina. Ibutho lomkhuzi u-Alexander the Great lasebenzisa i-sturgeon caviar egxile njengokudla.
Isikhathi eside, ama-sturgeon asetshenziselwe ukwenza isobho lenhlanzi, isobho, i-hodgepodge, okuthosiwe nokugxunyekwa. Inyama emhlophe ebucayi ngokwesiko ifakwa ezinhlelweni ezahlukahlukene zokwehlisa isisindo. Cishe zonke izingxenye zomzimba we-sturgeon, kuze kufike ku-cartilage kanye ne-notochord, zikulungele ukusetshenziswa kwabantu.
Kuyathakazelisa! Amafutha we-Sturgeon ne-caviar kwakusetshenziswa phambilini ekukhiqizeni izimonyo, futhi i-glue yezokwelapha yenziwa ngesikhumba sokubhukuda.
Kungenzeka uchaze isikhathi eside imiphumela emihle ukusetshenziswa kwe-sturgeon emzimbeni womuntu... Amafutha alezi zinhlanzi asiza ekulweni nengcindezi kanye nokudangala, kunomthelela omuhle ekusebenzeni kobuchopho nohlelo lwezinhliziyo. Okubaluleke kakhulu i-caviar yezinhlobo ezintathu ze-sturgeon (ngokwehla ngokulandelana):
- i-beluga (umbala ompunga noma omnyama, amaqanda amakhulu)
- I-Russian sturgeon (nsundu, luhlaza okotshani, omnyama noma ophuzi)
- i-stellate sturgeon (amaqanda aphakathi nendawo)
