Inyoni, ekhazinyuliswa nguMayakovsky, yi-hazel grouse edume kakhulu, enezidumbu ezingamakhulu ezinkulungwane zezwe lethu ebezinikezwa phesheya minyaka yonke kuze kube ngama-70s wekhulu lokugcina. Ama-gourmets ayayithokozela inyama yayo emhlophe emnandi enambitheka ebabayo nephunga le-resin.
Incazelo ye-hazel grouse
I-Bonasa bonasia (i-hazel grouse) ingeyomndeni omncane we-grouse we-oda lezinkukhu futhi uthathwa njengenyoni edume kakhulu ehlala emahlathini ase-Europe. Usayizi we-hazel grouse uvame ukuqhathaniswa nejuba noma i-jackdaw, ngoba amaduna amadala awatholi isisindo esingaphezu kuka-0.4-0.5 kg ebusika (abesifazane bancane nangaphansi)... Entwasahlobo, ama-hazel grouses ancipha.
Ukubukeka
Uma ukude i-hazel grouse ibonakala iyimpunga eshunqayo (kwesinye isikhathi inombala wethusi), naphezu kokuhlukahluka kwezimpaphe, lapho izindawo ezimnyama, ezimhlophe, ezinsundu nezibomvu ziyahluka. Endizeni, umugqa omnyama eduze kwesisekelo somsila uyabonakala. Umngcele obomvu ugudla iso, umlomo nomdwebo upendwe ngokumnyama, imilenze imnyama mpunga. Esimweni sezulu esibandayo, imiphetho empunga emaphethelweni amaphiko iba banzi, yingakho le nyoni ibukeka ilula kunasehlobo.
Umzingeli uzohlala ehlukanisa i-hazel grouse komunye umdlalo wehlathi ngenxa yobukhulu bayo obuncane nokwehluka. Kunzima kakhulu ukuhlukanisa phakathi kowesifazane nowesilisa - lokhu kungenzeka kuphela lapho uhlola inyoni edutshuliwe.
Izinsikazi zihlala zincane futhi zigcwala nge-tuft engathuthukisiwe. Azinawo amarimu akhanyayo azungeze amehlo azo njengamaduna nomphimbo omhlophe / ompunga. Kwabesilisa, phansi kwekhanda nomphimbo kunombala omnyama. Ngokuphikisana nesizinda somzimba ominyene, ikhanda le-hazel grouse libukeka lincane ngokungenakulinganiswa, uqhwaku luguqiwe, luqinile, kepha lufushane (cishe u-1.5 cm). Amaphethelo ayo abukhali aguqulelwa ukusika amahlumela namahlumela. Ukuvikela imilenze ukuthi ingaphumi emagatsheni aneqhwa ebusika, lenyoni inamarimu akhethekile ama-horny asiza ukuhlala esihlahleni isikhathi eside.
Uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila
Unyaka nonyaka, inqwaba yama-hazel grouses ahlala endaweni eyodwa, ayishiya ekwindla kuphela, ngenxa yokushintsha kokudla. Ngokushesha nje lapho likhithika, izinyoni zifudukela emifudlaneni / emifuleni lapho kukhula khona i-birch ne-alder. I-Grouse igijima ngamandla, ihamba ngobunyoninco ehlathini lehlathi. Lapho isebenza, izingela kancane, yelule intamo nekhanda phambili. I-hazel grouse ephazamisekile, enomsindo futhi eshaya amaphiko ayo, indizela phezulu (njenge-capercaillie ne-grouse emnyama) futhi ayindizeli ngaphezu kwesihlahla.
Kuyathakazelisa! I-hazel grouse, esatshiswa yindoda, ikhipha isikhashana, iyaxokozela, i-trill, ijike kakhulu bese indiza ibanga elingamamitha ayi-100 ukuyocasha esihlokweni.
Ngokuvamile, lena yinyoni ethule, ngezikhathi ezithile iphendukela kumlozi omncane olibele... Ehlobo, i-hazel grouse ihlala ihlale phansi (ichitha ubusuku ngaphansi kwamagatsha e-spruce aphansi noma kuwo), kepha ngokubonakala kwekhava leqhwa ihambela ezihlahleni. Uma iqhwa lijulile, izinyoni zichitha ubusuku kulo (amamitha ambalwa ukusuka komunye nomunye), zishintsha izindawo zokukhosela nsuku zonke.
Iqhwa livikela emakhazeni, kanti i-hazel grouse ihlala lapho kuze kube ngamahora ayi-19 ngosuku (ikakhulukazi ngoJanuwari / Februwari), indizela ngaphandle kuphela ifuna ukudla. Ukuhlanza izimpaphe nokususa izimuncagazi, i-hazel grouse, njengamanye ama-grouse, "igeza" othulini nasesihlabathini, ukushintshanisa izindawo zokugeza zothuli ne "anting" (ukubhukuda entuthwaneni).
Mangaki ama-hazel grouses ahlala
Abamele okujwayelekile bezinhlobo baphila kuze kufike umnqamulajuqu wabo (iminyaka eyi-8-10), engachazwa nje kuphela ngenzalo yokuzingela, ukuhlaselwa kwezilwane ezidliwayo noma izifo.Ukugcwala kwamazwe amahlathi anama-hazel grouse, okubangela ukuntuleka kokudla, nakho kuholela ekufeni kwabantu abaningi. Amachwane avame ukufa ngenxa yesithwathwa esibi nemililo yehlathi. Ngokusho kwezazi ze-ornithologists, e-Ussuri taiga, kufinyelela kwengxenye yesine yamachwane asanda kuzalwa ayafa, futhi kwesinye isikhathi angaphansi kwengxenye yawo aphila aze afike ezinyangeni ezimbili ubudala.
Kuyathakazelisa! I-hazel grouse inenyama enhle kakhulu, emhlophe nethenda, yomile kancane, ibabayo kancane futhi ikhipha iphunga elihlukile le-resin (linikezwa uginindela ifolishi yemifino, equkethe izinhlaka zemvelo).
Izinhlobo ze-hazel grouse
Manje izinhlobo ezingama-subspecies eziyi-11 zichaziwe, zihluke kancane ngombala, usayizi nendawo yokuhlala:
- I-Bonasa bonasia bonasia (ejwayelekile) - ihlala eFinland, eScandinavia, entshonalanga yeRussia nasenyakatho yeBaltic;
- B. b. i-volgensis - indawo icacile egameni lesiLatini, lapho i-volgensis isho ukuthi "iVolga";
- B. septentrionalis - uhlala enyakatho-mpumalanga yengxenye yaseYurophu yaseRussia, e-Urals nase-Urals, eSiberia, nasemlonyeni we-Amur;
- B. rhenana - uhlala enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeYurophu, eJalimane nase-Austria;
- B. ukusatshalaliswa kwe-rupestris - kutholakala ikakhulu eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeJalimane;
- B. i-styriacus - i-Alps ne-Carpathians;
- B. schiebeli - uhlala emazweni aseBalkan. Enyakatho, unqamula ku- B. styriacus, umngcele ugudla izintaba zaseKaravanke;
- B. kolymensis - uhlala engxenyeni esenyakatho-mpumalanga yebanga, ehambela eningizimu-ntshonalanga enkabeni yeYakutia;
- B. yamashinai - indawo inqunyelwe eSakhalin;
- B. amurensis - enyakatho yePrimorsky Territory, iPeninsula yaseKorea nasenyakatho-mpumalanga yeManchuria;
- B. vicinitas - Isatshalaliswe kuphela esiqhingini saseHokkaido.
Njengoba umehluko phakathi kokujwayelekile kanye nawo wonke ama-subspecies ungabalulekile, ukuzimisela okunembile ngakunye akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kokuhlolwa okuqhathaniswayo nokuqhathanisa.
Indawo yokuhlala
Amahlathi kanye ne-taiga yezwekazi elikhulu lase-Eurasia - kulapho umdlalo ophakeme onezimpaphe obizwa nge-hazel grouse uncamela ukuhlala khona. Igcwalise amahlathi aseRussia ukusuka entshonalanga kuya empumalanga, ngaphandle kweKamchatka ne-Anadyr. Enyakatho yezwe, ububanzi bayo budlulela emngceleni osenyakatho wamahlathi e-coniferous. Ngaphandle kwesikhala sangemva kweSoviet, i-hazel grouse ingatholakala eNyakatho Japan, Korea, Scandinavia, North Mongolia, kanye naseNtshonalanga Yurophu (empumalanga yePyrenees).
Okubalulekile! Izindawo ezihlala kuzo eziyintandokazi yi-spruce flat ne-taiga-deciduous taiga namahlathi asezintabeni, lapho ingena khona, inamathele ezigodini zemifula.
I-Grouse ihlala emahlathini amnyama e-coniferous, afakwe ezinhlotsheni ezincane ezinamacembe (kufaka phakathi i-birch, i-mountain ash, i-alder ne-willow), kanye nasemhosheni lapho ihlathi elixubene ne-spruce-deciduous likhula khona.
Ezingxenyeni eziseningizimu-ntshonalanga yobubanzi bayo, le nyoni ihlala unyaka wonke ehlathini elidala elinamakhaza, kepha kwezinye izindawo ihamba iye ehlathini eliqothulayo kuphela entwasahlobo / ehlobo.
I-Grouse ikhetha umhlaba wamahlathi onendawo emanzi, embozwe uhlaza oluminyene, ecezela kude namahlathi ompayini omile namaxhaphozi ama-moss anamahlathi ephayini angavamile. I-hazel grouse ibuye yabonwa ezintabeni endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayizinkulungwane ezimbili ngaphezulu kogu lolwandle.
Ukudla kwe-hazel grouse
Imenyu iyahluka kuye ngesizini, kepha ukudla okuyinhloko kwe-hazel grouse yabantu abadala kunguhlaza, kwesinye isikhathi buhlanjululwa yizinambuzane... Ukudla kucebe kakhulu ehlobo (izinhlobo ezingafika kwezingama-60) futhi kuyancipha ebusika (cishe okungama-20). Ngo-Ephreli-Meyi, i-hazel grouse idla ama-catkins futhi iqhakaza ama-birches / willows, ama-willow nama-aspen amaqabunga, amajikijolo nembewu eshiywe phansi, izimbali / amaqabunga ezitshalo ezinomsoco, kanye nezimbungulu, izintuthwane, ama-slugs nezicabucabu.
Ehlobo, izinyoni zizitika ngembewu, izingxenye eziluhlaza zezitshalo, izinambuzane futhi, ngemuva kwesikhashana, amajikijolo avuthayo (ama-blueberries, ama-strawberry nama-raspberries). NgoSepthemba, ukudla sekushintshile ngandlela thile futhi kubukeka kanjena:
- i-lingonberry;
- amajikijolo e-rowan / mineberry;
- imbewu ye-meadowsweet ne-mariannik;
- ama-blueberries nama-currants;
- uphayini wamantongomane;
- amacici e-alder / efihlekile;
- amaqabunga e-aspen / omuncu.
Ngo-Okthoba, i-hazel grouse ishintshela ku-roughage (catkins, buds, amagatsha e-birch, alder nezinye izihlahla / izihlahlana). I-gravel, esebenza njengetshe lokusila esiswini, isiza ukugaya i-fiber coarse. Ekudleni kwezilwane ezisencane, kunokudla okuningi kwamaprotheni (izinambuzane) futhi ukwakheka kwesitshalo kuthakazelisa kakhulu.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Isikhathi senkathi yokukhwelana sincike kwisimo sezulu kanye nohlobo lwentwasahlobo. Ama-hazel grouses athembekile kubalingani bawo futhi akha ngazimbili kusukela ekwindla, ahlala eduze futhi ayanakekelana. Ukukhwelana kwentwasahlobo kuphelelwe yisikhathi ekuqaleni kwemfudumalo nezinsuku ezicacile, ezingenamvula. Ama-hazel grouses (ngokungafani nama-grouse okhuni) awanalo iqembu lamanje: ukuqomisana kubhekiswa kumlingani oyedwa futhi kwenzeka endaweni yomuntu siqu.
Kuyathakazelisa! I-hazel grouse igijima ngemuva kwesifazane, umsila wayo uphuphuzele phezulu, uvule futhi uhudule amaphiko ayo, ujike ngokucijile ushaye ikhwela. Insikazi ayisaleli ngemuva kowesilisa, iyiphendula ngempempe yesitokisi.
Lapho ihlobo liseduze, izinyoni ziya zimasha: ziyajahana, zilwe futhi zikhwisane. Insikazi yenza isidleke, yenza umgodi ngaphansi kwesihlahla / ukhuni lapho iqhwa selivele lincibilikile. E-clutch kuvamise ukuba namaqanda afinyelela kwali-10, angavamisile kangako ama-15, nawo afukanyelwa insikazi, ahlala phansi aqiniswe kangangoba angalandwa.
Ukufukamela kuthatha amasonto ama-3, kugcina ngokuchanyuselwa kwamachwane azimele ngokuphelele, okuthi ngosuku lwesibili alandele unina ukuzondla ngezinambuzane. Amachwane akhula ngokushesha futhi ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa afinyelela usayizi wabantu abadala.
Izitha zemvelo
Ngaphezu kwakho konke, lo mdlalo onezimpaphe uhlushwa yinsumpa, ekhetha i-hazel grouse kunenye inyoni futhi idla izidumbu zayo ezifika kwezingama-25 ebusika.... Ngakho-ke, kukholamu "ukufa kwe-hazel grouse ngokwemvelo izizathu ”(zezifunda ezithile zaseSiberia) ama-akhawunti ama-sable cishe angama-80%. Isitha sesibili esibucayi yi-marten, eyakha ngezikhathi ezithile amasheya avela kuma-hazel grouses abulawa yiwo. Usongo luphuma nasengulubeni yasendle: ayazi ukuthi ingabanjwa kanjani ama-hazel grouses amadala, kepha idla inqwaba yamaqanda ayo, ithole imvuthu ezindaweni ezingafinyeleleki.
Futhi, lezi zilwane zizingela i-hazel grouse:
- impungushe;
- umdlalo wokuzilibazisa;
- i-buzzard encane;
- ukhozi;
- isikhova;
- uklebe;
- ukhozi lwegolide;
- goshawk.
Ikhono lale nyoni lokungena eqhweni ngokuvamile liyisindisa ezinyonini, kodwa hhayi ezilwaneni ezinezidleke ezine. Ezindaweni zokukhosela zasebusuku ze-hazel grouse, ama-weasel atholakala kalula, isibonelo, i-ermine, i-weasel, i-ferret ne-wolverine. Kuliqiniso, kwesinye isikhathi inyoni isakwazi ukuphunyuka kulesi silwane ngenxa yendlela ende eneqhwa, enika isikhathi sokubona ubungozi nokubaleka.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Ngezikhathi ezithile, ukwehla okukhulu kwenani le-hazel grouse kuyabonakala, imvamisa kubangelwa ukubuya kwamakhaza engxenyeni yesibili yokufukamela (imibungu ifa ngenxa ye-hypothermia). I-icing futhi iholela ekwehliseni imfuyo, lapho isithwathwa silandela ukuncibilika okungalindelekile futhi iqhwa limbozwe uqweqwe lweqhwa.... Ama-hazel grouse afa ngobuningi, ngoba awanakugqekeza uqweqwe futhi angene eqhweni. Ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi, yizici ze-anthropogenic okufanele zisolwe ngokulahleka kwama-hazel grouse, kufaka phakathi ukugawulwa kwamahlathi nokutshalwa kwamahlathi ezindaweni ezivamile zezinyoni.
Kuyathakazelisa! Kulezi zinsuku, ukuba khona kwalezi zinhlobo akubanga ukwesaba, kanti naseRussia (ngemuva kokuwa kwe-USSR) ama-hazel grouse anyuse kakhulu izinombolo zawo. Isizathu esiyinhloko ukungabi bikho kokudoba okuthengiswayo: ukuzingelwa kwe-amateur (piece) akuthinti imfuyo.
Ngokwe-International Union for Conservation of Nature, inani eliphelele lama-hazel grouses lingabantu abayizigidi eziyi-15 kuya kwezi-40, okuyizigidi eziyisi-7.5-9.1 baseYurophu.Isabelo sengonyama somphakathi womhlaba wama-hazel grouses siseRussia. Lezi zinhlobo zifakiwe kwi-International Red Book njengezisengozini encane.
