Izikhova zokhozi yizilwane ezidla ubumnyama. Zinhle kakhulu futhi ziyaziqhenya, zingenye yezinyoni ezinkulu emvelweni. Ubungako babo, kanye nokudla kwabo, amazwi aphakeme nendlela abaphila ngayo inikeze ukwesaba okuningi okungenasisekelo. Ezinganekwaneni nasezinganekwaneni ezahlukahlukene, ungathola izinkomba eziningi zezikhova ngendlela engeyinhle neze.
Incazelo yezikhova
Isikhova soKhozi siwuhlobo lwezinyoni ezisuka emndenini wesikhova... Impilo yabo ayifundwanga kangako, futhi iningi layo ligutshekelwe yimfihlakalo. Ezinye izinhlobo esikhathini sethu zisengozini yokuqothulwa, ezinye zinyamalale ngokuphelele kwezinye izindawo. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi le nyoni ebabazekayo cishe ayinazo izitha zemvelo, ngaphandle kwezinambuzane ezahlukahlukene.
Ukubukeka
Ngokuya ngokuya kohlobo oluthile, ukubukeka kwazo kungahluka kakhulu. Ubukhulu bezikhova bungaba kusuka ku-39 cm kuye ku-71 cm, futhi isisindo sabantu ngabanye kwesinye isikhathi sifinyelela ku-4.6 kg. Isisindo esilinganiselwe sezinyoni sisebangeni lama-2-3 kg. Kukholakala ukuthi izinyoni zezindawo eziseningizimu zincane futhi zilula ukwedlula abazala bazo abanezimpaphe bezindawo ezisenyakatho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izikhova zokhozi ziveze kakhulu ukubonakala kocansi - abesifazane bahlala bebakhulu kunabesilisa.
Kuyathakazelisa! Izikhova eziningi ziyizinyoni eziqinile ezinemilenze emifushane eqinile nomzimba omise okomgqomo. Izinzwane zinde, ziyaguquguquka futhi ziyaqina, zigcina ngozipho ezimnyama oluxhunyiwe.
Lesi yisikhali esiyingozi kakhulu - sibukhali njengemimese, uzipho lumbiwa kalula enyameni yesisulu, sithinte futhi sichithe imikhumbi emikhulu. Ukufa kwenzeka hhayi kakhulu kunani lamanxeba njengokuphuma kwegazi. Impaphe yetarsus neminwe noma ukungabikho kwayo kungenye yezimpawu zezinhlobo eziyinhloko.
Impaphe iminyene impela, ngasikhathi sinye ivulekile, eqinisekisa ukuhamba ngokuthula. Umbala wezimpaphe uncike kakhulu endaweni yokuhlala futhi uvikela - ukufihla izikhova kuyisidingo esibalulekile emini. Ngokukhanya, zingaba yinto yokuhlaselwa ezinye izinyoni. Ithoni ejwayelekile yezimpaphe insundu ngemibala ephuzi, noma ophuzi ogqwalile, ezifundeni ezisenyakatho, i-ash-smoky, enezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamaphethini ansundu nomnyama.
Ekhanda kunezimpaphe ezicijile zezimpaphe, ezinokuhamba mpo kuye ngemizwa yenyoni. Akuqinisekiswanga ngokwesayensi ukuthi zihlobene ngqo nosizo lokuzwa. Abanye abalindi bezinyoni bazibheka njengohlobo oluthile lwemisindo engabanjwa ekuqaleni - uhlobo oluthile lwendlebe.
Izimpiko kwesinye isikhathi zifinyelela kumamitha amabili noma ngaphezulu, futhi ukundiza kungumbono othakazelisayo. Ukushanela akuvamile futhi kujulile, kushintshana nokuhlela. Zikhula ngesivinini esikhulu kuphela lapho zibona inyamazane bese kuba nesidingo sokuyibamba. Imisila imifushane noma iphakathi ubude, iyindilinga futhi idlala indima ebalulekile ekuhleleni.
Amehlo esikhova athakazelisa ngokukhethekile: makhulu futhi ayindilinga, anezinwele ezikhanyayo ezi-orange, eziphuzi noma ezibomvu. Uhlobo olulodwa kuphela olunamehlo ansundu. Zihlala zibheke phambili kuphela futhi zihlala zinganyakazi. Ikhanda kuphela elijikayo - inyoni ingakwazi ukuyiphendula ngama-270 degrees. Ngokuphikisana nenkolelo evamile yokuthi izikhova aziboni lutho emini, umbono wazo, ngisho nangezikhathi zasemini, unebanga eliphakeme.
Izwi lesikhova nalo liyamangaza. Kuzo zonke izikhova, zine "repertoire" eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi ehlukahlukene. Isibonelo, esikhozini sokhozi saseNepal, imisindo ifana nenkulumo yomuntu, okwenza inyoni isabe kakhulu abantu bendawo. Ngenkathi yokukhwelana, izinyoni zikhuluma kakhulu - imisindo yazo ifana nokukhala, ukukhahlela, ukukhwehlela, ukuncuma kanye nokuhewula okulusizi. Kule misindo, kwamanye amazwe, izikhova zibizwa ngokuthi ama-scarecrows, futhi isibhakela sabo sasebusuku siveze izinganekwane eziningi ngemikhovu nama-kikimors ahlala ehlathini.
Indlela yokuphila nokuziphatha
Izikhova yizinyoni ezihlala zodwa, ezihlala endaweni efanayo. Indizela kwezinye izindawo ngokungathandi ngokweqile, futhi kuphela lapho sekunzima ukudla ezindaweni ezihlala abantu. Izinhlobo zasenyakatho ziyafuduka, zindiza zibheke eningizimu ebusika zifuna ukudla. Umbhangqwana ubusudleke endaweni efanayo iminyaka eminingi, kwesinye isikhathi impilo yabo yonke. Izinyoni zinomhawu ngokuqapha indawo yazo, efinyelela kuma-80 km2.
Umsebenzi wabo uphansi kakhulu emini futhi uyanda ngokuqala kokuhwalala nobusuku. Uyakwazi ukuzingela kuze kuse lapho kunekhefu elifushane. Izikhova zokhozi zidla inyamazane encane ngokushesha, ezinkulu ziyiswa endaweni ecashile, kude nezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye.
Kuyathakazelisa! Izindlela zokuzingela i-Owl zithakazelisa kakhulu. Ezinye izinhlobo, nemisindo yazo, zisabisa ngamabomu izinyoni ezilele zasemini noma izilwane ezincane, ziphoqelele ukuthi ziphakame noma zikhase endaweni yokukhosela. Izikhova zokhozi zivame ukubulala izinyoni endizeni.
Ngokuqala kokuntwela kokusa, izikhova zivame ukubuyela endaweni yazo eyimfihlo ukuze ziphumule futhi zigaye ukudla okudliwayo. Umkhuba wokucashela ezinye izinyoni wuhlobo oluthile lwenzondo engxenyeni yezinye izinyoni - lapho zibona isikhova, ziyagxumagxuma kuso, zizama ukwenza okubi ngangokunokwenzeka. Azikwazi ukulimaza kanzima, kepha zivame ukuphazamisa ukuphumula, okuyisihluthulelo sokuzingela ebusuku okuphumelelayo.
Zingaki izikhova ezihlala
Izinyoni zingahlukaniswa njengabantu abaneminyaka eyikhulu. Endle, isikhathi sabo sokuphila simaphakathi neminyaka eyi-14-16, iminyaka engama-25, ekuthunjweni abanye abantu baphila kuze kube yiminyaka engama-50. Kunezimo lapho izikhova ezithanjisiwe zihlala khona iminyaka engama-70.
Izinhlobo zezikhova
Isikhova sokhozi (UBubo bubo) ungummeleli ojwayelekile wohlobo lwezikhova, uhlobo olukhulu kunazo zonke. Umbala uyehluka kuye ngendawo kusuka kokugqwalile nonsundu kuya kokhilimu. Idla amagundane, amaxoxo, ukuzingela ama-partridges, ama-woodpeckers, ama-tits. Itholakala endaweni yaseNyakatho Yurophu naseNyakatho ye-Asia kulo lonke izwekazi lase-Eurasia, kanye naseNyakatho Afrika.
Isikhova senhlanzi (UBubo blakistoni) Ingabe uhlobo olusengozini yokutholakala emahlathini aseManchuria, eJapane naseMpumalanga Ekude. Ayisihle ngosayizi wesikhova esijwayelekile, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ize idlule ngisho nakuwo - amaphiko esikhova senhlanzi angafinyelela kumamitha amabili nohhafu. Umbala onsundu, monochromatic. Iminwe netarsu kuyasha. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi lezi zinyoni zihlala kuphela ezihlahleni ezinkulu ezindala. Uzingela izinhlanzi - i-salmon, i-gobies, i-rudd.
Isikhova sokhozi saseNepali (UBubo nipalensis) Ingabe inyoni engajwayelekile, incane uma iqhathaniswa nezikhozi - ubukhulu bazo abuvamile ukudlula uhhafu wemitha. Idla izilwane ezihuquzelayo, ama-pheasants, kaningi ukudoba. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi izwi lakhe lifana nelomuntu, yingakho kunezinganekwane eziningi ezesabekayo ngale nyoni ezindaweni zayo zokuhlala.
Isikhova sentombi (UBubo virginianus) Iyinyoni engafuduki ehlala eNyakatho Melika. Ummeleli ophakathi nendawo wohlobo kuze kufike kumasentimitha angama-63. Izimpaphe ziyahlukahluka kusuka konsundu ngokubomvu kanye ne-terracotta kuye komnyama noma omnyama nomhlophe. Isikhova sasokhozi saseVirginia singazingela inyamazane enkulu kanye nofezela, amasele kanye nama-salamanders. Bahlala ngababili kuphela isikhathi sokufukamela nokuzalanisa amaphuphu.
Indawo yokuhlala
Izikhova zokhozi zingenye yezinyoni ezidla kakhulu - zingatholakala emazweni amaningi e-Eurasia, e-Afrika naseMelika. Ensimini yaseRussia, bahlala kuyo yonke insimu. Ama-biotopes ahlala izinyoni angamahlane, izintaba, amahlathi, amachibi kanye nemifula.
Ziphathelene nabantu ngaphandle kokwesaba okukhulu, zingahlala eduze nomhlaba wezolimo, zizuze ekubhujisweni kwezilokazane eziyizilwanyane. Ekukhetheni izindawo zokuhlala, ziqondiswa kuphela ngokuba khona kwesisekelo sokudla. Izinyoni zaseNyakatho zibekezelela kalula amazinga okushisa aphansi.
Ukudla kwesikhova
Izikhova zokhozi zizingela ngokuyinhloko amagundane amancane, ama-hares, ama-hedgehogs, amaxoxo, izinyoni: ama-partridges, i-black grouse, amajuba, ama-hawk, ama-hazel grouses. Kuvame ukuzingelwa izingwejeje; unganqikazi ukubakhathaza ngamagwababa, amalulwane. Izinhlobo ezincane ziqoqa izinambuzane, izibungu, amacimbi. Kunezimo ezaziwayo zokuzingela izimpungushe, izinyamazane, ama-martens nama-ferrets, ama-raccoon, ama-badger kanye nezihlobo eziseduze - izikhova. Izinyoni ezihlala eduze kwenhlanzi zizingela izinhlanzi. Ezinye izinhlobo, njengesikhova sezinhlanzi, zakha cishe konke ukudla kwazo okuvela ezinhlanzini. Kukhona amacala ajwayelekile okucekela phansi izidleke zezinyoni kanye nokudla amaphuphu.
Izitha zemvelo
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi isikhova sokhozi ngezinga elithile singabizwa ngokuthi siphezulu kochungechunge lokudla - cishe asinazo izitha zemvelo. Inyoni esikhulile ayikho engcupheni yokuhlaselwa ezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye. Kwesinye isikhathi amabhere nezimpisi zilinga ukuhlasela izingane, kepha amacala ayivelakancane. Izinyoni zingasongelwa yizinambuzane ezihlala ezimpapheni nasezifweni ezithwele zona.
Isitha esikhulu sale nyoni singabizwa ngokuphepha ngokuthi umuntu... Phambilini, bekukholelwa ukuthi izikhova zokhozi zilimaza imisebenzi yezolimo, kanti nezinyoni zicishe zabhujiswa ngokuphelele. Kulezi zinsuku izindawo zabo zokuhlala ziyacekelwa phansi, kanti izikhova zokhozi ziyabonakala kancane kancane lapho uhamba ehlathini. Imisebenzi yabantu ikhonjiswa ezinyoni ngomqondo wokuthi ngemuva kokuqothula, amanye amagundane anobuthi angawela ezinhlokweni zezilwane ezidla ezinye, ezigcina zifakwe ubuthi ngesidumbu bese zifa ngokushesha.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Imidlalo yokukhwelana yenzeka ngasekupheleni kobusika - ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo (ngoFebhuwari-Mashi). Abantu abavuthiwe ngokocansi bonyaka wesibili wokuphila bahlela izingoma nemidanso yokukhwelana - ngokwesibonelo, izikhova zaseVirginia ziyakhothana, zihluza izimpaphe zazo. Phakathi kwemicikilisho yokukhwelana, izikhova zezinhlanzi zinokuphakelwa okuyisiko - yile ndlela owesilisa aqinisekisa ngayo ukuthi uzokwazi ukondla insikazi ehleli emaqandeni.
Iningi lezikhova alizakhi isidleke - amaqanda abekwa phansi ngqo, emigodini emincane ngaphansi kwezihlahla, phakathi kwamatshe, emifantwini yamadwala. Abanye basebenzisa izidleke zezinye izinyoni ezisele njengezidleke. Ukuqubuka kuqukethe amaqanda amathathu kuya kwamahlanu, abesifazane ababeka ngesikhawu sezinsuku ezi-2-4. Izinsikazi ziyafukamela amaqanda ngokwazo, ngaphandle kokushiya isidleke, inyanga. Ngalesi sikhathi, owesilisa wondla insikazi, alethe inyamazane yakhe. Uma insikazi ishiya isidleke ngenxa yendlala, kuvame ukonakala.
Kuyathakazelisa! Uma sekwakhiwe, umbhangqwana awuhlakazeki ezinhlotsheni eziningi, yize ngemuva kokuzala nokuvela kwamachwane, owesilisa nowesifazane bavame ukuzingela ngokwehlukana. Noma kunjalo, bavikela indawo yabo ngokubambisana futhi ngokuqinile.
Amaqanda ngosayizi kubantu abakhulu angaba ngu-5-7 cm ubude, embozwe ngegobolondo elinolaka, eliba bushelelezi ngesikhathi amachwane echanyuselwa. Amaqanda angaba nesisindo esifinyelela ku-72 gram futhi abe nobubanzi obungu-4-5 cm.
Izikhova ezisanda kuzalwa zinesisindo esingama-gramu angama-60 futhi zimbozwe ngogqinsi olumhlophe phansi. Ngemuva kokuchanyuselwa, amehlo abo ahlala avalekile isikhathi esingangesonto. Amachwane ayisiminzi impela - phakathi nezinsuku zokuqala abesifazane kuphela abondla ngokudla okulethwa owesilisa, bakuklebhule kube yizicucu. Cishe emasontweni amathathu, bobabili abazali bayahamba bayozingela. Isici sezikhova ukudla kwabo kwezinkukhu - inkukhu enamandla futhi enkulu ingabulala futhi idle ozakwabo ababuthakathaka.
Amachwane aqala ukuhlola umhlaba obazungezile eneminyaka yobudala amasonto amathathu kuya kwamane... Izikhova zokhozi zichitha isikhathi esiningi kakhulu ekuhambeni ngezinyawo, zombili zisencane futhi zivuthiwe ngokwengeziwe. Amabanga amafushane, amaphuphu akwazi ukundiza ezinyangeni ezimbili, kanti izinyoni ezinezinyanga ezintathu ubudala ziwathatha ngokugcwele amaphiko azo. Yize kunjalo, bayakwazi ukucela ukudla kubazali babo kuze kube izinyanga eziyisithupha.
Amachwane avame ukuba nempilo ezimele yamahhala eneminyaka engu-6-7 izinyanga, kepha kukhona okuhlukile okuthakazelisa kakhulu. Abazali bangafundisa amaphuphu anonyaka owodwa ukuzingela nokudoba. Lokhu kunjalo ikakhulukazi ngezikhova zezinhlanzi - kube nezimo ezinjalo "zokukhuliswa" okunjalo, lapho, ngaphezu kwephuphu elincane, abazali bondla omdala, bemfundisa ukudoba ngasikhathi sinye.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
ERussia, izinhlobo eziningi zezikhova zokhozi azivamile ngenxa yokubhujiswa okungalawuleki kwezinyoni ngekhulu lama-20 endaweni eyayiyi-USSR yangaphambili, futhi zibhalwe kuRed Book njengezinciphayo, futhi zivame ukuba sengozini. Ifakiwe ezivumelwaneni eziningi zomhlaba wonke mayelana nokuvikelwa kwezinyoni, ivikelekile emhlabeni jikelele ezinqolobaneni naseziqiwini.
Inani langempela le-subspecies ngayinye ngokuvamile alaziwa. Ubukhulu babantu abathile bendawo buyaziwa, futhi kaningi bancane - kusuka ku-15 kuya ku-340 ngazimbili. ETrans-Urals naseSiberia, kuyaqabukela ngokweqile futhi kuyivela kancane. Ukugcwalisa inani lezinyoni, zizama ukuzalela ekuthunjweni... Izikhova zokhozi oluthambile zingazala ngempumelelo njalo ngonyaka, kepha awekho amacala aziwayo okuphumelela kwezinyoni endle.
