I-spider monkey (lat. Atelidae) yizilwane ezincelisayo ezivela emndenini wezinkawu ezinamakhala amakhulu (i-Platyrrhini) kanye nokuhleleka kwama-Primates. Lo mndeni uhlanganisa cishe izinhlobo ezingamashumi amathathu zanamuhla, ezisatshalaliswa kuphela endaweni yeNew World.
Incazelo yenkawu yesicabucabu
Izinkawu zesicabucabu zikweleta igama lazo elingajwayelekile hhayi nje kuphela emilenzeni nezingalo ezinde futhi ezinamandla, kepha nasemsileni, odlala indima yohlobo lwelungu lesihlanu eliqinile kakhulu. Ukhakhayi lwenkawu lincane, ngakho-ke, isilwane esincelisayo esilenga emagatsheni futhi sibambelele kuwo ngomsila waso, kanye nazo zonke izitho zaso, kufana kakhulu nesicabucabu ekubukekeni kwaso konke.
Ukubukeka, ubukhulu
Izinkawu zesicabucabu, kufaka phakathi izinkawu namajazi e-howler, njengamanje zithathwa njengezinyamazane ezinkulu kunazo zonke ezwenikazi laseMelika. Isisindo somuntu omdala cishe silinganiselwa ku-4-10 kg, nobude bomzimba obusukela ku-34-65 cm.Ubude bomsila wenkawu yesicabucabu buyahluka phakathi kuka-55-90 cm.Abesifazane balezi zinhlobo basinda ngandlela thile futhi bakhulu ngokuphawulekayo kunabesilisa abavuthiwe ngokobulili.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ku-koat enoboya, ijazi emahlombe lide kancane kunengubo esiswini nasemilenzeni.
Endaweni engenalutho ezansi kwethiphu yomsila, kukhona ama-scallops anesibopho sokuqina okuhle kakhulu kwezilwane ezincelisayo. Izinqe zangaphambili zenkawu yesicabucabu zinde kunezitho zangemuva, kodwa kwabanye abantu zingacishe zilingane ngobude. Isithupha esisesandleni asikho noma sincishisiwe, futhi izinzwani ezinkulu ezinyaweni zikhule kahle. Ijazi lesilwane lide, linemibala ehlukahlukene... Indawo yesifonyo sesilwane inombala omnyama kakhulu, futhi izinwele emzimbeni zinsundu noma nsundu ngokukhanyayo ngombala.
Uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila
Izinkawu zesicabucabu zithanda ukuhlala emaqenjini amakhulu kakhulu, cishe abantu abayishumi, kepha kwesinye isikhathi izilwane ezincelisayo ziyakwazi ukubuthana emihlambini yabantu abangamashumi amane noma ngaphezulu. Abamele umndeni wezinkawu ezinamakhala abanzi bahlala eziqongweni zamahlathi, ngaphandle kokuya phansi ebusweni bomhlaba. Ngakho-ke, ukuze kwenziwe umsebenzi obalulekile ngokugcwele, lolu hlobo ludinga ukuba khona okuphoqelekile kwezihlahla ezinkulu ngokwanele endaweni yokuhlala.
Ukulala kwezinkawu ze-arachnid nakho kwenzeka kuphela ezihlahleni, lapho izilwane zitholakala ebangeni elincane ukusuka komunye nomunye. Ukuhamba phakathi kwezimila, kusetshenziswa indlela ye-brachiation semi-brachiation, ilenga emagatsheni ngaphambili nezinsila zangaphambi kokuqina. Umsebenzi oyinhloko wezilwane ezincelisayo wenzeka emini.
Iphethini yansuku zonke yokuziphatha kwezinkawu ze-arachnid imelwe yizikhathi zokuphumula, ukondla, ukuhamba, noma ukuqhuma nokuxhumana. Ama-primates anamandla angaka asebenzisa cishe ama-50% wesikhathi sawo sansuku zonke enqubeni yokuphumula, ama-20% wesikhathi achithwa ekudleni, ama-28% - ekuhambeni noma ekuhambeni, naku-2% - kunqubo yokuxhumana nomunye nomunye.
Iqembu ngalinye le-Atelidae likhetha ukutholakala ezihlahleni ezihlukene lapho kuhlala khona izindlu. Ngokugawulwa kwamahlathi okusebenzayo, izinkawu ze-arachnid zishiya izindawo zazo zokuhlala futhi zikwazi ukubuyela endaweni yazo yasekuqaleni kuphela emva kokuba izihlahla ezilungele indawo yokuhlala yezilwane zikhule zaze zaba nobude obanele.
Ihlala isikhathi esingakanani inkawu yesicabucabu
Abamele umndeni wezinkawu ze-arachnid bahlukile hhayi ngosayizi nombala wabo kuphela, kepha futhi bayahluka esikhathini sokuphila. Abesilisa ezimweni zemvelo baphila, njengomthetho, kungabi ngaphezu kweminyaka eyishumi, nabesifazane - kuze kube yiminyaka eyishumi nambili kuya kweyishumi nanhlanu... Njengoba kunikezwe izimo ezithandeka kakhulu, isilinganiso seminyaka yokuphila kwezilwane ezincelisayo zalesi silwane singafinyelela eminyakeni engamashumi amabili, noma ikota yekhulu leminyaka noma ngaphezulu. Ekuthunjweni, izilwane ziphila cishe iminyaka engamashumi amane.
Izinhlobo zezinkawu ze-arachnid
Umndeni wezinkawu ze-arachnid umele imindeni emibili, imikhakha emihlanu kanye nezinhlobo ezicishe zibe ngamashumi amathathu. Umndeni omncane i-Alouattinae ufaka uhlobo loHowler (Alouatta), kufaka phakathi:
- I-Alouatta arctoidea;
- umlisa obomvu (Аlоuatta bеlzebul);
- umnyama howler (Alouatta saraya);
- UCoiba howler (Alouatta coibensis);
- Alouatta discolor;
- umdwebi onsundu (Аlоuatta guаribа);
- Alouatta juara;
- Guyana howler (Alouatta massonnelli);
- Ummemezeli wase-Amazonia (Alouatta nigerrima);
- Umshayeli waseColombia (Alouatta palliata);
- I-Central American Howler (i-Alouatta pigra);
- I-Alouatta puruensis;
- WaseBolivia Howler (Alouatta sara);
- umkhululi obomvu (Alouatta seniculus);
- Alouatta ululata.
Umndeni omncane u-Atelinae ufaka:
- Uhlobo lwe-Coates (Аteles), kufaka phakathi ijazi elimhlophe ngaphambili (Аteles belzebuth), ijazi lasePeruvia (Аteles сhamek), ijazi laseColombia (i-Аteles hybridus), ijazi elinamahloni ebhali (i-Аtеleffes mаrginolateosuyu), omnyama koatu (Аteles ranisсus);
- izinkawu zohlobo lwesicabucabu (Brachyteles), kufaka phakathi inkawu ye-arachnid (Brachyteles arachnoids) nenkawu ebomvu ngokubomvu (Brachyteles hyrohanthus);
- Izinkawu zohlobo lwe-Woolly (Lаgоthriх), kufaka phakathi inkawu ensundu enoboya (Lаgоthriх lаgоtriсha), izinkawu ezimpunga ezinoboya (Lаgоthriх sana), izinkawu zaseColombia ezinoboya (Lаgоthrih monkey woolly.)
Inkawu enomsila ophuzi (Oreonah flavicauda) ingeyehlobo elincane kakhulu i-Oreonax.
Indawo yokuhlala
I-howler red-red ihlala emahlathini asogwini lwe-Atlantic nase-Amazonia. Izinkawu ezimnyama nezinsundu ezi-howler zingabameleli abaseningizimu kakhulu balolu hlobo lohlobo, kanti umlobi waseCoiba ugcwele ePanama. Abamele izinhlobo zezinhlobo zeGuyana howler batholakala cishe yonke indawo eGuiana Highlands, engxenyeni esenyakatho ye-Amazon nasempumalanga yeRio Negro.
U-howler wase-Amazon uhlala enkabeni yeBrazil. ICentral American Howler ihlala emahlathini emvula aminyene eBelize, Mexico naseGuatemala, kuyilapho izinkawu zaseBolivia Howler zivame enyakatho nasenkabeni yeBolivia kuze kufike emingceleni yePeru neBrazil.
Kuyathakazelisa! Uhlobo olungajwayelekile kakhulu yinkawu enoboya obunomsila ophuzi. Ijwayelekile ePeru, itholakala kuphela kuma-Andes asePeru ezifundeni zaseSan Marín, eAmazonas, eLoreto naseHuanuco, kanye naseLa Libertad.
Bonke abamele uhlobo lweKoata bangabahlali bamahlathi ashisayo aseNingizimu naseMelika Ephakathi: kusuka eningizimu yeMexico kuya emingceleni yaseBrazil. AmaLagotrix noma Izinkawu Zoboya zihlala ezingxenyeni ezingenhla zamahlathi emvula, umswakama nezinkungu zamahlathi emvula enyakatho yeNingizimu Melika, kufaka phakathi iBolivia neBrazil, iColombia, i-Ecuador nePeru.
Ukudla kwesicabucabu
Ukudla okuyinhloko kwamakholi we-howler kuvezwa ngamaqabunga nezithelo, kanti imbewu nezimbali zezitshalo kusebenza njengesengezo.... Amajazi abuye adle kakhulu izithelo zomuthi nezimbali, kepha kwesinye isikhathi adla izinambuzane nezinkuni ezibolayo.
Amahlamvu ezitshalo enza cishe u-20% wokudla okuphelele, futhi imbewu iyanezelwa ekudleni ikakhulukazi ngenkathi yemvula, lapho kungahle kube nesithelo esanele. Izithelo zifinyelela kuma-36% wokudla okuphelele, amahlamvu avuthiwe - cishe ama-30%, amahlamvu amancane kanye namafihlekile - angadluli ku-25%, nezimbali - cishe u-5%.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Izinkawu zesifazane ezingama-arachnid ngokuvamile zizala izinyane elilodwa. Azikho izinkomba zesikhathi sonyaka ekukhiqizeni lezi zilwane ezincelisayo; ngakho-ke, abamele lo mndeni bayakwazi ukukhwelana unyaka wonke. Ama-primates anjalo asabela kunoma yibaphi abantu ongabazi ngenkuthalo nangobudlova ngenkathi yenzalo.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ukubuyiswa kwesibalo sabantu kuhamba kancane kakhulu, ngenxa yokuzala kaningi kakhulu kwezinkawu ze-arachnid nokuzalwa kwengane eyodwa kuphela.
Eminyakeni embalwa yokuqala, umntwana uhlala nonina njalo. Kusukela ezinnyangeni ezine, amawundlu aqala ukuzama ukudla okuhlukahlukene kwezitshalo.
Izilwane ezincelisayo zomndeni wezinkawu ze-Spider azifinyeleli ekuvuthweni okuphelele kwezocansi kuze kube yiminyaka emihlanu.
Izitha zemvelo
Izitha zemvelo zesicabucabu se-spider ama-jaguar, ama-ocelots nezinkozi, ama-harpies, kepha ukulimala okuyinhloko kulezi zilwane ezincelisayo kubangelwa abantu. Izinsongo kubantu abaningi ukuzingelwa kwezilwane zenyama nokubanjwa kwamancane ngabazingeli abangekho emthethweni, kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwendawo yemvelo yezinkawu ze-arachnid. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi okubanzi kubangela ukuhlukaniswa okubonakalayo kwendawo yokusabalalisa.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Le nhlobo iRed-handed Howler iklonyeliswe ngezinga lokuvikelwa yi-International Union for Conservation of Nature. Abamele izinhlobo zezinkawu ezinoboya obunomsila ophuzi manje sebengcupheni yokuqothulwa. Izinkawu ezibomvu ziyizinhlobo ze-primate ezingavamile kakhulu futhi ezisengozini enkulu ezinesimo sokulondolozwa okusemngciphekweni.
Kuma-subspecies ayisishiyagalolunye aziwayo emonkey arachnid, ayisishiyagalombili asengozini yokubhujiswa. ICentral American Howler ihlukaniswa njengeSengozini, futhi isimo sokongiwa kweRed Howler njengamanje sikhathaza kakhulu. Ekuthunjweni, izinkawu ze-arachnid zizala kahle ngokwanele, okwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukudala abantu abagcwele abahlala njengamanje eziqiwini eziningana naseziqiwini zomhlaba.
