Kukholakala ukuthi igama elejwayelekile elithi "oklebe" lakhiwa izimpande ezimbili zamaProto-Slavic - "str" (isivinini) kanye ne- "rebъ" (variegated / pockmarked). Ngakho-ke igama lale nyoni libonisa iphethini ye-motley yezimpaphe zesifuba kanye nokukwazi ukubamba inyamazane ngokushesha.
Incazelo ye-hawk
Ama-True hawks (Accipiter) ayizinhlobo zezinyoni ezidla inyama zomndeni wama-hawks (Accipitridae). Azizinkulu kakhulu ezidliwayo zasemini - ngisho nommeleli omkhulu kunabo bonke wohlobo, i-goshawk, ayidluli ubude obungu-0.7 m ngobukhulu obungu-1.5 kg. Olunye uhlobo oluvamile, i-sparrowhawk, lukhula lufike ku-0.3-0.4 m kuphela futhi lube nesisindo esingu-0.4 kg.
Ukubukeka
Ukubukeka, njenge-anatomy ye-hawk, kunqunywa indawo kanye nendlela yokuphila.... Umzingeli unombono omuhle kakhulu, ophakeme ngokuphindwe kasishiyagalombili ngokuqina komuntu. Ingqondo ye-hawk ithola isithombe se-binocular (volumetric) ngenxa yokuhleleka okukhethekile kwamehlo - hhayi ezinhlangothini zekhanda, kepha ngasondelana nomlomo.
Amehlo ezinyoni ezindala anombala ophuzi / ophuzi-orange, kwesinye isikhathi anombala obomvu noma obomvu ngokubomvu (tyvik). Kwezinye izinhlobo, iris ikhanya kancane ngobudala. Ukhozi luhlome ngomlomo oqinile oxhumene nesici esithile - ukungabikho kwezinyo ngenhla komlomo.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ukhozi luzwa kahle, kepha luhlukanisa iphunga hhayi kakhulu ngamakhala alo ... ngomlomo walo. Uma inyoni inikezwa inyama endala, kungenzeka ukuthi iyibambe ngomlomo wayo, kodwa-ke iyoyilahla impela.
Imvamisa ivame ukuba nezimpaphe, kepha azikho izimpaphe eminwe nasetars. Imilenze ihlukaniswa yimisipha enamandla. Izimpiko zifushane futhi ziyisidudla; umsila (obanzi nobude) imvamisa uyisiyingi noma usike uqonde. Umbala waphezulu ezinhlotsheni eziningi umnyama kunaphansi: lawa amathoni ampunga noma ansundu. Isendlalelo sokukhanya esijwayelekile sengxenye engezansi (i-ocher emhlophe, ephuzi noma ekhanyayo) ihlala ihlanjululwa ngamabhomu ahamba phambili / amade.
Uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila
Ukhozi luhlala ehlathini elinehlathi futhi lwakha isidleke esihlahleni eside kunazo zonke ukuze kuhlolwe izindawo zalo zokuzingela cishe ezingamakhilomitha ayi-100-150. Lo mzingeli wehlathi uqondisa ngobunono izigaxa eziminyene, ajike abheke phezulu / ngokuvundlile, ngokuzumayo ame futhi asuke ngokucijile, kanye nokuhlasela okungalindelekile kulabo abahlukumezekile. Le nyoni isizwa ubukhulu bomzimba obuhlangene kanye nokuma kwamaphiko.
Ukhozi, ngokungafani nokhozi, aluhambi phezulu esibhakabhakeni, lubheke izidalwa eziphilayo isikhathi eside, kepha luhlasela ngokungalindelekile noma yini (egijima, imile noma indizayo), ibukele lapho iqamekele khona. Ibamba, lesi silwane siyikhama ngokuqinile ngezidladla zayo bese singena ngozipho saso, sigwaze futhi siminyanise ngasikhathi sinye. Uklebe ushwabadela isisulu sonke, kanye nezinwele / izimpaphe namathambo.
Uma uzwa intaba ethi "ki-ki-ki" noma i- "ki-i-i, ki-i-i" edonswe ehlathini, uzwile-ke ukuthi uyinhlenge yini. Imisindo eminingi kakhulu yemisindo, efana nomsindo womtshingo, yenziwa ngokucula oklebe. Kanye ngonyaka (imvamisa ngemuva kokuzalanisa), oklebe, njengazo zonke izinyoni ezidla inyama, i-molt. Kwesinye isikhathi i-molt ibambezeleka iminyaka embalwa.
Uphila isikhathi eside oklebe
Abaqaphi bezinyoni bayaqiniseka ukuthi endle, oklebe bangaphila kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-12-17... Emahlathini aseNyakatho Melika, ama-hummingbird athanda ukuhlala ngaphansi kwezidleke zontanga, ebalekela izitha zawo zemvelo, izingwejeje namajayi. Ukwesaba okunjalo kulula ukukuchaza - oklebe bazingela izingwejeje, kepha abanandaba ngokuphelele nezinyoni ze-hummingbird.
Ukwahlukanisa, izinhlobo
Uhlobo loKlebe lubandakanya izinhlobo ezingama-47, iningi lazo elibizwa nge-Accepiter gentills, igoshawk. Izinyoni ze-Nenkabazwe eseMpumalanga zibalekela ebusika e-Asia, eNtshonalanga - ziye eMexico. I-goshawk ithambekele ekuziphatheni kokuhlala phansi, kepha igwema ukuhlala emahlathini amakhulu. Lapho indiza, le nyoni ikhombisa ukuhanjiswa kwe-wavy.
I-Accipiter nisus (Sparrowhawk) imelwe ama-subspecies ayisithupha, ahlala eNtshonalanga Yurophu naseNyakatho Afrika ngasempumalanga kuya ePacific Ocean. Inani eliphakeme kakhulu labantu eYurophu liyaziwa eRussia naseScandinavia. Izidleke, ezigcwele amahlamvu nobulembu obuthambile, zakhelwe kuma-conifers, kaningi kuma-spruces. Lezi zithandani zakha isidleke esisha minyaka yonke. ISparrowhawk ingumzingeli omuhle kakhulu odinga ukwakheka okuhlukahlukene ngenani elikhulu lezinyoni ezincane.
Kuyathakazelisa! ECaucasus / eCrimea, ukuzingela izagwaca ekwindla ngeziklebe zokuzingela kuyathandwa, okuyabanjwa, kuthanjiswe futhi kuqeqeshwe izinsuku ezimbalwa. Lapho nje isikhathi sokuzingela sesiphelile, ondlunkulu bayadedelwa.
I-Sparrowhawk ingabonakala ngezimpaphe zayo ezimnyama ezivelele ezinemigqa emhlophe eguqukayo esiswini.
Indawo yokuhlala
Uhlobo lwe-Accipiter (oklebe bangempela) selunezimpande kuwo wonke amagumbi omhlaba, ngaphandle kwe-Arctic. Zitholakala cishe kuyo yonke i-Eurasia, kusuka ehlathini-itundra elisenyakatho kuya ezindaweni eziseningizimu yezwekazi. OKlebe bazivumelanise nesimo sezulu se-Afrika kanye ne-Australia, iNyakatho neNingizimu Melika, iPhilippines, i-Indonesia neTasmania, kanye neCeylon, iMadagascar nezinye iziqhingi.
Izinyoni zihlala ema-savanna, emahlathini asezindaweni ezishisayo, emahlathini ahlabayo kanye nama-coniferous, amathafa nezintaba... Zikhetha ukungakhuphukeli ekujuleni kwehlathi, zikhetha imiphetho ekhanyayo evulekile, amahlathi asogwini namahlathi. Ezinye izinhlobo zifunde ukuhlala ngisho nasemathafeni avulekile. OKlebe abavela ezindaweni ezinamazinga okushisa afudumele bangabalandeli bokuzinza, futhi izinyoni ezivela ezifundeni ezisenyakatho zindiza ziye emazweni aseningizimu ukuze zihlale ubusika.
Ukudla koKlebe
Izinyoni (eziphakathi nezincane) zinentshisekelo enkulu yokudla kwazo, kepha uma kunesidingo, oklebe badla izilwane ezincelisayo, ama-amphibian (amasele namaxoxo), izinyoka, izibankwa, izinambuzane nezinhlanzi. Ingxenye evelele yemenyu yakhiwa izinyoni ezincane (ikakhulukazi zomndeni odlulayo):
- i-oatmeal, ondlunkulu nama-lentile;
- izintaka, izikeyiti nezintaka;
- ama-warblers, ama-crossbill kanye nokushaywa kweqhwa;
- izinqola ezinqoleni, ama-warblers kanye ne-dippers;
- ama-kinglet, amatshwele kanye nama-redstarts;
- ama-blackbirds, ama-flycatcher namatiti.
Imiphongolo emikhulu izingela izinyoni eziningi - ama-pheasants, ama-woodpeckers amakhulu, ama-hazel grouses, ama-partges, ama-crow, ama-parrot, amajuba, ama-waders, kanye nezinkukhu zasekhaya (izinkukhu) nezinyoni zasemanzini.
Okubalulekile! Ondlunkulu baseJapan bahlanganisa amalulwane ekudleni kwabo, kuyilapho ama-songhawks amnyama ase-Afrika edla i-Guinea fowl ne-pygmy mongooses.
Phakathi kwama-hawk anegazi elifudumele, bakhetha ama-shrews, amagundane, izingwejeje, izingulube, amagundane, ama-ermine kanye nonogwaja. Izinambuzane zifaka ojekamanzi, izintethe, ama-cicadas, izinkumbi namabhungane (kufaka phakathi izindlovu, amabhungane omswani nezimpondo ezinde).
Ukuzala nenzalo
Uhangu ngokuvamile uhlala ethembekile kusayithi elilodwa nakuzakwethu oyedwa. Lezi zithandani zakha isidleke ezinyangeni eziyi-1.5-2 ngaphambi kokukhwelana, zisinamathisela egatsheni eliseduze nesiqu hhayi kude phezulu. Akubona bonke oklebe abasebenzisa isidleke esidala - abanye bashintsha amakhaya abo minyaka yonke, bakhe esisha noma bakhuphuke komunye umuntu. Insikazi izalela amaqanda ayi-3-4, iwafukamela isikhathi esingangenyanga, kanti eyeduna ithwala ukudla kwayo.
Uqhubeka nokuthola ukudla ngemuva kokuvela kwamachwane, kepha akaze azondle yena. Isibambile izidalwa eziphilayo, uklebe wazisa intombi yakhe, ephuma indiza ukuyohlangabeza, ithathe isidumbu bese iqala ukusihlaba, isikhulule ezimpapheni / esikhunjeni bese siyidwengula.
Kuyathakazelisa! Umama kuphela ondla amaphuphu "ngemikhiqizo eqediwe". Uma ifa, ingane nayo iyafa, kodwa ngenxa yendlala: ubaba uletha futhi aphonse inyamazane esidlekeni, amaphuphu angakwazi ukubhekana nayo.
Amachwane ahlukile kubazali bawo hhayi ngosayizi kuphela: ekugcineni, amehlo alula kakhulu kunezingane. Emantshwele, amehlo anezimpaphe amaningi abukeka njengobuhlalu obumnyama obucwebezelayo, obusebenza njengophawu lokuqala ukondla. Ngokushesha nje lapho iphuphu seligcwele, uphendulela emuva kumama - akasaboni amehlo amnyama afunayo futhi uyabona ukuthi isidlo sesiphelile.
Amachwane woKlebe awazishiyi izidleke zawo zomdabu isikhathi esingaphezu nje kwenyanga... Uma i-brood ivele ekupheleni kukaJuni, engxenyeni yesibili ka-Agasti, oklebe abasebasha sebevele beshaya amaphiko. Ngemuva kokundiza baphume esidlekeni, abazali bayaqhubeka nokubanakekela cishe amasonto ama-5-6. Izingane zindiza kude namakhaya abazali bazo, zithola ukuzimela okuphelele. Ama-hawk amancane awazali aze abe nonyaka owodwa ubudala.
Izitha zemvelo
Izitha ezinkulu zikaklebe ngumuntu nomsebenzi wakhe wezomnotho ongavinjelwe. Izinyoni ezibuthakathaka nezincane zingabanjwa yizilwane ezidla umhlaba, ezibandakanya ama-martens, izimpungushe namakati asendle. Emoyeni, usongo luvela ezinyonini ezidla inyama ezifana nokhozi, isikhova, ibuzzard nesikhova. Akufanele ikhohlwe ukuthi oklebe abancane bavame ukuba yizisulu zezihlobo zabo ezindala.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Ukhozi olunonya nolusheshayo luyakwazi ukudala umonakalo omkhulu ezindaweni zokuzingela, yingakho laqothulwa ngaphandle kokuzisola (ngokukhokha umklomelo) emhlabeni wonke.
Kuyathakazelisa! Bayeka ukubulala oklebe kuphela phakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule, sebethole ukuthi bagcina ukusebenza kwezinhlobo zezentengiselwano futhi babhubhisa amagundane ayingozi.
Ezweni lakithi, ngokwesibonelo, kuze kube unyaka we-2013, i-Order ka-1964 "Ekunciphiseni umthethonqubo wenani lezinyoni ezidla inyama", ekhishwe nguMnyango Omkhulu Wezokuzingela Nezinqolobane, yayisebenza. Lo mbhalo wakwenqabela ngokusobala ukubanjwa nokudutshulwa kwezinyoni ezidla inyama, kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwezidleke zazo.
Manje inani lezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu, i-goshawk, lisebangeni lamabhangqa ayizinkulungwane ezingama-62-91... Lezi zinhlobo zifakiwe kwiSithasiselo II se-Berne Convention, i-CITES 1, kanye neSithasiselo II se-Bonn Convention, njengoba kudinga ukuvikelwa nokuhlanganiswa ezingeni lomhlaba jikelele.
