I-Common, iDanube, i-bream esempumalanga (lat. Abramis brama) nguyena kuphela omele uhlobo lohlobo lwe-bream (Abramis), ungowomndeni wama-cyprinids (i-Cyrrinidae) kanye ne-oda lama-cyprinids (ama-Cirriniformes). Abantu abasha be-bream babizwa ngokuthi abalimi, kanti amadala abizwa ngokuthi ama-chebak noma ama-kilak.
Incazelo ye-bream
Ekubukekeni nasezimfanelweni eziyisisekelo, ngisho non-professional angazimela kalula ngokuzimela ukuthi i-bream yabantu abadala ihluke kanjani ngokuphawulekayo kumuntu osemncane noma ku-bream. Ubude besikhathi somzimba womuntu omdala buphakathi kuka-80-82 cm ngesisindo esimaphakathi esingu-4.5-6.0 kg.
Ukubukeka
Izinhlanzi zalolu hlobo zinomzimba ophakeme, ukuphakama okuphezulu okucishe kube yingxenye yesithathu yobude besamba sommeleli we-oda leCarps. Okwe-bream, umlomo nenhloko kuncane ngosayizi, ngenkathi umlomo wenhlanzi uphela kuthubhu eyingqayizivele ehoxiseka kakhulu... I-dorsal fin imfishane futhi iphezulu, inemisebe emithathu eqinile futhi engekho-branched futhi cishe imisebe yamagatsha ethambile ecishe ibe yishumi.
Kuyathakazelisa! Kwabamele umndeni wakwaCarp nohlobo lwe-Bream, ukwakheka kwamazinyo omugqa owodwa wepharyngeal kuyinto etholakalayo, etholakala, izingcezu ezinhlanu ohlangothini ngalunye.
I-anal fin, eqala ngemuva kwengxenye engemuva kwesisekelo se-dorsal fin, yinde impela, ifakwe imisebe emithathu ebonakalayo enzima futhi ethambile. Phakathi kwamaphiko endunu nezitho zangasese, kukhona i-keel eyingqayizivele, engamboziwe ngezikali. Ku-bream wabantu abadala, indawo engemuva inombala ompunga noma onsundu, izinhlangothi zinsundu ngokusagolide, kanti indawo yesisu ingumbala ophuzi obonakalayo. Onke amaphiko wesigaxa anombala ompunga, imvamisa anokuhleleka okumnyama. Umbala ubusiliva ngombala.
Ukuziphatha nendlela yokuphila
IBream iyinhlanzi eqaphelayo futhi esheshayo enezindlebe ezinhle, abadobi abanolwazi okufanele bayinakekele lapho beyibamba. Inhlanzi enjalo ayihlali nje kuphela emanzini nasemifuleni yamachibi, kodwa futhi nasemachibini. Emanzini omfula, i-bream kuyaqabukela ikhule ifinyelele kusayizi wayo omkhulu. Izinhlanzi zesikole zinamahloni ngendlela emangalisayo. Ngokubanzi kakhulu, njengomthetho, imihlambi eminingi ayihlanganisi kuphela abantu abancane kunabo bonke - ama-creepers, kepha futhi nabamele abakhulu bezinhlobo.
Ngenxa yesakhiwo somlomo esihlukile, i-bream iyakwazi ukondla ngqo ukusuka ezansi, ngakho-ke ukudla okuphansi kuyisisekelo sokudla kwalezi zinhlanzi. Okuwukuphela kommeleli wohlobo lwe-bream odla ikakhulu izibungu, amagobolondo, iminenke kanye ne-algae. Isikole esikhulu ngokwanele sezinhlanzi ezinjalo singahlanza ngokushesha okukhulu futhi kahle indawo ebalulekile yesikhala esingezansi, okufaka isandla ekunyakazeni okuqhubekayo kwe-bream lapho ifuna ukudla. Njengomthetho, ukuhamba komhlambi kunqunywa ukutholakala kwamabhamuza amagesi amakhulu, ahamba phezulu emanzini.
Kuyathakazelisa! Lapho kuqala ubumnyama, i-bream ingasondela ogwini lolwandle noma e-sandbanks, ngenxa yokufuna okusebenzayo futhi okucishe kube njalo kokudla.
IBream ithanda izindawo ezinomsinga omncane noma ongenawo nhlobo, futhi indawo ekahle yezinhlanzi ezinjalo yizindawo ezinemifudlana, izimbobo ezijulile, izinguzunga ezicwile, amabhange amakhulu, ubumba naphansi okunodaka. Abantu abakhulu kunabo bonke abavamile ukusondela kakhulu ogwini lolwandle, ngakho-ke bakhetha ukuhlala ekujuleni okwanele. I-bream encane ingabonwa eduze nogu, emahlathini anezitshalo eziningi zasemanzini. Ebusika, inhlanzi iya ezindaweni ezijule kakhulu.
Isikhathi sokuphila
Ngokusho kokubona kososayensi nochwepheshe, isilinganiso sobude besikhathi sezinhlanzi esisezingeni lohlobo lokuhlala buduze cishe siyiminyaka engama-22-27.... Abamele uhlobo lwe-bream semi-anadromous bangakwazi ukuhlala cishe izikhathi eziphindwe kabili, ngakho-ke abantu abanjalo, njengomthetho, abaphila iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-12-14.
Indawo yokuhlala
Izindawo zokuhlala zemvelo zommeleli okuwukuphela kohlobo lwe-bream zifaka phakathi cishe wonke amadamu emvelo asenkabeni nasenyakatho yeYurophu.
Kuyathakazelisa! I-Bream ijwayele ngokuphelele e-Urals, emigodini ye-Irtysh nase-Ob, nasemgodini weBaikal nasemanzini echibi laseKrasnoyarsk.
Izinhlanzi zalolu hlobo zivame ukutholakala emifuleni egelezela eCaspian naseBaltic, eBlack nase-Azov, kanye naseNorth Sea. Inani labantu elibalulekile le-bream liyatholakala nakwamanye amachibi aseTranscaucasus, emfuleni i-Amur River, kuze kufike ezifundeni eziseningizimu neChina.
Ukudla kwe-bream
Ngaphezu kwama-crustaceans ama-planktonic, ama-bloodworms, abanjwa ngempumelelo yizinhlanzi ngqo emhlabathini, aphakathi kwezakhi ezibaluleke kakhulu zokudla okunomsoco we-bream. I-bream yabantu abadala ivame ukuthanda ama-crustaceans kanye nama-invertebrate angama-benthic, ngenxa yomugqa owodwa namazinyo we-pharyngeal abuthakathaka kakhulu.
IBream ibuye idle ngokudla okuhlukahlukene kwezitshalo. Ngesikhathi senqubo yokondla, zonke izinhlayiya zokudla ezimunce izinhlanzi ngqo emanzini zigcinwa kalula ngosizo lweziqu ezikhethekile. Lezi zinhlaka ze-branchial zihlelwe ngamarowu amabili emigudwini ngayinye ye-branchial. Kubamele bohlobo lwe-bream, izigaxa ze-branchial zimfishane futhi ziwugqinsi, kunemisele eguqukayo phakathi kwabo. Kukuziteshi ezinjalo lapho zonke izinhlayiya zokondla ezidonselwa kanye nokuhlala kwamanzi. Amanzi ahlungwa ngale ndlela abese edonswa phakathi kwamakhothamo e-gill, ngemuva kwalokho akhishwa ngaphansi kwamakhava okuthiwa yi-gill.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ukungathobeki okuhlobene ne-bream ekudleni kuvumela ngempumelelo futhi kalula ukubamba abameleli balezi zinhlobo zezinhlobo ezinjalo zesithiyelo njengenhlama ngokungezwa kwemisundu yegazi nezibungu, izimpethu, uphizi noma ummbila.
Okwe-bream, izinto eziyinhloko zokudla yizibungu zomiyane, noma imisundu yegazi nazo zonke izinhlobo zama-planktonic crustaceans. Ukudla okukhethekile kwe-bream kungenxa yesici esisodwa esithandekayo senhlanzi - ama-gill stamens athuthukile anesisipha esikhethekile. Lo msipha ugoba izigaxa ngempumelelo futhi kunalokho kalula, uma kunesidingo. Ngenxa yalomshini, ohlukile ezinhlanzini eziningi ze-carp, i-bream, ehlala emadamini amaningi emvelo, kufaka phakathi indawo yaseNetherlands, ngokushesha kuvela ukuthi yizinhlobo ezivelele, futhi ngenxa yalokho, zithatha indawo yenhlanzi ehlobene kakhulu nemvelo, kufaka phakathi i-silver bream noma i-roach.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Engxenyeni emaphakathi yezwe lethu, i-bream iqala ukukhiqiza okusebenzayo hhayi ngaphambi kwezinsuku zokuqala zikaMeyi.... Kwakungalesi sikhathi lapho abamele uhlobo lohlobo lwe-bream babehlukaniswe ngamaqembu weminyaka ehlukene. Lesi sigaba sijwayelekile kakhulu kunoma iziphi izinhlanzi ezifundayo. Ngesikhathi sokuzala okusebenzayo, i-bream ishintsha umbala wayo, ithole i-shades emnyama, nendawo yekhanda yabesilisa imbozwe izinsumpa ezincane, ekubukekeni kwazo okufana nokuqubuka.
Inqubo yokukhiqiza yenziwa kuphela ngamaqembu, futhi isikole ngasinye sezinhlanzi sizala ngemuva kwesikhashana kunaleso esedlule. Isikhathi sokuzala sithatha cishe inyanga eyodwa, kungakhathalekile ukuthi ikuphi. Indawo yokuzalanisa ye-bream ivame ukumelwa yizicathulo ezijwayelekile ezinotshani, ebangeni elanele ukusuka endaweni yokusabalalisa unomphela. Ngenhloso yokuzala, abesilisa baya phezulu, kuthi abesifazane abaqaphile nabakhulu balandele.
Njengoba ukubonwa kukhombisa, isikole ngasinye sezinhlanzi zeminyaka ehlukene sizalela amaqanda esikhathini esingeqi ezinsukwini ezimbili noma ezintathu. Kodwa-ke, ubude besikhathi buxhomeke ngqo ezimweni nasendaweni yesimo sezulu. Abesifazane babeka amaqanda anombala ophuzi kancane. Ingqikithi yenani lamaqanda aqukethwe kumuntu omdala oyedwa cishe izingcezu eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-130-140. Amanani aphakeme kakhulu okuzala avumela inani le-bream ukuthi lihlale ezingeni elanele ngisho nasezimweni zokubanjwa okusebenzayo kwezinhlanzi ezithengiswayo.
Amaqanda abekwe yi-bream yabesifazane anamathiselwe kumahlumela we-herbaceous endaweni lapho izinhlanzi zizalela khona ngqo. Amaqanda anganamatheli kahle ngokwanele ezimileni zasemanzini futhi aqhamuke ebusweni afa cishe ngokushesha noma adliwe ama-tern nama-gull. Ukuze ukuthuthukiswa kwamaqanda kuqhubeke ngokujwayelekile, kufanele kube ngqo emanzini, okushisa kwawo cishe kungu-10mayelanaC noma ngaphezulu. Amanzi abandayo kakhulu echibini aba imbangela yokufa kwabantu abaningi ngenzalo ye-bream.
Okubalulekile! Ezingxenyeni zezifunda eziseningizimu, i-bream iyakhula futhi ikhule masinyane, ngakho-ke, abantu abanjalo bafinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi beneminyaka engama-3-5. Kodwa-ke, njengoba uthuthela endaweni esenyakatho, ibanga lobudala bokuvuthwa ngokocansi kwe-bream lenyuka ngokuphawulekayo, futhi selivele lineminyaka engu-5-9 ubudala.
Ngokushesha ngemuva kokuzala, i-bream evuthiwe ngokobulili ihlangana ngokushesha emhlambini omkhulu ngokwanele, oqukethe izinkulungwane ezimbalwa zabantu. Umhlambi onjalo uqondiswe ezansi ngenhloso yokwehlisa amanzi ngempumelelo, okwenziwa ezindaweni ezihlala izinhlanzi zendabuko, kufaka phakathi imigodi engezansi nezindawo ezigcwele izikhukhula ezinesisekelo sobumba. Futhi, inqwaba enkulu yezinhlanzi ngemuva kokuzala ibonwa emahlathini omhlanga kanye notshani obuphezulu obuthanda umswakama, lapho kunenani elanele leplankton yokudla.
Izitha zemvelo
Uma kuqhathaniswa nabanye abaningi abamele izinhlanzi zohlobo lwe-carp, i-bream ikhula ngokushesha okukhulu futhi ikhula ngokuzikhandla... Izici ezinjalo ekuthuthukiseni abamele uhlobo lwe-bream nomndeni we-carp zinikeza izinhlanzi izinzuzo eziningi. Okokuqala, izinqubo zokukhula ngokushesha zenza ukuthi kuncishiswe okungenani isikhathi esiyingozi kakhulu nesinzima empilweni yenhlanzi, lapho usayizi omncane kakhulu wenza ukuthi i-bream ifinyeleleke futhi ibe yisisulu esilula sabazingeli abaningi.
Izinga eliphezulu lokukhula kwe-bream livumela izinhlanzi ezinjalo ukuthi ziphume ngokuphelele "kwingcindezi" yemvelo yezilwane eziningi ezineminyaka emibili noma emithathu, kepha izitha eziyinhloko zisekhona. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ipiki enkulu engezansi, eyingozi ngisho nasezinhlanzini ezindala. Omunye umthombo obalulekile wobungozi empilweni nasempilweni ye-bream yizo zonke izinhlobo zama-parasites, kufaka phakathi i-ligul tapeworm, ebonakala ngomjikelezo wokuthuthuka oyinkimbinkimbi. Amaqanda ama-helminths angena emanzini echibi kanye nendle yezinyoni ezithile ezidla izinhlanzi, kanti izibungu ezichanyuselwe zigwinywa ama-crustaceans amaningi we-planktonic adla ukudla kwawo. Kusuka emathunjini ezinhlanzi, izibungu zingena kalula emigodini yomzimba, lapho zikhula khona ngenkuthalo futhi zingadala ukufa komgcini wazo.
Ehlobo, i-bream, ngaphezu kwabadobi, izinhlanzi ezidlayo nezinyoni, zinezinye izitha zemvelo. Emanzini afudumele, izinhlanzi zivame ukugula noma zithinteke yizikelemu, kanye nesifo esinzima sefungal se-gill - bronchymicosis. Noma kunjalo, isiguli sigula futhi sibuthakathaka kakhulu esivame ukuba yisisulu sokuhleleka kwedamu - izipikisi zabantu abadala kanye nezinhlanzi ezinkulu kakhulu, ezingenawo umthelela omubi obonakalayo enanini lezinhlanzi ezinempilo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Inani eliphelele labamele uhlobo lohlobo lwe-bream lomndeni wama-cyprinids nokuhleleka kwezidumbu emizimbeni ehlukahlukene yamanzi yemvelo kungashintsha ngokusobala, okuxhomeke ngqo empumelelweni yokuzala konyaka.
Izimo ezithandekayo zokuzaliswa kwesigaxa se-semi-anadromous ubukhona bezikhukhula ezinkulu. Ngemuva kokwenziwa kokulawulwa kokugeleza kwamanzi omfula olwandle oluseningizimu, inani eliphelele lezindawo zokuzalela ezilungele ukuzalaniswa kwe-bream lehle kakhulu.
Okubalulekile! Namuhla, i-black Amur bream ihlukaniswa njengezinhlobo ezingavamile nezisengozini yezinhlanzi zamathambo, ezibhekiswe emndenini we-carp futhi ezibalwe eRed Book yezwe lethu.
Ukuze kulondolozwe kahle amasheya amakhulu, sekwenziwe amapulazi amaningi akhethekile okukhulisa izinhlanzi, futhi kuthathwa izinyathelo zokuhlenga i-bream yentsha emizimbeni yamanzi engajulile uma kwenzeka kulahleka ukuxhumana nemifula. Ukuqinisekisa ukuzala okuphumelela kakhulu emachibini emvelo nangokwemvelo, kusetshenziswa izindawo ezikhethekile zokuzala. Phakathi kokunye, izinkomba zenani eliphelele le-bream kwamanye amadamu zithinteka kabi yizifo zezifo ezahlukahlukene zezinhlanzi.
Inani lokuhweba
Ukudoba i-bream ezindaweni ezisogwini kuncane. Kwenziwa entwasahlobo nasekwindla ngamathimba okudoba asebenzisa imishini yokudoba engenzi lutho, kufaka phakathi izimfihlo namanethi angaguquki. Izilwandle ezingaphandle ziyasetshenziswa nasekwindla. Imithetho yokudoba njengamanje ihlinzekela ukusetshenziswa okunengqondo kwezentengiselwano kwenani labantu abakhulu be-bream, elimelwe ukwehliswa kwesikhala esinqatshelwe sangaphambi kwesiziba somkhumbi, ukunwetshwa kokudoba kwasogwini endaweni yolwandle, kanye nomkhawulo wesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kwamapayipi nezimfihlo kusukela ekuqaleni kukaMashi kuya ku-Ephreli 20.
Phakathi kokunye, ezingxenyeni zemifula, isikhathi sokudotshwa kwe-bream eDelta siyandiswa ngokusemthethweni, kusuka ngo-Ephreli 20 kuya kuMeyi 20.... Izinyathelo ezithathiwe zibe nomthelela ekwandeni okuncane kokuqina kwemisebenzi yokudoba esizalweni nokwanda kokubanjwa kwemifula nezinhlanzi ezinamadamu amancane, kubandakanya ne-bream. Yize kunjalo, njengoba ukubonwa kweminyaka yamuva nje kubonisa, imizamo isiyonke yalesi siqondiso ihlala isezingeni eliphansi kakhulu.
