Izinyamazane ze-fallow, noma i-European fallow deer (i-Dama dama) inyamazane ephakathi nendawo. Njengamanje, kuyinhlobo ejwayelekile kakhulu eYurophu naseNtshonalanga ye-Asia. Kungenzeka ukuthi ekuqaleni le ndawo yayinganiselwe e-Asia kuphela. Naphezu kokuthi isilwane singumndeni wezinyamazane zangempela, isici sezinyamazane zase-Europe yizimpondo zaso ezibanzi nokuba khona kombala wehlobo okhanyayo, okhangayo.
Incazelo yensikazi
Izinyamazane ze-fallow zikhulu kakhulu kunezinyamazane, kodwa zincane futhi zikhanya ngokusobala kunezinyamazane ezibomvu... Isici esiyinhloko se-subspecies yaseYurophu ubude besilwane ngaphakathi kwe-1.30-1.75 m, kanye nokuba khona komsila ongekho ngaphezu kuka-18-20 cm ubude. Izilinganiso zokukhula eziphakeme zesilwane esivuthiwe ngokuphelele ekubuneni azidluli ku-80-105 cm. Isisindo esijwayelekile sowesilisa omdala ingama-65-110 kg, nabesifazane - abangaphansi kuka-45-70 kg.
Ukubukeka
Izinyamazane zesilisa ezingama-fallow zaseYurophu zikhulu kancane kunezinyamazana ze-Iranian (iDama mesorotamisa), kanti umzimba wazo ufinyelela kubude obungu-2.0 m noma nangaphezulu. Izinyamazane zalesi sihla zihlukaniswa ngumzimba onemisipha eminingi, kanye nentamo emifushane nezitho, uma kuqhathaniswa nenyamazane ebomvu. Izimpondo zenyamazana yase-Europe, ngokungafani nohlobo lwaseMesopotamiya, zingaba nesimo esinjenge-spade. Ngo-Ephreli, onke amaduna amadala ezinyamazane zaseYurophu ezilahlekile azichitha izimpondo zawo, futhi izimpondo ezisanda kwakhiwa zivela ezilwaneni kuphela ngasehlobo, cishe ngo-Agasti.
Kuyathakazelisa! Muva nje, sekuvame kakhulu ukuba nama-phenotypes amhlophe ngokuphelele noma amnyama ezinyamazane zase-Europe, ezinokubukeka kwangempela futhi okukhangayo.
Umbala wenyamazane eshadayo uyashintsha ngezinkathi zonyaka. Ehlobo, umbala wesilwane engxenyeni engenhla nasesinqeni somsila kunombala onsundu ngokubomvu onamabala amhlophe, kunalokho akhanyayo. Imibala ekhanyayo ikhona ngaphansi nangasemilenzeni.
Ngokuqala kobusika, ikhanda lesilwane, indawo yentamo nezindlebe zezinyamazane zaseYurophu zithola umbala onsundu onsundu, kanti izinhlangothi nomhlane kucishe kube mnyama. Kukhona umbala omlotha-mpunga ngaphansi.
Indlela yokuphila yeDoe
Ngendlela yayo yokuphila, izinyamazane zaseYurophu eziseduze nezinyamazane eziseduze nezinyamazane ezibomvu, kepha zingenakho ukuzikhukhumeza, ngakho-ke inamathela ikakhulukazi ezihlahleni zikaphayini ezibanzi nasemathafeni epaki aphephile. Noma kunjalo, izinyamazane ze-fallow azesabi kangako futhi ziyaqapha, futhi abamele uhlobo lwe-Doe abangaphansi kwezinyamazane ezibomvu ngejubane lokuhamba nokugijima. Ngezinsuku zasehlobo, izinyamazane zaseYurophu ezingamafusi zithanda ukuhlala zodwa, noma ngamaqembu amancane. Ngasikhathi sinye, abancane bonyaka abalandelana nonina. Isikhathi somsebenzi omkhulu siwela emahoreni apholile ekuseni nakusihlwa, lapho izilwane zidla noma ziza ezindaweni zokunisela.
Kuyathakazelisa! Izimpi zezinsikazi phakathi kwemiqhudelwano yezinyamazane zinolaka kangangokuba izinyamazane ezivame ukuphuka izintamo zazo ngisho nokuzilimaza, ngakho-ke zombili izimbangi zingafa.
Ngezikhathi ezishisayo zasemini, izinyamazane ze-fallow zihlala phansi ziyolala emibhedeni ekhethekile emthunzini wehlathi noma endaweni eseduze yemizimba yamanzi ehlukahlukene, lapho kungekho khona omiyane abaningi abacasulayo. Abantu abahlala ezindaweni ezinamapaki kalula baba nokuthamba, ngakho-ke bayakwazi nokuthatha ukudla ezandleni zomuntu. Ekwindla sekwedlule isikhathi, izilwane ezinjalo zihlangana emihlambini emikhulu yabesifazane nabesilisa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imiqhudelwano yama-reindeer nemishado iyenzeka.
Isikhathi sokuphila
Izinyamazane ze-fallow ziyisikhathi esidala sezinyamazane zasendulo ezinamaphiko amakhulu kakhulu ezazihlala eMiddle and Late Pleistocene.... Njengoba ukubonwa kukhombisa, isilinganiso seminyaka yokuphila kwenyamazane yaseYurophu engatshalwa ezimweni zemvelo yileso: kwabesilisa - cishe iminyaka eyishumi, nowesifazane - kungabi ngaphezu kweminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu. Ekuthunjweni, isilwane esihle sihlala kalula ikota yekhulu leminyaka noma ngisho nangaphezulu.
Indawo yokuhlala
Indawo engokwemvelo yezinyamazane ze-fallow ihlanganisa cishe wonke amazwe aseYurophu ahlangana noLwandle iMedithera, kanye nenyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Afrika kanye neGibhithe, i-Asia Minor, iLebanon neSyria kanye ne-Iraq. Izinyamazane ze-fallow zikhetha ukuhlala ezindaweni ezinamahlathi ezinotshani obuningi nezindawo ezivulekile. Kepha bayakwazi ukuzivumelanisa kahle kakhulu nemikhakha eyahlukahlukene yokuhlala, ngakho-ke batholakala ngisho nasendaweni yesiqhingi eNorth Sea. Isibalo sezinyamazane ze-fallow siyehluka ngokuya ngesimo sezifunda, kepha kwezinye izimo sifinyelela kubantu abangaba yishumi nesishiyagalombili.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngaphambi kwesikhathi se-Revolution ka-Okthoba, izinyamazane ze-fallow zazisebenza njengezinto zokuzingela abantu abanelungelo elikhulu ezweni lethu, ngakho-ke lesi silwane sasingeniswa ngenkuthalo sisuka eNtshonalanga.
Kukholakala ukuthi izinyamazane ze-fallow zilethwe endaweni ese-Central Europe kusuka ezifundeni eziningana eziseningizimu, kepha ukwahlulela ngamaqiniso amaningi wedokhumende, ngaphambili uhla lwesilwane esihle futhi esihle sasibanzi kakhulu - lalihlanganisa nePoland, iLithuania neBelovezhskaya Pushcha. Ngokwemininingwane evela maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule, izinyamazane zasendle ezahlala engxenyeni eseningizimu-ntshonalanga yogu loLwandle iMarmara, kanye naseSpain nasogwini oluseningizimu ye-Asia Minor.
Ukudla kwezinyamazane zaseYurophu
Izinyamazane ze-fallow ziyizilwane ezikhanyayo nezilwane ezidla inyama kuphela, ukudla kwazo kuqukethe amahlamvu ezihlahla notshani obumnandi... Kwesinye isikhathi izilwane ezilambile ziyakwazi ukukhipha inani elincane lamagxolo esihlahla. Ngentwasahlobo, izinyamazane ze-fallow zidla ama-snowdrops ne-corydalis, i-anemone, futhi futhi zidla amahlumela ama-rowan, maple, oki nama-pine.
Ehlobo, lokhu kudla kuthuthukiswa ngamakhowe nama-acorn, ama-chestnuts namajikijolo, ama-sedges nezinhlamvu, okusanhlamvu noma izambulela. Ukugcwalisa izinqolobane ezigciniwe, izinyamazane ze-fallow zibheka inhlabathi enosawoti abahlukahlukene. Abantu bakha imikhonto kasawoti yokufakelwa, futhi baphinde bahlomise ama-feeder, agcwaliswa okusanhlamvu notshani ngokuqala kobusika. Phakathi kokunye, kwezinye izindawo, amadlelo efolishi ane-clover, i-lupine, kanye ne-artichoke yaseJerusalema ekhula ngokushesha kanye namanye amakhambi abekwa ngokukhethekile izinyamazane ze-fallow.
Izitha zemvelo
Izinyamazane zaseYurophu azithandi ukushiya izindawo zazo ezihlala kakhulu, ngakho-ke azivamile ukudlula umngcele wobubanzi bazo. Ukuhamba kwansuku zonke kwalabo abamele isigaba Sezilwane Ezincelisayo kanye ne-oda le-Artiodactyls, njengomthetho, kumelelwa yimizila efanayo. Phakathi kokunye, izilwane ezivela emndenini wezinyamazane azikubekezeleli ukuhamba ngesivinini eqhweni, lokhu kungenxa yemilenze emifushane kanye nengozi yokuba yizisulu ezilula zezilwane ezidla ezinye.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ama-fallow deer angabhukudi abahle, kepha awangeni emanzini ngaphandle kwesidingo esikhethekile, futhi akhetha ukubalekela izilwane ezihlasela kakhulu futhi eziyingozi, ezimelwe yizimpisi, ama-lynx, izingulube namabhere, ngomhlaba.
Ngenxa yomuzwa wabo wokunuka kahle, izinyamazane ze-fallow ziyakwazi ukuthola ubulembu nezinye izimpande ezidliwayo ngaphansi kwesembozo seqhwa, ngakho-ke indlala ayivamile ukubangela ukufa kwezilwane ezinjalo. Izindlebe zikaDoe zinzima kakhulu, kepha umbono ubuthakathaka ngokubonakalayo - engozini yokuqala, ummeleli ohloniphekile womndeni omncane wenyamazane yangempela uyakwazi ukubaleka, ngokulula kakhulu ukweqa ngisho nezithiyo zamamitha amabili.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Eminyakeni eyishumi eyedlule kaSepthemba noma ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba, kuqala inkathi enkulu yokuzalanisa izinyamazane zaseYurophu. Ngaleso sikhathi, abesilisa abavuthwe ngokuphelele abaneminyaka emine noma emihlanu ubudala baxosha abesilisa abancane emhlambini womndeni, ngemuva kwalokho kwakheka okuthiwa "ama-harems". Abesilisa, abalungele ukuzalisana, basesimweni esikhungathekile ngokwedlulele, ngakho-ke kusihlwa nasezintathakusa bavame ukukhipha imisindo ehlukanisayo neyomzimba, futhi bangene ngokuhlelekile izimpi zomqhudelwano onegazi nezimbangi zabo.
Masinyane ngaphambi kokuzalwa kwezingane, abesifazane abakhulelwe bahlukaniswe ngokuphelele nomhlambi wabo wonke. Cishe ngoMeyi noma ngoJuni, cishe izinyanga eziyisishiyagalombili zokukhulelwa ziphela ngenkonyane elilodwa noma amabili. Isisindo esimaphakathi sethole elisanda kuzalwa asidluli ku-3.0 kg.
Amankonyane azelwe eseneminyaka eyisonto elilodwa ayakwazi ukulandela omama bawo ngesivinini esikhulu, futhi izingane zanyanga zonke ziqala ukudla utshani obuncane obuluhlaza, kepha ngasikhathi sinye ziyaqhubeka nokudla ubisi lukamama olunomsoco cishe izinyanga eziyisithupha. Ezinsukwini eziyishumi zokuqala noma amasonto amabili, insikazi idla eduze kwethole layo, elicashe esikhotheni noma phakathi kwezihlahla ezinde kakhulu. Ngemuva kwesikhashana, insikazi enethole elivuthiwe ijoyina umhlambi omkhulu. Kodwa-ke, amathole akhula ngokushesha azama ukunamathela kunina kuze kufike inkonyane elilandelayo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Izinyamazana zaseYurophu azikho njengamanje zisengozini yokuqothulwa. Inani eliphelele lalezi zinhlobo lilinganiselwa kumakhanda angaba yizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amabili, kufaka phakathi abantu abasendle abasendle abahlala ezindaweni ezinkulu zepaki, lapho izilwane ezinjalo zingenazo izitha zemvelo.
Okubalulekile! Ukuze kugcinwe ukulingana okuphelele kwemvelo, inani elithile lezilwane ezinjalo lidutshulwa minyaka yonke noma lihanjiswe endaweni entsha.
EFrance, kunohlelo olusetshenziswayo lokukhulisa isibalo sezilwane ezinhle kangaka, ngakho-ke ukudutshulwa kwenyamazane ye-fallow kwenziwa ngaphansi kokulawulwa. Usongo olukhulu lusongela inani labantu baseTurkey bezinyamazane zaseYurophu, okuyisamba esiphelele esingamakhulu amaningana abantu.... Esinye sezici ezinhle zalabo abangasetshenziswanga njengabantu ukungafuni ngokuphelele kwabantu ukuzihlanganisa nanoma yiziphi ezinye izinhlobo zezinyamazane, okufaka isandla ekulondolozweni kwezici zabo ezithile.
