I-Sable (Martes zibellina) isilwane esincelisayo somndeni we-mustelidae (Mustelidae). Lo mmeleli we-oda le-Carnivores kanye nohlobo lweMartes (Martes), aluhlukile ebuhleni bangaphandle kuphela, kodwa futhi noboya obubaluleke kakhulu.
Incazelo ye-Sable
Ngenxa yoboya bayo obuhle, obuqinile futhi obubizayo, isable yathola igama layo lesibili - "inkosi yoboya basendle" noma "igolide elithambile". Ososayensi bakhomba izinhlobo ezingaba yishumi nesikhombisa zamasabula ezinemibala ehlukene nekhwalithi yoboya, kanye nosayizi. Izinhlobo eziyigugu kakhulu yizinhlobo zeBarguzin (Martes zibellina rrinsers), ezivame ukutholakala empumalanga yolwandle lwaseLake Baikal.
Kuyathakazelisa! Endaweni yemvelo, yemvelo, kukhona imbila emhlophe, engummeleli ongajwayelekile womndeni wakwaKunya futhi ohlala ehlathini elingaweleki.
I-Sable-barguzin inombala omnyama ocebile wesikhumba, kanye noboya obuthambile nobusilika... Ama-subspecies anemibala ekhanyayo kunabo bonke anoboya obuqatha nobufushane ayethulwa:
- Izinhlobo ezingaphansi kweSakhalin (Martes zibellina sahalinensis);
- Izinhlobo ezingaphansi kwe-Yenisei (Martes zibellina yenisejensis);
- Ama-subspecies eSayan (uMartes zibellina sаjаnеnsis).
I-Yakut sable (Martes zibellina jakutensis) kanye ne-Kamchatka subspecies (Martes zibellina kamtshadalisa) abanoboya obubaluleke kangako.
Ukubukeka
Ubude obukhulu bomzimba wesibaya somuntu omdala abudluli ku-55-56 cm, nobude bomsila obufinyelela ku-19-20 cm. Isisindo somzimba wesilisa siyahluka ngaphakathi kuka-0.88-1.8 kg, nakwabesifazane - esingeqile ku-0.70-1.56 kg.
Umbala wesikhumba sable uyahluka kakhulu, futhi konke ukwahlukahluka kwawo kubonakala ngamagama akhethekile:
- "Inhloko" - lo umbala omnyama kakhulu, ocishe ube mnyama;
- "Uboya" umbala othakazelisayo, okhanyayo kakhulu, ophuzi onesihlabathi noma ama-fawn shades.
Kuyathakazelisa!Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ama-sable wesilisa makhulu kakhulu kunabesifazane, cishe ngeshumi elilodwa lesisindo somzimba.
Phakathi kokunye, kunemibala eminingana ephakathi, kufaka phakathi i- "collar", ehlanganisa ngempumelelo amathoni ansundu nokuba khona kwebhande elimnyama ngemuva, kanye nezinhlangothi ezikhanyayo nendawo enkulu, ekhanyayo yomphimbo. Umzingeli onesifonyo esifana nesigaxa futhi ukhombe, unezindlebe ezingunxantathu nezidladla ezincane. Umsila mfushane futhi umbozwe ngoboya obuntofontofo, obuthambile. Ebusika, ijazi limboza ama-paw pads kanye nezinzipho. I-molts yezilwane kanye ngonyaka.
Indlela yokuphila Sable
Isakhamuzi esivamile futhi esivame kakhulu kuyo yonke ihlathi laseSiberia siyisidlakela futhi sinamandla kakhulu umhlaseli ngobukhulu baso obukhulu kakhulu. USable ujwayele indlela yokuphila yasemhlabeni. Njengomthetho, isilwane esincelisayo esidliwayo sikhetha indawo yaso indawo efinyelela phezulu yemifula yezintaba, amahlathi aminyene, kanye nezingqimba zamatshe. Kwesinye isikhathi, isilwane siyakwazi ukugibela imiqhele yezihlahla. Umzingeli uhamba ngosizo lokugxuma kwesici, ubude obulinganiselwa cishe obungu-0.3-0.7 m. Uboya obumanzi obushesha kakhulu abuvumeli ukuthi isable ibhukude.
Umhlwenga uyakwazi ukushiya amathrekhi amakhulu futhi ahlanganiswe ngababili, futhi ukuphrinta kwawo kusuka ku-5 × 7 cm kuye ku-6 × 10. cm. Noma kunjalo, ukubona kwesilwane esincelisayo okunjalo kubuthakathaka, futhi idatha yezwi nayo ayikalungi futhi kumapharamitha ayo kufana nokudla kwekati. Isable ingahamba kalula noma ikhava evulekile yeqhwa. Umsebenzi omkhulu wesilwane uphawulwa ngezikhathi zasekuseni, kanye nokuqala kokuhlwa.
Kuyathakazelisa! Uma umgodi noma isidleke sesibabuli sitholakala phansi, lapho kuqala ubusika, umhubhe omude okhethekile wokungena nokuphuma ubanjwa yisilwane eqhweni.
Ekusalweni okuyinhloko kwesidleke kusetshenziswa isidleke esihlala phansi ngezikhala ezahlukahlukene: ngaphansi kwesihlahla esiwile, emgodini ophansi wesihlahla, noma ngaphansi kwamatshe amakhulu. Phansi kwesikhala esinje kufulelwe ngothuli lwokhuni, utshani, izimpaphe nobulembu. Esimweni sezulu esibi, udleke alusishiyi isidleke salo, ngaphakathi lapho izinga lokushisa lizinzile khona ngo-15-23mayelanaC. Indlu yangasese ihlelwe eduze komgodi wesidleke. Njalo eminyakeni emibili kuya kwemithathu, isidleke esidala sithathelwa indawo esisha.
Isikhathi sokuphila
Ekuthunjweni, i-sable igcinwa ngokwesilinganiso kuze kube yiminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu... Ngokwemvelo, isilwane esincelisayo esinjalo singaphila iminyaka ecishe ibe yisikhombisa kuya kweyisishiyagalombili, okungenxa yezici eziningi ezingezinhle zangaphandle, ukuntuleka kokuvinjelwa kwezifo ezibulala kakhulu, kanye nengozi yokuhlangana nezilwane eziningi ezidla ezinye.
Indawo yokuhlala
Njengamanje, udleke lwasendle luvame ukutholakala kuyo yonke ingxenye yetaiga yezwe lethu, kusukela eUral kuya endaweni esogwini loLwandlekazi iPacific, eduze nenyakatho kanye nasemikhawulweni yezimila zehlathi ezivame kakhulu. Isilwane esincelisayo sikhetha ukuhlala ezindaweni ezimnyama ezinesigaxa, kodwa ikakhulukazi sithanda imisedari emidala.
Kuyathakazelisa! Uma izintaba nezindawo ezisethafeni ze-taiga, kanye nemisedari kanye ne-birch dwarfs, i-stony placers, i-forest-tundra, i-windbreaks kanye nokufinyelela okuphezulu kwemifula yezintaba kungokwemvelo ku-sable, isilwane esidlayo siyakugwema ukuhlala eziqongweni zezintaba ezingenalutho.
Futhi, lesi silwane sitholakala kaningi eJapane, endaweni yesiqhingi saseHokkaido. Kuze kube manje, ezifundeni zase-Urals ezisempumalanga, kutholakala ifomu le-hybride le-sable ne-marten, elibizwa nge- "kidus".
Ukudla kwesable
Ngokuyisisekelo, ama-sable huntnts ebusweni bomhlaba. Abantu abadala nezilwane ezinolwazi basebenzisa isikhathi esincane ukufuna ukudla uma kuqhathaniswa nezilwane ezisencane. Ukuphakelwa okuyinhloko, okubaluleke kakhulu kwesable kwethulwa:
- izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane, kufaka phakathi ama-voles nama-shrews, amagundane kanye nama-pikas, izingwejeje nezidlwane, ama-chipmunks nama-moles;
- izinyoni, kufaka phakathi ama-grouse ezinkuni kanye ne-grouse, ama-hazel grouse kanye nabapaseli, namaqanda abo;
- izinambuzane, kufaka phakathi izinyosi nezibungu zazo;
- uphayini wamantongomane;
- amajikijolo, kufaka phakathi i-rowan ne-blueberry, i-lingonberry ne-blueberry, i-bird cherry ne-currant, i-rosehip ne-cloudberry;
- izitshalo ngesimo se-rosemary yasendle;
- izidumbu ezahlukahlukene;
- uju wezinyosi.
Ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi imbila ikhuphuka kahle ezihlahleni, isilwane esinjalo singagxuma sisuka esihlahleni esisodwa siye kwesinye kuphela uma kukhona amagatsha ezihlahla avalwe ngci, ngakho-ke, ukudla kwezitshalo kunqunyelwe.
Izitha zemvelo
Kuphela ngenxa yokudla kwabo, ayikho inyoni edla inyama noma yokuzingela izilwane. Kodwa-ke, isilwane esincelisayo sinabantu abancintisana nabo bokudla, i-ermine ne-columnar. Bona, kanye namasabula, badla zonke izinhlobo zamagundane afana namagundane, futhi bayakwazi nokulwela inyamazane.
Iqembu eliyingozi enkulu phakathi kwama-sables limelwe ngabantu abancane kunabo bonke, kanye nezilwane ezindala kakhulu ezilahlekelwe ijubane lazo ngenkathi zihamba. Isilwane esincelisayo esibuthakathaka singase siwele isisulu cishe kunoma yisiphi isilwane esidliwayo esikhulu. Umhlwenga omncane uvame ukuqothulwa wokhozi noKlebe, kanye nezikhova nezinye izinyoni ezinkulu ezidla inyama.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Ngaphandle kwenkathi yokuzalanisa esebenzayo, umhlwenga uhola indawo yokuhlala yodwa futhi eyedwa. Njengomthetho, ubukhulu bendawo ngayinye yesilwane esincelisayo se-mammalian buyahluka ebangeni le-150-2000 ha. Insimu ivikeleke kakhulu ngumnikazi wesayithi kusuka ekungeneleleni kwanoma yibaphi abantu ongabazi cishe njalo, ngaphandle kwesikhathi sokuzala. Ngalesi sikhathi, abesilisa balwa nabesifazane, futhi imvamisa ukulwa okunjalo kunonya kakhulu futhi kunegazi.
Isikhathi sokuzalisa esisebenzayo simelwe yizikhathi ezimbili. NgoFebhuwari noma ngoMashi, izilwane ezidla ezinye ziqala isikhathi salokho okubizwa ngokuthi yinkolelo yamanga, kuthi eyangempela iwele ngoJuni noma ngoJulayi. Abesifazane abakhulelwe bayazihlelela bazalele izidleke emigodini yezihlahla noma ngaphansi kwezimpande ezinkulu zohlaza. Isidleke esicishe siphele sigcwele kakhulu ngotshani, ubulembu noma uvolo wamagundane amaningi adliwe. Ukukhulelwa kwesable kunesigaba eside sokukhula sokukhula, futhi kuyizinyanga eziyisishiyagalolunye kuya kweziyishumi.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ama-Sables afinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokobulili eminyakeni emibili kuya kwemithathu, futhi iminyaka yokuzala ekuthunjweni ihlala njengomthetho, kuze kube yiminyaka eyishumi.
Owesifazane ngokuzidela uvikela wonke amawundlu akhe, ngakho-ke angakwazi ukuhlasela ngokuphepha ngisho nezinja ezisondele kakhulu esidlekeni ngenzalo. Insikazi idlulisela ubulongwe obuphazamisekile ngokushesha buyise kwesinye isidleke esiphephe kakhudlwana.
Njengomthetho, udoti owodwa uzala imidlwane eyimpumputhe emithathu kuya kweziyisikhombisa engekho ngaphezu kuka-11.0-11.5 cm ubude, enesisindo esingaba ngama-30 g. Cishe inyanga, imidlwane ivula izindlebe zayo ngokuphelele, namehlo ayo - inyanga noma ngemuva kwalokho. Izingane ziqala ukushiya isidleke sazo zinenyanga eyodwa nohhafu, futhi ngo-Agasti, ama-sables asekhulile athola ukuzimela okuphelele futhi ashiye unina.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, amasables ahlala ngobuningi ezindaweni ezisuka ePacific Ocean kuya eScandinavia, kepha namuhla izilwane ezinjalo ezinoboya cishe azitholakali emazweni aseYurophu. Ngenxa yokudoba okunamandla kakhulu ngekhulu leminyaka elidlule, inani eliphelele, kanye nohla lwama-sables, lwehle kakhulu. Umphumela wokuqothulwa kwabazingeli kwaba yisimo - "usengcupheni yokuqothulwa".
Ukuze kulondolozwe inani lezilwane zasendle ezithwala uboya, kwathathwa izinyathelo ezikhethekile zokuvikela, kufaka phakathi ukuzalisa amasabula eziqiwini kanye nokuhlaliswa kabusha kwabantu ezindaweni zokuqala. Kuze kube manje, isimo sabantu sable ezindaweni eziningi zezwe lethu, kufaka phakathi isifunda iTroitsko-Pechora, asibangeli ukukhathazeka okukhulu. Ngo-1970, isibalo sabantu sasinabantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingama-200, ngakho-ke isable yafakwa kwi-International Red Book (IUCN).
Kuyathakazelisa! Eminyakeni engamashumi amahlanu edlule, amasables asebenze ngempumelelo ikoloni lomugqa wamakhilomitha amnyama ayisishiyagalombili wehlathi elimnyama eliseceleni kwe-Ural ridge, kanti umhlaseli uzingelwa ngokwanele ngaphandle kokuxhaswa uhulumeni wezomnotho.
Noma kunjalo, ukuze kuthuthukiswe kahle ukuvunwa kwesable, kwanqunywa ukuthi abaphikisi baphinde bahlele kabusha ukuze benze ukudoba okungagunyaziwe kohlobo olukhulu loboya basendle. Kubalulekile futhi ukulawula ukubanjwa ngesikhathi sokungabikho kokufuduka kwesilwane esiyigugu, esizovumela ukugcina amasabula ezindaweni zokuzingela.
