I-beaver ejwayelekile, noma yemifula (i-Castor fiber) iyisilwane esincelisayo esisemanzini esise-oda lamagundane. Njengamanje, ingomunye wabamele ababili bomndeni omncane wama-beavers, kanye negundane elikhulu kunawo wonke lezilwane ze-Old World.
Incazelo ye-beaver ejwayelekile
I-river beaver iyigundane lesibili ngobukhulu ngemuva kwe-capybara... Isilwane esincelisayo esifana ne-beaver esivamile sihlaba umxhwele ngosayizi, kanye nokubukeka okwesabekayo, kepha okumele kakhulu.
Ukubukeka
Ama-Beavers angamagundane amakhulu aguqulelwe indlela yokuphila yasemanzini. Ubude bomzimba womuntu omdala bufinyelela ku-100-130 cm, nokuphakama emahlombe kuze kufike ku-35.0-35.5 cm, nesisindo somzimba ebangeni elingama-30-32 kg. Izinkomba ze-dimorphism yezocansi azivezwa kahle, kepha abesifazane abadala bakhudlwana kunabesilisa. Umzimba we-beaver wuhlobo lwe-squat, ngokuba khona kwezitho ezinhlanu zezinzwane ezifinyeziwe. Izitho zangemuva zikhule ngokwengeziwe futhi ziqinile. Izimbungulu zokubhukuda ezakhiwe kahle zikhona phakathi kwezinzwani. I-beaver ibonakala ngokutholakala kwezinzipho eziyizicaba futhi eziqinile ezinqeni zayo.
Umsila we-beaver ojwayelekile umile njenge-oar, ngokuthamba okuqinile kusuka phezulu kuye phansi, kungabi ngaphezu kwamasentimitha angama-30 ubude, nobubanzi obungeqile ku-10-13 cm.Izinwele ezisemsileni zikhona kuphela endaweni eyisisekelo. Ingxenye ebalulekile yomsila imbozwe izigaxa ezinkulu ze-horny, phakathi kwazo okuncane futhi okunzima, izinwele ezimfishane. Engxenyeni engenhla, eceleni komugqa we-caudal, kunesici se-horny keel.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ama-Beavers anamehlo amancane, avulekile futhi amafushane, anezindlebe ezincanyana kakhulu ngenhla koboya.
Ngaphansi kwamanzi, ukuvuleka kwezindlebe namakhala kuyavaleka, namehlo ngokwawo avaleke ngokusebenzisa ulwelwesi olucwayizayo. Ama-molars asesilwaneni awohlobo olungenazimpande, futhi ukuvela kwezimpande ezibuthakathaka obuthakathaka kuyisici sabantu nabadala kuphela. Ama-incisors kuma-beavers atholakala ngemuva futhi ahlukanisiwe nawo wonke umlomo womlomo ngosizo lokuphuma okukhethekile kwezindebe, ngenxa yokuthi isilwane esincelisayo sikwazi ukuququda ngisho nangaphansi kwamanzi.
Ama-Beavers anoboya obuhle kakhulu futhi boqobo, obuqukethe izinwele eziqaphayo ezinoboya obugqinsi futhi obusilika ngendlela emangalisayo... Umbala woboya ungahluka kusuka ku-chestnut okhanyayo kuye kobunsundu obumnyama, kwesinye isikhathi kube mnyama. Umsila nezitho kuhlale kumnyama. Ama-Beavers molt kanye kuphela ngonyaka. IMolting ivame ukuqala eminyakeni eyishumi edlule yentwasahlobo, futhi iqhubeke cishe kuze kufike ubusika.
Isifunda sangasese sama-beavers sibonakala ngokuba khona kwezindlala ezibhangqiwe, wen ne-beaver stream uqobo, okufihla imfihlo eqinile nephunga kakhulu equkethe imininingwane ngezici zobulili nobudala balowo nalowo muntu. Iphunga "le-beaver stream" elinjalo lizosebenza njengesiqondiso kwamanye amalungu omndeni mayelana nemingcele yendawo yokuhlala. Imfihlo ye-wen, esetshenziswa ngokuhlangana ne-jet enjalo, ibhekele ukulondolozwa kwesikhathi eside kophawu lwe-beaver olwenziwe.
Indlela Yokuphila
Ama-beaver ajwayelekile athanda imigqa yasogwini emifuleni egeleza kancane nangezinkabi, amachibi namachibi, amadamu, nezinkwali nemisele yokunisela. Njengomthetho, izilwane ezincelisayo zizama ukugwema amanzi emifula ebanzi futhi ashesha kakhulu, kanye nezinqolobane eziba yiqhwa phansi ebusika. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi i-beaver ibe nezihlahla nezihlahlana osebeni, ezimelwe yizinhlobo ezithambile ezinamakhambi, kanye nenani elanele lamakhambi afakwe ekudleni. AmaBeaver abhukuda kakhulu futhi acwila kakhulu. Ngenxa yamaphaphu amakhulu nesibindi, kuhlinzekwa izinqolobane ezinkulu zegazi nemimoya, evumela izilwane ezincelisayo ukuba zibe ngaphansi kwamanzi ingxenye yesine yehora. Emhlabeni, i-beaver iba buthuntu futhi ibe sengozini.
Kuyathakazelisa! Uma kunengozi, ama-beavers okubhukuda azwakalisa imisila yawo phezulu emanzini bese ehla, esebenza njengohlobo lwesiginali ye-alamu.
Ama-beaver ajwayelekile ahlala emindenini noma ngokubodwa. Imindeni ephelele inabantu abahlanu kuya kwabayisishiyagalombili, abamele umbhangqwana oshadile nezilwane ezincane - inzalo evela eminyakeni yamanje neyokugcina. Iziza zomndeni ezihleliwe kwesinye isikhathi ziqhutshwa ngumndeni iminyaka eminingi. Umndeni ophelele noma i-beaver eyodwa ihlala ezinqolobaneni ezincane, futhi kokukhulu kakhulu - imindeni eminingana noma ama-single amaningi.
I-beaver ayivamile ukuhamba ibanga elingaphezu kwamamitha ayi-150-200 ukusuka emanzini.Umngcele wale ndawo ubhalwe ngemfihlo ekhethekile efakwa ebusweni bezindunduma zodaka. Ama-Beavers asebenza kuphela ebusuku futhi lapho kuqala ukuhwalala. Ehlobo nasekwindla, isilwane esincelisayo esikhulile sishiya ikhaya laso kusihlwa futhi sisebenze kuze kuse. Ebusika, emakhazeni, ama-beaver awavamile ukuvela ngaphezulu.
Ama-beaver ahlala isikhathi esingakanani
Isikhathi sokuphila esimaphakathi se-beaver ejwayelekile ezimweni zemvelo cishe siyiminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu, futhi lapho sigcinwa ekuthunjweni - ikota yekhulu leminyaka. Hhayi izitha zemvelo kuphela, kepha futhi nezinye izifo zifaka isandla ekunciphiseni isikhathi sokuphila emvelweni. Yize iqiniso lokuthi ama-beaver ajwayelekile anokuvikelwa okuthembekile kwezinye zezifo ezithathelwanayo ezivame kakhulu, kufaka phakathi i-tularemia, ukufa kwezilwane ezincelisayo zamagundane kusuka ku-pasteurellosis, umkhuhlane we-paratyphoid, kanye ne-septicemia esophayo, i-coccidiosis nesifo sofuba.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ezingxenyeni ze-beaver ezivamile, ukutholakala kwe-hepatic fluke, kanye ne-stichorhis ne-grassassosius, kutholakala. Yizifo ezimbili zokugcina ezinomthelela omubi kakhulu ekukhuleni kwesibalo kanye nenani labantu bebever.
Phakathi kokunye, ngaphansi kwezimo zezikhukhula ezinamandla kakhulu zasentwasahlobo, ama-beaver amancane ayafa noma yonke imindeni esungulwe ichitheka ngokuphelele, futhi izikhukhula zasebusika zingaholela ekwehliseni imfuyo isiyonke cishe ngama-50%.
Indawo yokuhlala
Ama-beaver ajwayelekile ahlala emigodini noma okuthiwa amaqhugwane, umnyango ongena ngaphansi kwamanzi njalo... Umgodi umba njengegundane ogwini olusenyakatho nolunamawa, uyilabhoratri eliyinkimbinkimbi elineminyango eminingi. Izindonga nophahla lomgodi kuyalinganiswa futhi kuhlanganiswe kahle. Iqhugwane lakhiwa ezindaweni lapho kungenakwenzeka khona ukuhlela umgodi - ogwini olumanzi noluphansi, olunamaxhaphozi nasendaweni engajulile. Ukwakhiwa akuqali kuze kuphele ihlobo. Iqhugwane eliqediwe linokubukeka okuyindilinga futhi lihlukaniswa nokuphakama kwalo okuphezulu ngobubanzi obungadluli kumamitha ayi-10-12. Izindonga zeqhugwane zigcotshwe kahle ngosilika nobumba, ngenxa yokuthi lesi sakhiwo siyinqaba engafinyeleleki kubantu abaningi abazingelayo.
Ama-beaver ajwayelekile yizilwane ezincelisayo ezihlanzekile ezingalokothi zingcolise amakhaya azo ngemfucumfucu yokudla noma indle. Emachibini anezinga lamanzi eliguqukayo, imindeni yama-beaver incamela ukwakha amadamu amadamu, isisekelo sohlaka esivame ukuba yizihlahla eziwele emfuleni, ezigcwele izinto zokwakha ezahlukahlukene. Ubude obujwayelekile bedamu eliqediwe bungafinyelela ku-20-30 m, nobubanzi phansi kuka-4-6 m nokuphakama okungu-2.0-4.8 m.
Kuyathakazelisa! Usayizi ogciniwe ungowedamu elakhiwe ngama-beavers eMfuleni iJefferson eMontana, ubude bawo obufinyelela kumamitha angama-700.
Ngezidingo zokwakha kanye nenhloso yokuvuna ifolishi, i-beaver ejwayelekile igawula izihlahla, iqale izigedle ngamazinyo ezansi. Ngemuva kwalokho amagatsha adunwa, futhi isiqu uqobo sahlukaniswa saba izingxenye eziningana.
I-Aspen enobubanzi obungu-50-70 mm igawulwa yi-beaver cishe emizuzwini emihlanu, bese kugawulwa isihlahla esinobubanzi obungaphansi nje kwesigamu semitha ngobusuku obubodwa. Ngesikhathi salo msebenzi, ama-beaver aphakama ngemilenze yawo yangemuva ancike emsileni, kuthi imihlathi isebenze njengesaha. Ama-Beaver incisors ayazicija, aqukethe i-dentin eqinile futhi eqinile.
Amanye amagatsha avela ezihlahleni eziwile adliwa ngenkuthalo ngama-beaver khona lapho, kanti elinye lidilizwa futhi lidonswe noma lintanta emanzini libheke lapho kuhlala khona noma endaweni yedamu. Izindlela ezinyathelwe ngenqubo yokuhamba zigcwaliswa kancane kancane ngamanzi amaningi futhi zibizwa ngokuthi "iziteshi ze-beaver", ezisetshenziswa ngamagundane ukuncibilikisa ukudla kwezinkuni. Indawo, eguqulwe ngenqubo yokusebenza okusebenzayo kwama-beaver ajwayelekile, ibizwa nge- "beaver landscape".
Ukudla okuvamile kwe-beaver
Ama-Beavers asesigabeni sezilwane ezincelisayo ezinomsoco ezinamandla kakhulu ezidla kuphela amagxolo ezihlahla noma amahlumela ezitshalo. Izilwane ezinjalo zithanda kakhulu i-aspen ne-willow, i-poplar ne-birch, kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo ezinomsoco, kufaka phakathi i-lily yamanzi ne-capsule yeqanda, iris kanye ne-cattail, umhlanga omncane. Ubuningi bo-softwood buyimfuneko yokukhetha indawo yokuhlala i-beaver ejwayelekile.
Izitshalo ezibaluleke kakhulu ekudleni kwansuku zonke kwe-beaver ejwayelekile yi-hazel, i-linden ne-elm, kanye ne-bird cherry. I-Alder ne-oki, njengomthetho, azisetshenziselwa ukudla kwezilwane ezincelisayo ngamagundane, futhi zisetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa nokuhlela izakhiwo kuphela.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ama-Acorn nawo adliwa ngokulangazela ngama-beaver, kanti inani lokudla kwansuku zonke okufanele lidliwe kufanele libe cishe yi-18-20% yesisindo esiphelele sesilwane.
Ngenxa yamazinyo amakhulu nokulunywa okunamandla, ama-beavers ajwayelekile noma omfula angakwazi ukubhekana kalula nanoma yikuphi ukudla okuqinile kwemifino, futhi imikhiqizo yokudla enothe ngo-cellulose iyagaywa yi-microflora esemgodini wamathumbu.
Njengomthetho, isilwane esincelisayo sidla izinhlobo ezimbalwa kuphela zokhuni, ngoba ukushintshela ohlotsheni olusha lokudla kwama-beavers kudinga isikhathi sokuzivumelanisa esivumela ama-microorganisms emathunjini ukuthi ajwayele uhlobo olusha lokudla. Ngokuqala kwentwasahlobo nehlobo, inani lesisekelo sokudla okunomsoco ekudleni kwe-beaver lenyuka kakhulu.
Ekwindla, igundane elisemanzini liqala ukuvuna ukudla kwezihlahla ebusika... Izinqolobane zengezwa emanzini, okuzivumela ukuthi zigcine cishe ngokuphelele zonke izimfanelo zazo zokudla okunomsoco nokunambitha kuze kube nguFebhuwari. Umthamo omaphakathi wokuphakelwa kokudla ebusika emndenini ngamunye ungama-65-70 cubic metres.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Ama-beaver aseYurophu noma ajwayelekile afinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi kuphela ngonyaka wesithathu wokuphila, futhi inqubo ye-rut iwela esikhathini esivela ekupheleni kukaFebhuwari kuya ekupheleni kukaMashi. Ama-beaver amadala ashiya indawo yawo yokuhlala yasebusika, abhukuda emgodini oncibilikisiwe, azulazule ngasogqolweni lweqhwa futhi abeke uphawu lwendawo yabo ngomfudlana we-beaver. Ikhambi elinjalo alisetshenziswanga kuphela ngabesilisa, kodwa nangabesifazane abavuthiwe ngokocansi be-beaver ejwayelekile.
Inqubo yokukhwelana, njengomthetho, yenziwa ngqo emanzini, futhi ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingaba ngu-105-107 zokukhulelwa, kusukela kowodwa kuya kwabahlanu amawundlu azalwa ngowesifazane ngo-Ephreli noma ngoMeyi. Njengoba umkhuba ukhombisa, inani lamawundlu ngqo lincike eminyakeni yobudala be-beaver. Insikazi endala ivame ukuzala amawundlu amathathu noma amane, kanti abantu abasha bazala ibhebhu eyodwa noma ezimbili.
Kuyathakazelisa!Ezinsukwini zokuqala, ama-beavers adla ubisi lukamama kuphela, kepha kusukela esontweni elinamasonto amathathu noma amane akhulisa ukudla kwawo ngokudla okuhlukahlukene kwezitshalo.
Ukuncelisa ibele kuyeka lapho inenyanga eyodwa nohhafu kuya ezinyangeni ezimbili. Kukulesi sikhathi lapho kungagcini kuphela ama-incisors, kepha futhi nama-molars akhula kahle kuma-beaver amancane, ngakho-ke bayakwazi ukulandela abazali babo endaweni enamafutha. AmaBeaver azimela ekupheleni konyaka wesibili, lapho esezakhele ikhaya elisha. Inani lama-beaver ajwayelekile emndenini owodwa lihluke kakhulu, futhi lingahluka lisuka koyedwa liye kwabayisishiyagalolunye noma abayishumi abaneminyaka ehlukene. Kodwa-ke, imindeni ejwayelekile ye-beaver ifaka phakathi izilwane ezimbili ezindala kanye nenzalo eminyakeni embalwa edlule.
Izitha zemvelo
Izitha eziyinhloko ze-beaver ezivamile izimpisi nezimpisi, izimpungushe nama-lynx, kanye namabhere amadala namaphakethe ezinja ezilahlekile. Ithuba lokubhujiswa kwabantu abancane kunabo bonke noma ababuthakathaka ngamaphikishi amakhulu, isikhova kanye ne-taimen nalo alishiywanga ngaphandle. Ama-Otters, ngokuphambene nombono oyiphutha, awakwazi ukulimaza ama-beaver ajwayelekile, okuqinisekiswa yiminyaka eminingi yokubukwa okubukwayo. Namuhla, isitha esikhulu sama-beavers kusengabantu.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Ama-beaver ase-Eurasia noma ajwayelekile esikhathini esithile esedlule kunabantu abaningi kakhulu abahlala kuyo yonke indawo yaseYurophu nase-Asia. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuzingela ngokweqile, inani lezilwane ezinjalo selinciphe kakhulu manje.... Kuze kube manje, inani labantu selicishiwe ngokuphelele futhi alibalulekile kangako.
Ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, emazweni amaningi ase-Asia naseYurophu, kwakungekho cishe ama-beaver ajwayelekile. Ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule, endle, bekungekho ngaphezu kwabantu abayizinkulungwane eziyi-1.3. Ngenxa yemizamo yokulawula kanye nokuzala kabusha, kube nokwanda kwabantu eJalimane naseFrance, ePoland naseningizimu yeScandinavia. Kunabantu abambalwa enkabeni yezwe lethu.
Inani lezomnotho
Sekuyisikhathi eside ama-Beaver ezingelwa ngenxa yoboya bawo obuhle futhi obubaluleke kakhulu, kanye “nomsinga we-beaver” osetshenziswa ezimbonini zamakha nemithi. Inyama ye-Beaver ivame ukudliwa, futhi phakathi kwamaKatolika ingeyesigaba sokudla okunamafutha... Kodwa-ke, manje sekuyaziwa ukuthi i-beaver ejwayelekile iyisiphathi semvelo se-salmonellosis, okuyingozi kubantu, ngakho-ke, ukuqothulwa kwezilwane ezincelisayo ngenhloso yokuthola inyama kwehle kakhulu.
