Intshe yase-Afrika (iStuthio samelus) yinyoni leyigundane kanye nalendiza lekule-oda leNtshe kanye neluhlobo lwe-Ostriches. Igama lesayensi lezinyoni ezinje lihunyushwe lisuselwa esiGrekini ngokuthi "ikamela-undlunkulu".
Incazelo yentshe
Izintshe zase-Afrika njengamanje ukuphela kwamalungu omndeni weNtshe... Inyoni enkulu kunazo zonke engakwazi ukundiza itholakala endle, kodwa futhi izalelwe ngokugqamile ekuthunjweni, ngakho-ke isithandwa kakhulu emapulazini amaningi ezintshe.
Ukubukeka
Izintshe zase-Afrika yizona zinyoni ezinkulu kunazo zonke ezanamuhla. Ukuphakama okuphezulu komuntu omdala kufinyelela ku-2.7 m, ngesisindo somzimba esifinyelela ku-155-156 kg. Izintshe zakhiwe ngokujiyile, intamo ende nekhanda elincanyana eliyisicaba. Uqhwaku lwenyoni oluthambile kunalokho luqondile futhi luyisicaba, luhlobo oluthile "lwenzipho" ehlabayo endaweni yomlomo.
Amehlo makhulu impela, anezinkophe ezinyene futhi ezinde ngokwedlulele, ezitholakala kuphela kwijwabu leso eliphezulu. Amehlo enyoni akhule kahle. Ukuvuleka kokuzwa kwangaphandle kuyabonakala kakhulu ekhanda, ngenxa yezimpaphe ezibuthakathaka, futhi esimweni sazo zifana nezindlebe ezincane nezihlanzekile.
Kuyathakazelisa! Isici sesici sezinhlobo ze-African Ostrich ukungabikho ngokuphelele kwe-keel, kanye nemisipha engathuthuki kahle endaweni yesifuba. Amathambo enyoni engakwazi ukundiza, ngaphandle kwe-femur, akuyona eyomoya.
Izimpiko zentshe yase-Afrika azithuthuki kahle, ngeminwe emibili emikhulu eqeda ngama-spurs noma ngozipho. Izitho zangemuva zenyoni engakwazi ukundiza ziqinile futhi zinde, zineminwe emibili. Omunye weminwe uphela ngohlobo lwezinselo ezine-horny, lapho intshe ihlala khona ngenkathi isebenza.
Izintshe zase-Afrika zinezimpaphe ezivulekile futhi ezisontekile. Izimpaphe zisatshalaliswa ebusweni bomzimba ngokulinganayo, kanti i-pterilia ayikho ngokuphelele. Ukwakheka kwezimpaphe kwakudala:
- intshebe cishe ayihlanganisiwe komunye nomunye;
- ukuntuleka kokwakhiwa kwama-web lamellar aminyene.
Okubalulekile! Intshe ayina-goiter, futhi indawo yentamo inwebeka ngendlela emangalisayo, evumela inyoni ukuthi igwinye isisulu esikhulu ngokwanele.
Ikhanda, okhalweni nentamo yenyoni engakwazi ukundiza ayinazimpaphe. Esifubeni sentshe kukhona nendawo engenalutho enesikhumba noma okuthiwa "ama-pectoral corns", asebenza njengokwesekela inyoni lapho ilele khona. Indoda endala inezimpaphe ezimnyama eziyisisekelo, kanye nomsila omhlophe namaphiko. Abesifazane bancane ngokuphawulekayo kunabesilisa, futhi babonakala ngombala ofanayo, omnyama, omelelwa amathoni ansundu, izimpaphe ezimhlophe ezingamaphiko nomsila.
Indlela Yokuphila
Izintshe zikhetha ukuba semphakathini ohlomulisanayo onamadube nezinyamazane, ngakho-ke, zilandela izilwane ezinjalo, izinyoni ezingakwazi ukuhamba zihamba kalula. Ngenxa yokubona okuhle nokukhula okuhle ngokwanele, abamele zonke izinhlobo zentshe baba ngabokuqala ukubona izitha zemvelo, futhi ngokushesha okukhulu banikeza isignali yengozi ezayo kwezinye izilwane.
Abamele abethukile bomndeni wezintshe babamemeza kakhulu, futhi bayakwazi ukugijima ngesivinini esifinyelela ku-65-70 km nangaphezulu. Ngasikhathi sinye, ubude bokuhamba benyoni esikhulile bungu-4.0 m. Izintshe ezincane ezineminyaka engaphansi kwenyanga eyodwa zithuthukisa kalula ijubane lazo lifike kuma-45-50 km ngehora, ngaphandle kokuzinciphisa ngisho nasekujikeni okubukhali.
Ngaphandle kwenkathi yokukhwelana, izintshe zase-Afrika, njengomthetho, zihlala emhlambini omncane impela, noma okuthiwa "imindeni", equkethe owesilisa oyedwa omdala, amachwane amaningi kanye nabesifazane abane noma abahlanu.
Kuyathakazelisa! Inkolelo esabalele yokuthi izintshe zigqiba amakhanda awo esihlabathini uma kunokwesaba okukhulu iyiphutha. Eqinisweni, inyoni enkulu imane igobise ikhanda layo phansi ukugwinya amatshe noma isihlabathi ukuze ithuthukise ukugaya.
Izintshe zibonisa umsebenzi ikakhulu lapho kuqala ukuhwalala, nasekushiseni okunamandla kakhulu emini nasebusuku, izinyoni ezinjalo zivame ukuphumula. Ukulala ebusuku kwabameleli bezinkukhu zentshe yase-Afrika kufaka phakathi isikhathi esifushane sokulala okujulile, lapho izinyoni zilala phansi futhi zolula izintamo zazo, kanye nezikhathi ezandisiwe zalokho okuthiwa isigamu-isihlwathi, kuhambisana nokuhlala okuhleliwe ngamehlo avaliwe nentamo ephakeme.
Ukulala ubusika bonke
Izintshe zase-Afrika ziyakwazi ukubekezelela ngokuphelele isikhathi sasebusika endaweni emaphakathi yezwe lethu, ngenxa yezimpaphe ezichumayo kanye nempilo enhle kakhulu. Lapho zigcinwa zithunjiwe, izindlu zezinkukhu ezikhethekile ezifakwa ngci zenzelwe izinyoni ezinjalo, futhi izinyoni ezincane ezizalwe ebusika zinzima futhi ziqinile kunezinyoni ezikhuliswa ehlobo.
Izinhlobo zentshe
Intshe yase-Afrika imelwe yi-North African, Masai, eningizimu neSomalia subspecies, kanye ne-subspecies engasekho: iSyria, noma i-Arab, noma i-Aleppo intshe (iStuthio samelus syriacus).
Okubalulekile! Umhlambi wezintshe uhlukaniswa ngokungabikho kokwakheka okungaguquguquki futhi okuzinzile, kepha kubonakala ngesigaba sabaphathi esiqinile, ngakho-ke, abantu abasezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu bagcina intamo nomsila wabo umile, nezinyoni ezibuthakathaka - endaweni ethambekele.
Intshe ejwayelekile (Struthio camelus camelus)
Lezi zinhlayiya zihlukaniswa ngokuba khona kwesiqeshana sempandla esibonakalayo ekhanda, futhi yisona esikhulu kunazo zonke kuze kube manje. Ukukhula okuphezulu kwenyoni evuthiwe ngokobulili kufinyelela ku-2.73-2.74 m, ngesisindo esingu-155-156 kg. Izitho zentshe nendawo yentamo zinombala obomvu obomvu. Igobolondo leqanda limbozwe ngemishayo emincanyana yama-pores, yakha iphethini efana nenkanyezi.
Intshe yaseSomalia (Struthio camelus molybdophanes)
Ngokwemiphumela yocwaningo nge-DNA ye-mitochondrial, lezi zinhlayiya ezivame ukubhekwa njengezilwane ezizimele. Abesilisa banekhanda elinempandla elifanayo endaweni yekhanda njengabo bonke abamele izintshe ezivamile, kepha ubukhona besikhumba esimpunga ngokuluhlaza kuyisici sentamo nezitho. Izinsikazi zentshe yaseSomalia zinezimpaphe ezinombala onsundu ogqamile.
Intshe yamaMasai (iStuthio camelus massaicus)
Isakhamuzi esingajwayelekile kakhulu esifundeni se-East Africa asihlukile kakhulu kwabanye abameleli bentshe yase-Afrika, kepha intamo nezitho zomzimba ngesikhathi sokuzala zithola umbala obomvu ogqamile futhi ogqamile. Ngaphandle kwalesi sizini, izinyoni zinombala opinki ongabonakali kakhulu.
Intshe yaseningizimu (iStuthio camelus australis)
Enye yezinto eziphansi zentshe yase-Afrika. Inyoni enjalo engakwazi ukundiza ibonakala ngosayizi omkhulu impela, futhi iyahlukahluka ngezimpaphe ezimpunga entanyeni nasemilenzeni. Abesifazane abavuthiwe ngokocansi bale subspecies bancipha ngokubonakalayo kunabesilisa abadala.
Intshe yaseSyria (iStruthiocamelussyriacus)
Ukuqothulwa phakathi nekhulu lama-20, i-subspecies yentshe yase-Afrika. Phambilini, le subspecies yayivame kakhulu engxenyeni esenyakatho-mpumalanga yamazwe ase-Afrika. Ama-subspecies ahlobene nentshe yaseSyria athathwa njengentshe evamile, eyakhethwa ngenhloso yokuphindaphinda abantu eSaudi Arabia. Izintshe zaseSyria zitholakale ezindaweni eziwugwadule eSaudi Arabia.
Indawo yokuhlala
Phambilini, intshe ejwayelekile noma yaseNyakatho Afrika yayihlala endaweni enkulu ebemboze izingxenye ezisenyakatho nentshonalanga yezwekazi lase-Afrika. Le nyoni itholakale isuka e-Uganda iye e-Ethiopia, isuka e-Algeria iya e-Egypt, ihlanganisa indawo yamazwe amaningi aseNtshonalanga Afrika, okubalwa iSenegal neMauritania.
Kuze kube manje, indawo yokuhlala yalezi zinhlobo ezincane iye yehla kakhulu, ngakho manje izintshe ezijwayelekile zihlala emazweni athile ase-Afrika kuphela, kubandakanya iCameroon, iChad, iCentral African Republic neSenegal.
Intshe yaseSomalia ihlala engxenyeni eseningizimu ye-Ethiopia, engxenyeni esenyakatho-mpumalanga yeKenya, kanye naseSomalia, lapho abantu bendawo babiza le nyoni ngokuthi "gorayo". Lezi zinhlayiya zikhetha indawo yokuhlala amawele noma eyodwa. Izintshe zeMasai zitholakala eningizimu yeKenya, empumalanga yeTanzania, kanye nase-Ethiopia naseningizimu yeSomalia. Uhla lwama-subspecies aseningizimu encini yase-Afrika atholakala esifundeni esiseningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Afrika. Izintshe zeningizimu zitholakala eNamibia naseZambia, zivame eZimbabwe, kanye naseBotswana nase-Angola. Lezi zinhlobo ezincane zihlala eningizimu nemifula iKunene neZambezi.
Izitha zemvelo
Izilwane eziningi ezidla amaqanda entshe, kubandakanya izimpungushe, izimpisi ezindala kanye nabadliwayo... Isibonelo, amanqe athatha itshe elikhulu nelicijile ngosizo lomlomo wawo, ophonsa amahlandla amaningi eqandeni lentshe ngaphezulu, okwenza igobolondo liqhekeke.
Amabhubesi, izingwe kanye nengulule nazo zivame ukuhlasela zingakavuthwa, amaphuphu asanda kuvela. Njengoba kukhonjisiwe ekubonweni okuningi, ukulahleka kwemvelo okukhulu kunakho konke kubantu base-Afrika kuyabonakala kuphela ngesikhathi kufukanywa amaqanda, kanye nangesikhathi sokukhulisa izilwane ezisencane.
Kuyathakazelisa! Kwaziwa kakhulu futhi kubhalwe namacala lapho intshe endala evikelayo ngokushaya okukodwa okunamandla komlenze wayo ifaka inxeba lokufa ezilwaneni ezinkulu ezifana nezingonyama.
Kodwa-ke, umuntu akufanele acabange ukuthi izintshe ziyizinyoni ezinamahloni kakhulu. Abantu abadala banamandla futhi bangaba nolaka impela, ngakho-ke bayakwazi ukusukuma, uma kunesidingo, hhayi bona kanye nozakwabo kuphela, kepha futhi bavikela kalula inzalo yabo. Izintshe ezinolaka, ngaphandle kokungabaza, zingahlasela abantu abangenele endaweni evikelekile.
Ukudla kwentshe
Ukudla okuvamile kwezintshe kuboniswa uhlaza oluyisimo sazo zonke izinhlobo zamahlumela, izimbali, imbewu noma izithelo. Kwesinye isikhathi, inyoni engakwazi ukundiza nayo ingadla ezinye izilwane ezincane, kufaka phakathi izinambuzane ezifana nesikhonyane, izilwane ezinwabuzelayo noma amagundane. Abantu abadala kwesinye isikhathi badla okusele okuvela kuzidliwayo zasemhlabeni noma ezindizayo. Izintshe ezincane zikhetha ukudla kuphela ukudla okuvela ezilwaneni.
Lapho igcinwe ekuthunjweni, intshe eyodwa endala idla cishe ukudla okungu-3.5-3.6 kg ngosuku. Ngenqubo ephelele yokugaya, izinyoni zalolu hlobo zigwinya amatshe amancane noma ezinye izinto eziqinile, ngenxa yokungabikho kwamazinyo ngokuphelele emgodini womlomo.
Phakathi kokunye, intshe iyinyoni eqinile ngendlela exakile, ngakho-ke ikwazi ukuhlala ngaphandle kokuphuza amanzi isikhathi eside. Kulokhu, umzimba uthola inani elanele lomswakama ohlangothini oludliwe. Yize kunjalo, izintshe zisesigabeni sezinyoni ezithanda amanzi, ngakho-ke kwesinye isikhathi zizimisele ukubhukuda.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Ngokuqala kwenkathi yokukhwelana, intshe yase-Afrika iyakwazi ukuthatha indawo ethile, indawo ephelele engamakhilomitha ambalwa. Ngalesi sikhathi, imibala yemilenze nentamo yenyoni iyakhanya kakhulu. Abesilisa abavunyelwe ukungena endaweni evikelekile, kepha ukusondela kwabesifazane "ngonogada" onjalo kwamukelwa kakhulu.
Izintshe zifinyelela ebusheni lapho sezineminyaka emithathu ubudala... Ngesikhathi somncintiswano wokutholwa kowesifazane ovuthiwe, abesilisa asebekhulile bentshe benza imisindo yoqobo noma imisindo yecilongo. Ngemuva kokuthi kuqoqwe inani elikhulu lomoya ku-goiter yale nyoni, owesilisa uyisunduza ngamandla ibheke ngasemqophweni, okubangela ukwakheka kokubhonga kwesizalo, okufana nokubhonga kwebhubesi.
Izintshe zingezesigaba sezinyoni ezinesithembu, ngakho-ke ezeduna kakhulu zikhwelana nazo zonke izinsikazi endaweni yabesifazane. Kodwa-ke, ngazimbili kunezelwa kuphela nowesifazane ovelele, okubaluleke kakhulu ekuchamuseleni inzalo. Inqubo yokukhwelana iphetha ngokumba isidleke esihlabathini, ukujula kwaso kungamasentimitha angama-30-60. Zonke izinsikazi zibekela amaqanda esidlekeni esinjalo esihlonyiswe owesilisa.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ubude obujwayelekile beqanda buhluka phakathi kuka-15-21 cm ngobubanzi obungu-12-13 cm nobukhulu besisindo esingeqile ku-1.5-2.0 kg. Ubukhulu obulinganiselwe begobolondo leqanda bungu-0.5-0.6 mm, futhi ukuthungwa kwayo kungahluka kusuka endaweni ecwebezelayo ene-gloss kuya kuhlobo lwe-matte olunama-pores.
Isikhathi sokufukamela siyizinsuku ezingama-35-45 ngokwesilinganiso. Ebusuku, i-clutch ifukanyelwa kuphela abesilisa bentshe yase-Afrika, kuthi emini, elinye iwashi lenziwa ngabesifazane, ababonakala ngombala ovikelayo ohlangana nenkangala yasehlane.
Kwesinye isikhathi emini, i-clutch ishiywa inganakiwe ngokuphelele izinyoni ezindala, futhi ifudunyezwa kuphela ukushisa kwelanga kwemvelo. Emiphakathini enezinsikazi eziningi kakhulu, inani elikhulu lamaqanda livela esidlekeni, amanye awo angenakho ukufukama okugcwele, ngakho-ke ayalahlwa.
Cishe ihora ngaphambi kokuzalwa kwamantshontsho, izintshe ziqala ukuvula igobolondo leqanda ngaphakathi, liphumule ngokumelene nalo ngezitho ezisakazekile futhi zigxoba ngomlomo ngaze kube nomgodi omncane. Ngemuva kokuthi kwenziwe izimbobo eziningana ezinjalo, iphuphu liwashaya ngamandla amakhulu nge-nape yalo.
Kungakho cishe zonke izintshe ezisanda kuzalwa zivame ukuba nama-hematoma abalulekile endaweni yekhanda. Ngemuva kokuzalwa kwamantshontsho, wonke amaqanda angasebenzi abhujiswa ngokungenasihawu yizintshe ezindala, futhi izimpukane ezindizayo zisebenza njengokudla okuhle kakhulu kwezintshe ezisanda kuzalwa.
Intshe esanda kuzalwa iyabona, ithuthuke kahle, imbozwe ngokukhanya phansi. Isisindo esilinganiselwe senkukhu enjalo cishe singu-1.1-1.2 kg. Kakade osukwini lwesibili ngemuva kokuzalwa, izintshe ziyashiya esidlekeni zihambe nabazali bazo ziyofuna ukudla. Phakathi nezinyanga ezimbili zokuqala, amaphuphu ambozwa ama-bristles amnyama naphuzi, kanti isifunda separietali sibonakala ngombala wezitini.
Kuyathakazelisa! Isikhathi sokuzalisa izintshe ezisebenza ezindaweni ezinomswakama siqala ngoJuni kuya maphakathi no-Okthoba, futhi izinyoni ezihlala ezindaweni eziwugwadule ziyakwazi ukuzala unyaka wonke.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, zonke izintshe zimbozwe izimpaphe zangempela, eziluhlaza ezinesici sombala we-subspecies. Abesilisa nabesifazane bayabambana, bethola ilungelo lokuqhubeka nokunakekela amazinyane, lokhu kungenxa yesithembu sezinyoni ezinjalo. Abesifazane babameleli bezinkukhu zentshe yase-Afrika bagcina umkhiqizo wabo ikota yekhulu leminyaka, nabesilisa cishe iminyaka engamashumi amane.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Maphakathi nekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, izintshe zazigcinwa emapulazini amaningi, okuvumela inani elincipha kakhulu lenyoni enkulu kangaka engakwazi ukundiza ukuba iphile kuze kube sesikhathini sethu. Namuhla, amazwe angaphezu kwamashumi ayisihlanu angaziqhayisa ngokuba khona kwamapulazi akhethekile asebenza ngokuzalanisa izintshe.
Ngaphezu kokulondolozwa kwabantu, inhloso enkulu yokuzalisa izintshe ekubambeni ukuthola isikhumba nezimpaphe ezibiza kakhulu, kanye nenyama emnandi futhi enomsoco, efana nenyama yenkomo yendabuko. Izintshe zihlala isikhathi eside ngokwanele, futhi ngaphansi kwezimo ezikahle ziyakwazi ukuphila zifinyelele eminyakeni yobudala engama-70-80. Ngenxa yokuqukethwe okukhulu ekuthunjweni, ingozi yokuqothulwa okuphelele kwale nyoni okwamanje incane.
Ukufuywa kwezintshe
Ukukhulunywa ngokufuyiwa kwentshe kwakungu-1650 BC, lapho izinyoni ezinkulu kangaka zazijwayele indawo yaseGibhithe lasendulo.Kodwa-ke, ipulazi lokuqala lwentshe lavela ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye endaweni yaseNingizimu Melika, ngemuva kwalokho inyoni eyayingakwazi ukundiza yaqala ukuzalwa emazweni ase-Afrika naseNyakatho Melika, kanye naseningizimu yeYurophu. Lapho zigcinwa ekuthunjweni, abamele izintshe zase-Afrika abazithobeki futhi baqinile ngendlela emangalisayo.
Izintshe zasendle ezihlala emazweni ase-Afrika zijwayela ngaphandle kwezinkinga ngisho nasezifundeni ezisenyakatho zezwe lethu. Ngenxa yalokhu kungathobeki, okuqukethwe kwasekhaya komndeni
Intshe iya ngokuya ithandwa. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi yonke imidlana yentshe yase-Afrika izwela kakhulu ekushintsheni okubukhali kakhulu kwezinga lokushisa, kepha iyakwazi ukumelana nesithwathwa kuze kufike ku-30mayelanaC. Uma kuthinteke kabi okusalungiswa noma iqhwa elimanzi, inyoni ingagula futhi ife.
Izintshe zasemakhaya ziyizinyoni ezidla umhlanganiso, ngakho-ke azikho ubunzima obuthile ekwakheni isabelo sokondla. Izintshe zase-Afrika zidla kakhulu. Umthamo wokudla wansuku zonke womuntu omdala oyedwa ulinganiselwa ku-5.5-6.0 kg wokuphakelayo, kufaka phakathi izitshalo eziluhlaza nezitshalo zokusanhlamvu, izitshalo zezimpande nezithelo, kanye nezakhiwo ezikhethekile zamavithamini nezamaminerali. Lapho ukhulisa izilwane ezincane, kuyadingeka ukuthi ugxile kokuphakelayo kwamaprotheni okushukumisa izinqubo ezinkulu zokukhula.
Isilinganiso sokondla somhlambi wezinja siyalungiswa ngokuya ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza nesingakhiqizi. Isethi ejwayelekile yokudla okuyisisekelo kwentshe yasekhaya:
- iphalishi lommbila noma okusanhlamvu okusanhlamvu;
- ukolweni ngesimo sephalishi elingahlelekile;
- ibhali ne-oatmeal;
- imifino eqoshiwe njengezimbabazane, i-alfalfa, i-clover, uphizi nobhontshisi;
- i-vitamin hay eqoshiwe evela ku-clover, i-alfalfa kanye notshani bemifula;
- ufulawa wamakhambi;
- izitshalo zezimpande nezilimo eziyizigaxa ngendlela yoqathe, amazambane, ama-beet namapheya obumba;
- imikhiqizo yobisi ngesimo seyogathi, ushizi wekotishi, ubisi nodoti oketshezi ekutholeni ibhotela;
- cishe noma yiluphi uhlobo lwezinhlanzi ezingezona ezentengiselwano;
- inyama nenyama yethambo nenhlanzi;
- amaqanda achotshozwe ngegobolondo.
Kuyathakazelisa! Kulezi zinsuku, ukulima izintshe kuyingxenye ehlukile yokufuya izinkukhu, okwenza umkhiqizo wenyama, amaqanda nesikhumba sentshe.
Izimpaphe, ezinokubukeka kokuhlobisa, namafutha ezintshe, anama-antihistamine, anti-inflammatory kanye nezindawo zokupholisa amanxeba, nawo aziswa kakhulu. Izintshe zokugcinwa kwekhaya ziyimboni ekhulayo, ethembisayo futhi enenzuzo enkulu.
