I-tuatara, eyaziwa njenge-tuatara (Sphenodon runctatus), isilwane esihuquzelayo esingavamile kakhulu, okuwukuphela komeleli wanamuhla ongaphansi kohlelo lwasendulo olwalunamakhanda nomndeni wakwa-Wedgetooth.
Incazelo ye-tuatara
Ekuboneni kokuqala, kungenzeka ukudida i-tuatara ne-lizard ejwayelekile, enkulu kakhulu.... Kodwa kunezici eziningi ezenza kube lula ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwabamele lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zezilwane ezihuquzelayo. Isisindo somzimba sowesilisa osekhulile we-tuatara sicishe sibe ikhilogremu, kanti abesifazane abavuthiwe ngokocansi banesisindo esicishe sibe yingxenye yesisindo.
Ukubukeka
Ngokufana nokubukeka kwe-iguana, isilwane sohlobo lweSphenodon sinomzimba oqala ngobude obusuka ku-65-75 cm, kufaka phakathi umsila. Isirhubuluzi sibonakala ngombala oluhlaza okomnqumo noma ompunga oluhlaza okotshani ezinhlangothini zomzimba. Emilenzeni kunamabala aminyene aphuzi ahluke ngosayizi.
Njengase-iguana, kuyo yonke indawo engemuva kwesifo sofuba, kusukela esifundeni se-occipital kuye emsileni, akukho igebe eliphakeme kakhulu, elimelwe yisici, amapuleti angunxantathu. Kungenxa yokuqhuma okukhulu ukuthi lesi silwane esihuquzelayo sathola elinye igama langempela - i-tuatara, okusho ukuthi "ukuhlaba" ngokuhumusha.
Kodwa-ke, naphezu kokufana kwangaphandle nesibankwa, cishe ngasekupheleni kwengxenye yesibili yekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, lesi silwane esinwabuzelayo sanikezwa ukuhleleka kwekhanda (i-Rhynchoserhalia), okungenxa yesici sokwakheka komzimba, ikakhulukazi indawo eyinhloko.
Isici esivelele sokwakheka kwesifo sofuba i-cranium yisici esithokozisayo esethulwe kubantu abancane ngomhlathi ongaphezulu ongavamile, uphahla logebhezi nolwanga, okunokuhamba okucacile okuhlobene nebhokisi lobuchopho.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ukuze kwenziwe ubulungiswa, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ubukhona be-cranial kineticism abufakwanga kuphela esirhubuluzaneni njenge-tuatara, kodwa futhi kuyisici sezinhlobo ezithile zezinyoka nezibankwa.
Isakhiwo esingajwayelekile kanjalo ku-tuatara sabizwa nge-cranial kineticism.... Umphumela walesi sici yikhono lesiphetho sangaphakathi somhlathi wesilwane ukugoba kancane liye phansi ngokuhoxa ngaphansi kwezimo zokunyakaza okunzima endaweni yezinye izingxenye zogebhezi lwesirhubuluzi esingavamile. Lesi sici sizuzwa ngama-vertebrate asemhlabeni avela enhlanzini ehlanganiswe ngaphesheya, okungukhokho oqinisekisiwe futhi okude kakhulu we-tuatara.
Ngaphezu kwesakhiwo sangaphakathi sangaphakathi se-cranium nengxenye yamathambo, ukunakwa okukhethekile kwezazi zasekhaya nezangaphandle zifanelwe ubukhona besitho esingajwayelekile kakhulu ku-reptile, emelwe yi-parietal noma iso lesithathu elise-occiput. Iso lesithathu libonakala kakhulu kubantu abancane abangakavuthwa. Ukubukeka kwamehlo wemali kufana nocezwana olungenalutho oluzungezwe izikali.
Isitho esinjalo sihlukaniswa ngamaseli azwela ukukhanya nelensi, lapho ingekho ngokuphelele imisipha ebhekele ukugxila endaweni yeso. Ngenqubo yokuvuthwa kancane kancane kwesirhubuluzi, iso le-parietal likhula ligcwele, ngakho-ke kunzima ukuhlukanisa kubantu abadala.
Indlela yokuphila kanye nomlingiswa
Isirhubuluzi sisebenza kuphela ezimweni zokushisa okuphansi, futhi izinga lokushisa komzimba lesilwane elisezingeni eliphakathi kuka-20-23mayelanaC. Ngesikhathi sasemini, i-tuatara ihlale icasha emigodini ejulile, kodwa lapho kuqala ukuphola kusihlwa iyahamba izingela.
Isilwane esihuquzelayo asihambisani kakhulu. I-tuatara ingesinye sezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezimbalwa ezinezwi langempela, futhi ukukhala okudabukisayo nokuhoshozelayo kwalesi silwane kuzwakala ebusuku benkungu.
Kuyathakazelisa! Izici zokuziphatha kwe-tuatara zingabandakanya nokuhlala ezindaweni ezisesiqhingini ezinama-grey petrels kanye nokuhlalwa ngobuningi kwezidleke zezinyoni.
Ebusika, isilwane silala ubusuku bonke. Ibanjwe umsila, i-tuatara iyilahla ngokushesha, okuvame ukuvumela lesi silwanyane ukuba sisindise impilo lapho sihlaselwa izitha zemvelo. Inqubo yokuhluma kabusha komsila olahliwe ithatha isikhathi eside.
Isici yikhono labamele i-oda elinamakhanda nomndeni wamazinyo kaKlin ukubhukuda kahle kakhulu, nokubamba umoya ihora lonke.
Isikhathi sokuphila
Esinye sezici zebhayoloji sezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinjenge-tuatara ukubambezeleka kokugaya umzimba kanye nezinqubo zokuphila ezivimbele, ezinganqumi ukukhula nokuthuthuka kwesilwane.
I-tuatara ivuthwa ngokocansi kuphela ngeminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu noma engamashumi amabili, kanti ubude besikhathi sokuphila kwesilwane esihuquzelayo ezimweni zemvelo bungaba yiminyaka eyikhulu. Abantu abakhuliselwe ekuthunjweni, njengomthetho, bahlala isikhathi esingaphezudlwana kwamashumi amahlanu.
Indawo yokuhlala nezindawo zokuhlala
Indawo yemvelo ye-tuatara kuze kube ngekhulu leshumi nane yamelwa yiSouth Island, kepha ukufika kwezizwe zamaMaori kwabangela ukunyamalala okuphelele nokusheshayo kwabantu. Ensimini yeNorth Island, abantu bokugcina bezilwane ezihuquzelayo babonwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20.
Namuhla, isirhubuluzi esidala kunazo zonke se-tuatara yaseNew Zealand sihlala eziqhingini ezincane ngokwedlulele ngaseNew Zealand. Indawo yokuhlala i-tuatara isuswe ngokukhethekile izilwane ezidla ezinye zasendle.
Ukudla okunomsoco we-tuatara
I-tuatara yasendle inesifiso esihle kakhulu... Ukudla kwesirhubuluzi esinjalo kwehluke kakhulu futhi kumelwe yizinambuzane nezikelemu, izicabucabu, iminenke namaxoxo, amagundane amancane nezibankwa.
Kaningi, abamele abalambile bohlelo lwasendulo lwama-beakheads kanye nomndeni onamazinyo we-Wedge bacekela phansi izidleke zezinyoni, badla amaqanda namachwane asanda kuzalwa, futhi babamba nezinyoni ezincane. Isisulu esibanjiwe sigwinywa cishe ngokuphelele isifo sofuba, ngemuva kokuthi sihlafunwa kancane ngamazinyo akhule kahle kakhulu.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Maphakathi nesikhathi sehlobo, esiza endaweni yeNingizimu Nenkabazwe ezungeze izinsuku eziyishumi zokugcina zikaJanuwari, inqubo yokukhiqiza esebenzayo iqala ngesirhubuluzi esingajwayelekile esisezingeni lasendulo lama-beakheads kanye nomndeni onamazinyo we-Wedge.
Ngemuva kokumumatha, insikazi izalela amaqanda ayisishiyagalombili kuya kwayishumi nanhlanu ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyisishiyagalolunye noma eziyishumi... Amaqanda abekwa emigodini emincane angcwatshwa ngomhlabathi nangamatshe, emva kwalokho ayafukanyelwa. Isikhathi sokufukamela side kakhulu, futhi cishe siyizinyanga eziyishumi nanhlanu, okuyinto engajwayelekile nakwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezihuquzelayo.
Kuyathakazelisa! Izinga lokushisa elilungile lokuzalwa kwenani elilinganayo elilinganayo lama-hatteria amawundlu abo bobulili bobabili angama-21mayelanaKUSUKA.
Ososayensi abavela kwenye yeyunivesithi ehamba phambili yaseWellington benza izivivinyo ezithakazelisa kakhulu futhi ezingavamile, lapho kwenzeka khona ukuthola ubudlelwano obuqondile phakathi kwezinkomba zokushisa nobulili benzalo echanyuselwe ye-tuatara. Uma inqubo yokufukamela yenzeka ezingeni lokushisa lokuhlanganisa okungu-18mayelanaC, lapho-ke kuzalwa abesifazane kuphela, futhi ezingeni lokushisa lama-22 mayelanaKuzalwa abesilisa kuphela balesi silokazane esingavamile.
Izitha zemvelo
I-tuatara ingukuphela komgcini kunoma yisiphi isigaba sokuthuthuka kwesibungu esifana ne-Amblyomma sphenodonti Dumbleton. Muva nje, izitha zemvelo noma zemvelo zezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezivela ekuhlelweni kwezinwele zomlomo kanye nomndeni wezilwane ezinamazinyo eKlin bezimelwe yizilwane zasendle, izinja namagundane, ezihlala endaweni yesiqhingi ngobuningi futhi zaba nomthelela ekwehleni okukhulu kwenani eliphelele le-tuatara. Izilwane zasendle ezijabule kakhulu zazidla amaqanda nezinwele zezilwane ezinwabuzelayo ezingavamile, okwakuyingozi ngqo ekusindeni kwe-tuatara.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngenxa yamanani aphansi kakhulu wezinqubo ze-metabolic, i-reptile tuatara noma okuthiwa i-tuatara inesici esithakazelisa kakhulu - iyakwazi ukuphefumula ngokuhluka kwemizuzwana eyisikhombisa.
Njengamanje, inqubo yokuxazulula iziqhingi ezihlala "izinsalela eziphilayo" ibhekwe kakhulu ngabantu uqobo. Ukuze inani lesibankwa esinamehlo amathathu singasongelwa, inani lazo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane ezihlala kule ndawo lilawulwa ngokuqinile.
Noma ngubani ofisa ukubona i-tuatara ebukeka ngendlela engavamile endaweni yemvelo kufanele athole imvume ekhethekile noma lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukudlula. Namuhla, i-Gatteria noma i-Tuatara ibhalwe emakhasini e-International Red Book, futhi inani lazo zonke izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezikhona cishe zingabantu abayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Le "fossil" ephilayo engajwayelekile futhi engajwayelekile, ingxenye ebalulekile yabamele eyayikhona eMhlabeni wethu eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingamakhulu amabili edlule, okwamanje itholakala kuphela ezindaweni ezinamadwala noma iziqhingi zezinkinga. Yingakho i-reptile eyingqayizivele futhi engavamile namuhla ivikelwe ngokuqinile ngokuqinile.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngaphandle kokuthi i-reptile ibukeka njenge-iguana enkulu ngokwanele, ukwakheka kwezitho zangaphakathi ze-tuatara kufana kakhulu nabamele izinhlanzi, izinyoka noma izingwenya.
Inani eliphelele lawo wonke ama-tuatar aphila manje lingabantu abayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu. Ikholoni elikhulu kunawo wonke lisendaweni yesiqhingi saseStephens eduze neCook Strait, lapho kuhlala khona amaTuatars angaba yizinkulungwane ezingama-50. Ezindaweni ezincane, inani eliphelele le-tuatara, njengomthetho, alikho ngaphezu kwabantu abayizinkulungwane ezinhlanu.
Uhulumeni waseNew Zealand kudala wakubona ukubaluleka kwesilwane esihuquzelayo esimangalisa futhi esingajwayelekile, ngakho-ke kwethulwe umbuso obukhali futhi olawulwayo. ITuatar okwamanje ikhuliswa ngempumelelo eSydney Zoo e-Australia.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-tuatara ayidli, futhi isikhumba sesilwane esinjalo asinayo imfuno yokuhweba, okufaka isandla ekulondolozweni okuthile kwabantu.... Vele, akukho lutho olusongela ukusinda kwezihuquzelayo eziyingqayizivele namuhla, futhi ekuthunjweni lo mmeleli wohlelo lwasendulo lwe-beakheads kanye nomndeni wakwaKlintooth ugcinwa kuphela emapaki amaningi ezilwane.
Phakathi kwezinye izinto, kuze kube ngo-1989 kwakukholakala ukuthi kwakukhona uhlobo olulodwa kuphela lwezilwane ezinwabuzelayo, kodwa uprofesa odumile wase-University of Victoria noma iWellington, uCharles Dougherty, wakwazi ukufakazela ngokombono wesayensi ukuthi namuhla kunezinhlobo ezimbili ezivamile - i-hatteria (Sphenodon runctus) kanye UTuatara waseMzalwane Island.
