Mhlawumbe akekho umlingisi ongcono wazo zonke izinhlobo zemisindo emhlabeni wezinyoni kune-Sturnus vulgaris ethobekile - inkanyezi ejwayelekile. Bathi kusuka emihlambini edlula, kuzwakala imvubu yekati: futhi lokhu kumane nje kuyizinhlamvu ezincane zesipho se-parodic senkanyezi.
Incazelo, ukubukeka
Inkanyezi ihlale iqhathaniswa nenyoni emnyama, isho ukufana kobukhulu bayo, izimpaphe ezicwebezelayo ezimnyama nombala wemilomo.
Iqiniso lokuthi kunenkanyezi ekhanyayo phambi kwakho izotshelwa ngomsila wayo omfushane, umzimba ngamachashaza amancane okukhanyisa nokukwazi ukugijima phansi, ngokungafani ne-jumping thrush. Ngentwasahlobo, ukukhanya okukhanyayo kubonakala kakhulu kwabesifazane, kepha ngokwindla, ngenxa yokuncibilika, lesi sici sisuliwe.
Uqhwaku lude ngokulingene futhi lubukhali, alugobile phansi ngokusobala: luphuzi - ngenkathi yokukhwelana, kwezinye izinyanga - mnyama... Kuze kube lapho amatshwele engena esikhathini sokuthomba, uqhwaku lwawo lufakwe umbala onsundu-mnyama kuphela. Izinkanyezi ezisencane nazo zinikezwa umthunzi ojwayelekile onsundu wezimpaphe (ngaphandle kokucwebezela okukhanyayo okuvela kubantu abadala), ukuzungeza okukhethekile kwamaphiko nentamo elula.
Kuyathakazelisa! Kutholakale ukuthi umbala wethoni yensimbi awunqunywa i-pigment, kepha wenziwe ngokwakhiwa kwezimpaphe uqobo. Lapho ushintsha i-engeli nokukhanyisa, izimpaphe ezicwazimulayo nazo ziyashintsha imithunzi yazo.
Inkanyezi evamile ayikhuli ngaphezu kwamasentimitha angama-22 ngobukhulu obungu-75 g namaphiko cishe angama-39 cm.Inomzimba omkhulu olele emilenzeni ebomvu nsundu, ikhanda elilinganiswe kahle eliyindilinga nomsila omfushane (6-7 cm).
Abaqaphi bezinyoni bahlukanisa izinkanyezi zibe ama-subspecies amaningana ezindawo, izimpaphe zazo ezimnyama ezingafani ngezithunzi zensimbi. Ngakho-ke, izinkanyezi zaseYurophu zikhanya ziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka futhi zibubende elangeni, kwamanye ama-subspecies, ngemuva, esifubeni nasemuva kwentamo kucwebezela ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nethusi.
Indawo yokuhlala, izindawo zokuhlala
Lesi sitebele sihlala yonke indawo ngaphandle kwaseMelika Ephakathi neseNingizimu. Ngenxa yomuntu, le nyoni isakaze eNew Zealand, e-Australia, eNingizimu-ntshonalanga Afrika naseNyakatho Melika.
Bazama kaningi ukugxilisa izinkanyezi e-United States: okwaphumelela kakhulu kwaba umzamo ngo-1891, lapho izinyoni eziyikhulu zadedelwa endle eCentral Park eNew York. Ngaphandle kokuthi iningi lezinyoni zafa, ezisele zazanele ukuthi kancane kancane "zibambe" leli zwekazi (kusukela eFlorida kuye eningizimu yeCanada).
Izinkanyezi zithathe izindawo ezinkulu zase-Eurasia: kusuka e-Iceland / Kola Peninsula (enyakatho) kuya eningizimu yeFrance, enyakatho yeSpain, e-Italy, enyakatho yeGrisi, eYugoslavia, eTurkey, enyakatho ne-Iran nase-Iraq, ePakistan, e-Afghanistan nasenyakatho nentshonalanga yeNdiya (eningizimu) ...
Kuyathakazelisa! Empumalanga, le ndawo ifinyelela eLake Baikal (okubandakanya), kuthi entshonalanga ihlanganise ama-Azores. Inkanyezi ibonakale eSiberia cishe ku-60 ° latitude latitude.
Ezinye izinkanyezi azishiyi izindawo zazo zokuhlala (lokhu kufaka phakathi izinyoni zaseningizimu nasentshonalanga yeYurophu), enye ingxenye (evela ezindaweni ezisempumalanga nasenyakatho yeYurophu) ihlala indizela eningizimu kuye ebusika.
Inkanyezi evamile ayikhethi ngokukhethekile indawo ehlala kuyo, kepha igwema izintaba, ikhetha amathafa anamaxhaphozi kasawoti, amahlathi, amaxhaphozi namathafa, kanye namathafa alinyiwe (izingadi / amapaki). Sithanda ukuhlala eduze kwamasimu futhi, ngokujwayelekile, budebuduze nomuntu onikeza inkanyezi ukudla okuningi.
Indlela yokuphila eyisimanga
Impilo enzima kakhulu yezinkanyezi ezifudukayo ezibuyela ezweni lakubo ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli... Kwenzeka ukuthi ngalesi sikhathi kwehle iqhwa futhi, kuqhubekele izinyoni eningizimu: labo ababengenaso isikhathi sokufuduka bavele bafe.
Abesilisa yibo abafika kuqala. Izintombi zabo zivela ngemuva kwesikhashana, lapho labo abangaba abakhethiweyo sebekhethe izindawo zokwakha izidleke (kufaka phakathi imigodi nezindlu zezinyoni), futhi manje balola amakhono abo okuzwakalisa izwi, bengakhohlwa ukulwa nomakhelwane.
Inkanyezi inyukela phezulu, ivule umlomo wayo ivule amaphiko ayo. Imisindo ehambisanayo ayihlali iphuma entanyeni yayo: ivame ukukhala futhi ikhale ngokungathandeki. Kwesinye isikhathi izinkanyezi ezifudukayo zilingisa ngobuciko amazwi ezinyoni ezisendaweni eshisayo, kepha imvamisa izinyoni zaseRussia ziba yizibonelo, njenge:
- i-oriole;
- khotha;
- i-jay ne-thrush;
- umbulali;
- izigwaca;
- i-bluethroat;
- ukugwinya;
- iqhude, inkukhu;
- idada nabanye.
Ama-Starlings akwazi ukulingisa hhayi izinyoni kuphela: azala ngokungenaphutha ukukhonkotha kwezinja, ikati meow, ukopha kwezimvu, ukukhala kweselesele, i-wicket / inqola yenqola, isiswebhu sikamalusi ngisho nomsindo womshini wokubhala.
Lo mculi uphinda imisindo ayithandayo ngokushwiba kolimi, aqede lo mdlalo ngokuncinza okuncanyana futhi "anciphize" (ama-2-3 izikhathi), ngemuva kwalokho ugcine ethule. Okudala inkanyezi enkulu, iyanda kakhulu i-repertoire yayo.
Ukuziphatha kwezinyoni
Inkanyezi evamile ayisiye umakhelwane onobungane ngokukhethekile: ijoyina ngokushesha ukulwa nezinye izinyoni, uma indawo enenzuzo yokwakha izidleke isengozini. Ngakho-ke, e-USA, izinkanyezi zaxosha abagawuli abanamakhanda abomvu, abomdabu baseNyakatho Melika, emakhaya abo. E-Yurophu, izinkanyezi zilwela izindawo ezinhle kakhulu zokwakha izidleke ezinezihlahla eziluhlaza kanye namaRoller..
Ama-Starlings ayizidalwa ezinobudlelwano, ngenxa yokuthi athutheleka futhi ahlala emakholoni ahlukaniswe kakhulu (ngazimbili). Endizeni, iqembu elikhulu lezinyoni eziyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa liyakhiwa, likhuphuka ngokuvumelanayo, liphenduke futhi lisondele ukuze lifike. Futhi kakade emhlabathini, "basakazeka" endaweni enkulu.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngenkathi zifukamela futhi zivikela inzalo, azishiyi indawo yazo (enendawo engaba ngamamitha ayi-10), zingavumeli ezinye izinyoni ukuthi zingene. Ukudla kwabo bandizela ezingadini zemifino, emasimini, emadada nasogwini lwamachibi emvelo.
Ngokuvamile bachitha ubusuku ngamaqembu, njengomthetho, emagatsheni ezihlahla / izihlahlana emapaki amadolobha nasezivandeni noma ezindaweni ezingasogwini zigcwele iminyezane / imihlanga. Ezindaweni zobusika, inkampani yezinkanyezi ezihlala ubusuku bonke ingaba nabantu abangaphezu kwesigidi.
Ukufuduka
Ngasenyakatho nasempumalanga (ezifundeni zaseYurophu) kunezinkanyezi ezihlala kakhulu, lapho kufuduka khona izinkathi ezithile zazo. Ngakho-ke, izakhamizi zaseNgilandi nase-Ireland zithambekele ekuqedeni ukuhlala ngokuphelele, kanti eBelgium cishe isigamu sezinkanyezi ezindizayo siya eningizimu. Ingxenye yesihlanu yezinkanyezi zaseDashi zichitha ubusika ekhaya, ezinye zihamba amakhilomitha angama-500 ukuya eningizimu - ziye eBelgium, eNgilandi naseNyakatho yeFrance.
Amaqoqo okuqala afudukela ngaseningizimu ekuqaleni kukaSepthemba, ngokushesha nje lapho i-molt yasekwindla isiqediwe. Ukuphakama kokufuduka kwenzeka ngo-Okthoba futhi kuphela ngoNovemba. Izinkanyezi ezincane ezinesizungu ziqoqa ezisheshayo kunazo zonke ebusika, ziqala ekuqaleni kukaJulayi.
ECzech Republic, eMpumalanga Jalimane naseSlovakia, izindlu zezinkukhu zasebusika zibalwa cishe ngama-8%, futhi nangaphansi (2.5%) eningizimu yeJalimane naseSwitzerland.
Cishe zonke izinkanyezi ezihlala eMpumalanga yePoland, enyakatho yeScandinavia, eNyakatho Ukraine naseRussia ziyafuduka. Bachitha ubusika eningizimu yeYurophu, eNdiya noma enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Afrika (i-Algeria, iGibhithe noma iTunisia), bahlanganisa ibanga lamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezi-1-2 ngesikhathi sezindiza.
Kuyathakazelisa! Izinkanyezi ezihambayo, ezifika eningizimu ngezinkulungwane, zicasula abantu bendawo. Cishe bonke ubusika, izakhamizi zaseRoma azithandi ngempela ukushiya amakhaya azo kusihlwa, lapho izinyoni ezigcwalisa amapaki nezikwele ziyakhala ukuze zikwazi ukukhipha umsindo wezimoto ezidlulayo.
Ezinye izinkanyezi zibuya e-resort kusenesikhathi, ngoFebhuwari-Mashi, lapho kusese neqhwa phansi. Ngemuva kwenyanga (ekuqaleni kukaMeyi) labo abahlala ezifundeni ezisenyakatho zebanga lemvelo bafika ekhaya.
Isikhathi sokuphila
Isikhathi sokuphila sezinkanyezi ezivamile sibhaliwe... Imininingwane enikezwe izazi zezinyoni u-Anatoly Shapoval noVladimir Paevsky, owafunda ngezinyoni esifundeni saseKaliningrad kwesinye seziteshi zezinto eziphilayo. Ngokusho kososayensi, izinkanyezi ezivamile zihlala endle cishe iminyaka eyi-12.
Ukudla, ukudla okunenkanyezi
Isikhathi esihle sokuphila sale nyoni encane ngokwengxenye singenxa yemvelo yaso emninivorous: inkanyezi edla ukudla okunezitshalo namaprotheni.
Lesi sakamuva sihlanganisa:
- izikelemu zomhlaba;
- iminenke;
- izibungu zezinambuzane;
- izintethe;
- amacimbi nezimvemvane;
- izimpi;
- izicabucabu.
Izikole zezinkanyezi zibhubhisa amasimu amakhulu okusanhlamvu kanye nezivini, kulimaze izakhamuzi zasehlobo, kudle amajikijolo engadi, kanye nezithelo / imbewu yezihlahla zezithelo (i-apula, ipheya, i-cherry, iplamu, ibhilikosi nezinye).
Kuyathakazelisa! Okuqukethwe kwesithelo, okufihlwe ngaphansi kwegobolondo eliqinile, kukhishwa yizinkanyezi kusetshenziswa isigwedlo esilula. Le nyoni ifaka uqhwaku lwayo emgodini ongabonakali, bese iqala ukuyinweba, ingayihlanganisi kaninginingi.
Ukuzalela izinyoni
Izinkanyezi ezihlala lapho zihlala ziqala ukukhwelana ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, ngenkathi zifuduka ngemuva kokufika. Ubude besikhathi sokukhwelana buya ngesimo sezulu kanye nokutholakala kokudla.
Izithandani azondli kuphela ezindlini zezinyoni nasemigodini, kepha futhi nasendlini engaphansi yezinyoni ezinkulu (ama-egrets noma izinkozi ezinomsila omhlophe). Ngemuva kokukhetha indawo, inkanyezi ibiza insikazi ngokucula, ngasikhathi sinye yazisa izimbangi ukuthi "ifulethi" lihlala.
Zombili zakha isidleke, zifuna iziqu nezimpande, amahlumela namaqabunga, izimpaphe noboya bezingcekeza zaso... Ama-Starlings abonakala ku-polygyny: awagcini ngokuheha abesifazane abaningana ngasikhathi sinye, kepha futhi abawathethise (ngokulandelana). Izinduku ezintathu ngesizini ngayinye nazo zichazwa yisithembu: owesithathu uvela ezinsukwini ezingama-40-50 ngemuva kokuqala.
Ngo bamba, njengoba umthetho, kusuka 4 kuya 7 amaqanda ukukhanya okwesibhakabhaka (ngamunye 6.6 g). Isikhathi sokufukamela sithatha izinsuku eziyi-11-13. Ngalesi sikhathi, kwesinye isikhathi eyeduna ithatha indawo yowesifazane, ihlale unomphela kumaqanda.
Iqiniso lokuthi amaphuphu azalwa likhonjiswa yigobolondo elingaphansi kwesidleke. Abazali baphumula kahle futhi baqala, ikakhulukazi ebusuku, futhi ekuseni nakusihlwa bamatasa bafuna ukudla, beshiya ukudla kwezingane izikhathi eziningana ngosuku.
Ekuqaleni, kusetshenziswa ukudla okuthambile kuphela, okuthe kamuva kwafakwa izintethe, amacimbi, amabhungane neminenke. Ngemuva kwamasonto amathathu, amaphuphu asevele esephuma esidlekeni, kepha kwesinye isikhathi ayesaba ukwenza lokhu. Zikhipha "ama-alamu", izinkanyezi ezindala zijika isidleke ngokudla kuboshwe emlonyeni wazo.
Inkanyezi nendoda
Inkanyezi ejwayelekile ihlotshaniswa nobudlelwano obuyindida kakhulu nesintu... Le harbinger yasentwasahlobo nomculi onesiphiwo ukwazile ukonakalisa isimo sengqondo esihle kuye ngemininingwane eminingana:
- kwethulwa izinhlobo eziqoqene ngaphandle kwezinyoni zomdabu;
- imihlambi emikhulu yezinyoni ezikhumulweni zezindiza isongela ukuphepha kwezindiza;
- ukudala umonakalo omkhulu epulazini (izitshalo zokusanhlamvu, izivini namasimu amajikijolo);
- yizithwali zezifo eziyingozi kubantu (i-cysticercosis, i-blastomycosis ne-histoplasmosis).
Ngokuhambisana nalokhu, izinkanyezi zibhubhisa izinambuzane, kufaka phakathi izinkumbi, amacimbi kanye nama-slugs, ama-May beetle, kanye nama-dipterans (izimpukane, izimpukane nezimpukane zamahhashi) kanye nezibungu zabo. Akumangalisi ukuthi abantu bafunde ukuhlanganisa izindlu zokugcina izinyoni, beheha izinkanyezi eziya ezingadini zabo nasezindlini zasehlobo.
